Aging and Society Exam Review PDF

True or False Activity At least 15% of the aged in Canada are living in long stay institutions (nursing homes, mental hospitals, homes for the aged) True > - a...

True or False Activity At least 15% of the aged in Canada are living in long stay institutions (nursing homes, mental hospitals, homes for the aged) True > - around 10% or less British Columbia has a higher proportion of older people in its population than any other province. True >- Quebec B New Brunswick Consist of the highest proportions Older people today have less contact with their families than older people had in the past. False Older people stand a higher risk of criminal victimization than people in other age groups. True ↳ across the board this false with all crimes is Memory declines with age. True > - Stereotype B myth A decline in sexual vigour in older men is usually due to hormone deficiency. True ↳ cardiovascular effects typically the system this in most males Retirees more often feel depressed, bored, and ill than those who are still working. False Most older people in rural areas depend on public transportation to get around. False The body’s systems go into a steady decline from the age of 40 on. False The majority of older people have incomes below the poverty level (as defined by the federal government) False -not majority (50 %) less than 50 % All Statements are false... Aged /Older adult is typically 65t (in this course) different parts of the country have different life expectancies (SomeTo , some so Midterm Review · older adults are people 65 + older adults are expected to live way past retirement ↳ retirement 60's-70's age is While interact different institutions aging , the ways we with social changes ↳ older adults tend to less or than before engage more people I healthier-life expectancy has increased are living longer our lifespan is now at 120 years Life Expectancy Estimate of how someone live at birth long will : > - varies in gender , location , education , life experiences , work , etC Lifespan : fixed maximum age for a species Jeanne Calment confirmed lived is the longest a person has ever · , * Our populations are getting older because of a decrease in mortality rates , I a decrease in fertility rates # * Decreased Mortality Rates · development of vaccines · Sanitation , public health , medicine, etc life expectancy it's ever been > is the highest - # Decreased Fertility Rates · Canadians are having fewer babies than before fertility rates are below the "replacement rate" of our population is continuing to grow because newcomers Baby Boom postwar era anyone born between 1946 B 1965 led to swell the population people children after WWI , a in as many were having many had died during the war effects of population - policyB planning housing sector economy healthcare sector , etc aging , , factors that influence how old we are likely to get: biological psychological genetics , , , social , etc Life course Perspective : understanding age related transitions that begin at birth Bend at death -used to look at how events create variations in aging Ex : technology global , Conflicts, COVID-19  Agency: individuals construct life course by making choicesI taking actions developing personality B lifestyles shape our social lives Is affect aging #key of B aging Chronological biological Psychological components : , , , social of calendar -Chronological passage time : defines legal age > Cardiovascular biological changes muscles bones Sensory systems - : in , , , number of to years a person is likely survive > learning ability memory I psychological Changes : in creativity - , , & behavioural interacts B environment Cognitive with society > social I relationships aging Changes - : in social roles influenced by responsibilities assigned on the basis of age · these factors interact with each other some cultures, old of status in age is a sign high in other cultures Old , age is a sign of declineB lack of productivity * Age related Stereotypes bad/slow driving bad : , fashion , slow, , disabled need , help , not sexual contribute to discrimination I prejudice are reproduced through personal interactions I the media stereotypes : exaggerations of particular attributes of a group of individuals representations of aging are becoming more diverse I nuanced discrimination Aglism Systemic stereotyping : of against people because they are "old" Individual Ageism a person comments directly older person making : to an Institutional Ageism : Older adults are discriminated against at a higher level (through systems field Gerontology : a newer B smaller of a multidisciplinary study of aging , B issues related to later life > the scientific study of aging - Life perspective : theory The Course a major social that allows gerontologists to study aging > - theoretical por that helps researchers ask questions > ask questions about individuals or whole groups/ cohorts - · the experiences early in life have potential to affect experiences later in our lives > - pathways can be influenced by socioeconomic status , gender religion , , race , sexuality , etc > older - adults life experiences are way different than Ours  Agency : individuals ability to make decisions that affect our life experiences Social Structure : life experiences & Opportunities are shaped by social structures ↳ gender , race , Socioeconomic Status (SES) , work , education Micro Analysis : person to person > - how did this person's childhood shape their life as an older person Macro Analysis : person to generation > What events shaped of baby - historical have the lives boomers aging is not an illness or disease State -> do NOT medicalize aging human throughout lifeB should not questioned rights are universal be as we age Seniors' issues are increasingly addressed * What older adults view as important issues 1. being recognized as active , engages - don't want to be invisible 2. have age the of their choosing the right to in place 3. viewed Community not being as an asset to the , as a challenge What older adults see as important issues - income security measures need to be improved -Caregiver supports need to be improved -key healthcare improvements must be made promote positive I active aging as work against ageism · · elect politicians that support Seniors prevent poverty among older adults support people to age in a place of their choosing biological aging is mostly universal , but differ across people... culture : vary across societies in different parts of the world Historical Periods : Vary across eras & periods in time · the definition of "old age" depends on who you ask , their culture , I the context that is referred ↳ older valued cultural of I average life expectancy extent people are , stereotypes aging , roles older people assume  Canada is society Baging a multicultural , processes are increasingly heterogeneous aging population must be considered when designing effective