AGRI 31 Laboratory Exercise 4: Soil and Water Conservation and Management PDF

10/25/24 Copyright Notice This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of University of the Philippines pursuant to PART IV: The Law on Copyright of Republic Act (RA) 8293 or the “Intellectual Property Code of...

10/25/24 Copyright Notice This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of University of the Philippines pursuant to PART IV: The Law on Copyright of Republic Act (RA) 8293 or the “Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines”. The University does not authorize you to reproduce or communicate this material. The Material may contain works that are subject to copyright protection under RA 8293. Any reproduction and/or communication of the material by you may be subject to copyright infringement and the copyright owners have the right to take legal action against such infringement. © 2024. All rights reserved. AG RI 31: Fundam entals of C rop Science I 1 AGRI 31 Laboratory | 1st Semester, AY 2024-2025 EXERCISE 4: Soil and Water Conservation and Management 2 Learning Outcomes At the end of the learning session, students should be able to: 1. describe the importance of soil and water as major abiotic factors affecting crop growth; 2. distinguish different soil and water conservation measures (SCWM) employed in a sloping agricultural land technology (SALT) through an educational tour; and 3. demonstrate the establishment of contour lines using an A-frame. AG RI 31: Fundam entals of C rop Science I 3 1  10/25/24 Soil and Water are two of the major abiotic factors affecting crop production 4 How does soil and water affect plant growth and development? 5 Soil Materially, a mixture of “minerals, soil organic matter, living organisms, gas, and water.” ~(Needelman, 2013) In farm management: one of major inputs in farming (land, labor, capital) In agriculture: growth medium of crops, and source of minerals and nutrients AG RI 31: Fundam entals of C rop Science I 6 2  10/25/24 Some Descriptors Soil Texture sand, silt, clay (proportions) Soil Structure columnar, platy, blocky Soil Color brown, gray, orange, red Soil Horizons/Layers Soil Fertility AG RI 31: Fundam entals of C rop Science I 7 Agricultural Water “water that is used to grow fresh produce and sustain livestock” ~ (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016) In crop science: an essential input important over the course of growth and development of crops Main Sources: Precipitation (Rainfall) and Irrigation (Surface Water and Ground Water) AG RI 31: Fundam entals of C rop Science I 8 Water Sources Rainfall: naturally occurring precipitation in the Philippines Four Corona Clim ate Classification Types Two seasons: dry and wet Irrigation: “the artificial application of water to land for the purpose of agricultural production.” ~ (Agriculture Victoria, n.d.) Surface water Groundwater AG RI 31: Fundam entals of C rop Science I 9 3  10/25/24 CLIMATE TYPES IN THE PHILIPPINES Based on Coronas’ Climate Classification (Source: https://w w w.cropsreview.com /clim ate-types.htm l) Type I Type II Type III Type IV Two No dry Seasons are Rainfall is pronounced season with not very more or less seasons: dry a pronounced, evenly from pronounced relatively dry distributed November to rainfall from from throughout April and wet November to November to the year. during the January. April, and wet rest of the during the year. rest of the year. 10 Cropping Systems Based on Slope Upland Lowland >=18% slope ributes… con’t Physiological quality Comprises of two important attributes: seed germination and vigor Vigor is defined as the potential of the seed to germinate and establish well in the field under a wide range of growing conditions Seed vigor not only influences the crop stand, but also the rate of emergence and uniformity of emergence, and post- harvest storability Seed health Seed health influences the ability to establish a healthy crop. It is determined by the absence of pest and pathogens, borne on, or transmitted by the seed. AGRI 31 Fundamentals of Crop Science I| Laboratory Exercise 8 13 Standardized tests for seed viability Based on International Seed Testing Associate (ISTA) or Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) rules Germination Test the main aim of a laboratory germination test is to estimate the maximum number of seeds which can germinate in optimum conditions. AGRI 31 Fundamentals of Crop Science I| Laboratory Exercise 8 14 7  11/20/24 Standardized tests for seed viability Based on International Seed Testing Associate (ISTA) or Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) rules The average percentage is calculated to the nearest whole number. The total % of all the category of seeds (normal, abnormal, dead hard, fresh-ungerminated) should be 100. Germination rate may be deduced as the average number of seeds that germinate over the first and final count period. AGRI 31 Fundamentals of Crop Science I| Laboratory Exercise 8 15 Types of seed germination media/substrate sand paper towel cotton filter paper agar Photos from LEEndonela AGRI 31 Fundamentals of Crop Science I| Laboratory Exercise 8 16 8  11/20/24 Seedlings of paddy (Oryza sativa). (A) Normal seedling (plumule, root well developed). (B) Abnormal seedling (weak plumulle and root). (C) Abnormal seedling (no root). (D) Abnormal seedling (only one root). (E) Normal seedling (weak plumule – coleoptile empty). (F) Abnormal seedling (weak plumule and root development). Seedlings of peas (Pisum sativum). (A) Normal seedling (good epicotyl and radical development). (B) Abnormal seedling (stunted radicle). (C) Abnormal seedling (no radicle development). (D) Abnormal seedling (split, swollen epicotyl). (E) Normal seedling (weak epicotyl and radicle). (F) Abnormal seedling (no epicotyl). 17 Standardized tests for seed viability Based on International Seed Testing Associate (ISTA) or Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) rules Flotation Test A practical method to identify incompletely filled or empty seeds which would likely result in poor germination or complete failure to germinate. AGRI 31 Fundamentals of Crop Science I| Laboratory Exercise 8 18 9  11/20/24 Standardized tests for seed viability Based on International Seed Testing Associate (ISTA) or Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA) rules Tetrazolium Test In this rapid, chemical-based method, living cells are stained red by the reduction of a colorless tetrazolium salt to form a red formazan. AGRI 31 Fundamentals of Crop Science I| Laboratory Exercise 8 19 20 10  11/20/24 Seed Information Database (SID)-http://data.kew.org/sid Data for investigating predictive patterns of seed storage behaviour Seed Storage Behaviour Capacity of seeds to survive desiccation v “Orthodox” seeds (desiccation tolerant) o Can be dried, without damage, to low moisture contents o Longevity increases with reductions in both moisture content and temperature o Suitable for long-term storage v “Intermediate” seeds o More tolerant of desiccation than recalcitrant seeds but much more limited than orthodox seeds o Lose viability more rapidly at low temperature v “Recalcitrant” seeds (desiccation intolerant) o Do not survive drying to any large degree o Not suitable for long term storage Wyse SV, Dickie JB (2017) Predicting the global incidence of seed desiccation sensitivity. J Ecol 105:1082-1093 21 Seed storage behavior of some tropical crops Orthodox Rice, corn, legumes, and most vegetable seeds Intermediate coffee, papaya, African oil palm, royal palm, Citrus species, etc Recalcitrant mango, durian, coconut, lanzones, rambutan, cacao, jackfruit AGRI 31 Fundamentals of Crop Science I| Laboratory Exercise 8 22 11  11/20/24 The decline in vigor and germination of a seed accession over time. The amount of time a seed is viable in storage will be a function of seed characteristics, storage temperature and seed moisture. (Redrawn from Harrington 1960.) A vigorous seedlot is indicated by a high germination rate AND synchronous emergence! 23 Instruments for seed moisture determination DRYING OVEN DESSICATOR MOISTURE METER 24 12  11/20/24 Some commonly used desiccants A desiccant is a hygroscopic substance that is used to induce or sustain a state of dryness (desiccation) in its vicinity. AGRI 31 Fundamentals of Crop Science I| Laboratory Exercise 8 25 Types of seed storage systems Why do we need to store seeds? Short-term storage storage for less than two years under ambient conditions or in a refrigerator Medium-term storage Two to 10 years (used in genebanks or by plant breeders and seedsmen) Long term storage a decade at minimum – stores operated at subzero temperatures. Recommended temperature by The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is -18 °C or less in airtight containers AGRI 31 Fundamentals of Crop Science I| Laboratory Exercise 8 26 13  11/20/24 Examples of long-term storage facilities Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Norway TT Chang Rice Genetic Resources Center, IRRI. AGRI 31 Fundamentals of Crop Science I| Laboratory Exercise 8 27 Activity 1: Breaking of dormancy of ipil-ipil seeds Dormany breaking techniques you will try: 1) Rubbing on sand paper 2) Clipping 3) Soaking in 50°C hot water 4) Control (do nothing!) AGRI 31 Fundamentals of Crop Science I| Laboratory Exercise 8 28 14  11/20/24 Activity 2: Effect storage condition on rice seed germination 1. Obtain a) freshly harvested seeds (harvested 3 months ago) b) seeds harvested two seasons ago and stored at ambient c) seeds harvested two seasons ago and kept in cold storage 2. Conduct germination test using rolled filter paper technique. Use 100 seeds for each treatment. Perform duplicate tests. 3. Take the first and count on Day 3 and the final count on Day 7. 4. Record your observations in Worksheet 8.2. 5. Interpret the results. AGRI 31 Fundamentals of Crop Science I| Laboratory Exercise 8 29 Activity 3: Storability of recalcitrant seeds 1. Obtain fruits in season (Longgan) with seeds exhibiting recalcitrant storage behavior. 2. Divide the fruits into two equal parts, then extract and clean the seeds. 3. For the first treatment, use freshly extracted seeds; for the second, store seeds for one week under ambient room condition (this has been done for you). 4. Germinate 10 seeds for each treatment using sand as medium, with at least two replicates each, if possible. 5. After one week count the number of germinated seeds and calculate the germination percentage. 6. Record observations in Worksheet 8.3 and compare the results. AGRI 31 Fundamentals of Crop Science I| Laboratory Exercise 8 30 15  11/20/24 Activity 4: Visit to PhilRice’s Seed Storage Facility (Dec 2-8) AGRI 31 Fundamentals of Crop Science I| Laboratory Exercise 8 31 Required Output 📝 WORKSHEET 8 🗓 Due Date: ________________ 📥 Mode of Submission: ___________________________________ AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 32 16  11/20/24 Copyright Notice This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of University of the Philippines pursuant to PART IV: The Law on Copyright of Republic Act (RA) 8293 or the “Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines”. The University does not authorize you to reproduce or communicate this material. The Material may contain works that are subject to copyright protection under RA 8293. Any reproduction and/or communication of the material by you may be subject to copyright infringement and the copyright owners have the right to take legal action against such infringement. © 2024. All rights reserved. AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 1 AGRI 31 Laboratory | 1st Semester, AY 2024-2025 EXERCISE 9: Crop Breeding 2 1  11/20/24 Learning Outcomes 1. Explain the basic procedure of crop breeding; 2. Examine the floral structure and pollination mechanism of a selected crop; 3. Discuss controlled pollination in self-pollinated crops; and 4. Define breeding goals for selected crops and perform selection based on specific traits. AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 3 History of Crop Breeding Domestication of crops We have been modifying our crops for 10,000 years through Selection. All crops we grow today have undergone extensive genetic change from their wild ancestors. Crops, strains and genes have moved around the globe. Most of the major crop species are a result of human directed genetic modification of the original wild organisms. History of molecular biology and plant breeding with major events that happened with the passage of time. 4 2  11/20/24 What is Crop Breeding? The art, science, and business of improving the genetic make-up of crops to increase productivity. Generally, involves intercrossing individuals with desirable traits and subsequently selected through several generations. Success relies on genetic variability. 90-95% selection + 5-10% hybridization AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 5 Crop Breeding GENETICS - branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms. BREEDING - activity of controlling the mating and production of offspring. SELECTION - process of selectively propagating plants with desirable characteristics. AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 6 3  11/20/24 Crop Breeding PHENOTYPE - appearance or measurement of a character Phenotype (P) = Genotype (G) + Environment (E) + (G ✕ E) GENOTYPE - genetic constitution of an individual ENVIRONMENT - comprises all external factors that can influence expression of the genes controlling the character PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES - any plant genetic materials of actual or potential value for food and agriculture AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 7 Foundation of Crop Breeding GENE – unit of heredity Knowledge of procedure for gene manipulation Rules of genetic behavior – permit accurate prediction of the results of gene manipulation AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 8 4  11/20/24 Plant Genetic Resources are the genetic material found in plants that can be used for crop breeding. provide the raw materials for developing new varieties with desired traits. the genetic material with value as a resource for present and future generations. Landraces Wild forms Breeding stocks Obsolete cultivars Modern cultivars Wild species 9 Germplasm Conservation is an essential activity of plant breeding. Germplasm - the seeds and plants used as building blocks in breeding new cultivars. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14010174 AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 10 5  11/20/24 Characteristics of an Improved Variety High yield Resistance to insect pests, diseases, and environmental stresses Good quality (nutritional value, taste, texture, color) Earlier maturity Improved seed composition (Seedless fruits and vegetables) … AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 11 Breeding Systems Self-Pollination (Autogamy) - Fertilization occurs Cross-Pollination (Allogamy) - Fertilization when pollen from a flower fertilizes the ovule of occurs when pollen from one plant fertilizes the the same flower or another flower on the same ovule of another plant. plant. Examples: 🌾 Rice, wheat, soybean. Examples: 🌽 Corn, sugar beet, sunflower. 12 6  11/20/24 Breeding Systems Mixed Pollination (Facultative) - Some plants can Asexual or Vegetative Propagation - Plants self-pollinate and cross-pollinate, depending on reproduce without involving seeds, using environmental conditions or availability of structures like tubers, bulbs, or cuttings. pollinators. Examples: Sorghum, cotton. Examples: Sweet potato, banana, cassava. 13 Crop Breeding Activities Creation of new Naturally existing variability variability Creation Hybridization Domestication of Mutation Germplasm collection Variation Polyploidy Somaclonal variation Plant introduction Genetic engineering Early generation Selection Large number of lines Compared to parents Evaluation Advance generation Few number of elite lines Multiplication Multi location trials Experimental design, replicated Distribution 14 7  11/20/24 Generating Variability Migration/Introduction Introduces new genetic material from other regions. Example: Quinoa introduction to non-native countries. Traditionally cultivated in the Andean regions of South America 15 Generating Variability Hybridization Combines traits from different parents. Example: High-yielding rice × submergence-tolerant rice 16 8  11/20/24 Generating Variability Self-pollinated Crops Hybridization (Cross-breeding) The female parent is emasculated, so that Pollinated plants are bagged to be sure plant will not get self-pollinated. that the female parent will only receive pollen from the chosen male parent Pollen is transferred from the male parent http://www.plantbreedingmatters.com/innovation.php to make the cross-pollination AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 17 Generating Variability Cross-pollinated Crops http://www.plantbreedingm atters.com /sg_userfiles/BSPB-Hybrid-Crop-Factsheet.pdf 18 9  11/20/24 Breeding Methods for Self- and Cross-pollinated Crops Self-Pollinated Crops Cross-Pollinated Crops Pedigree selection, Recurrent selection, Mass selection, Progeny selection, Single seed descent, Synthetic varieties, Bulk method, Hybrid breeding, Backcrossing... Population breeding… Goal: Fix desirable traits. Goal: Exploit heterosis (hybrid vigor). 19 Non-conventional Breeding Methods Mutation Breeding - Induction of mutations using Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) - Uses DNA physical (e.g., gamma rays, X-rays) or chemical markers linked to desirable traits to select mutagens (e.g., EMS) to create new genetic plants, enhancing efficiency and precision in variation breeding. Distribution of officially released mutant crop varieties reported on the Joint FAO/IAEA Mutant Varieties Database 20 10  11/20/24 Non-conventional Breeding Methods Genome Editing – Double Haploid (DH) Technology - Produces Precise modifications of DNA using tools like homozygous lines in a single generation by CRISPR-Cas9 to enhance or knock out specific inducing haploids and doubling their genes for desired traits. chromosomes. Tissue Culture-Based Techniques – Somaclonal Variation: Exploits genetic variation from tissue culture for traits like disease resistance. https://www.careerlinecourses.com.au/ 21 Non-conventional Breeding Methods Recombinant DNA technology Also known as genetic engineering Organisms changed by genetic engineering- genetically modified organisms or GMOs Genetic Engineering - Involves introducing specific genes https://www.npr.org/ into a crop's genome to enhance traits, such as: Transgenics: Incorporating genes from different species (e.g., Bt corn). Cisgenics: Using genes from the same or closely related species. https://geneticliteracyproject.org/ https://geneticliteracyproject.org / 22 11  11/20/24 Products of Crop Breeding NSIC 2022 Or 107 ‘Filomena Fortich Campos’ Hibiscus rosa-sinensis - Hybrid (Conventional) Breeder: NSF, IPB, CAFS, UPLB Flower color that changes with time when exposed to sunlight AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 23 Products of Crop Breeding NSIC 2022 Rc682GR2E ‘Malusog 1’ Inbred GM/Biotech - IR112017-GR2-E:23-40-51-B-22-26-B-B-B Breeder: PhilRice and IRRI NSIC – SEED Catalogue 2022 AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 24 12  11/20/24 Products of Crop Breeding NSIC 2021 Cn 331 ’IPB Var DM1’ CGUARD DM1 - White Corn (Open Pollinated Variety) Breeder: Cereals Section, IPB, CAFS, UPLB NSIC – SEED Catalogue 2021 AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 25 Products of Crop Breeding NSIC 2021 Bn 04 ‘Mapilak Line 4’ 28-30-2 - Lakatan Banana (Mutant) Breeder: IPB, CAFS, UPLB NSIC – SEED Catalogue 2021 AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 26 13  11/20/24 Products of Crop Breeding NSIC 2021 Or 100 ‘Dolores A. Ramirez’ Mussaenda - Hybrid (Conventional) MS06-4, Mussaenda ‘Maria Makiling’ x Mussaenda ‘Doña Trining’ Breeder: IPB, CAFS, UPLB AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 27 PARTICIPATORY VARIETAL SELECTION (PVS) South Cotabato Laguna Pangasinan simple way for breeders and agronomists to learn which varieties perform well on- farm and are Tarlac Cagayan Iloilo preferred by farmers (IRRI). PVS in National Multi-Environment Trial of rainfed rice lines (2019WS). UPLB-RVIT AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 28 14  11/20/24 Learning Activity Week 1 1. The instructor will briefly discuss the principles and basic procedures in plant breeding. 2. Students will take on the characteristics of the different varieties of crops shown in class and enter these data in Worksheet 9. Week 2 1. Controlled pollination and emasculation in rice will be demonstrated to the students in the Old Agronomy Headhouse. 2. The students will rank the seven (7) NSIC-registered Mussaenda varieties based on the distinguishing morphological characteristics of the calyx lobes, corolla lobes, and throat. AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 29 Required Outputs 1. Complete the Worksheet 9. 2. Answer to study questions. AGRI 31: Fundamentals of Crop Science I 30 15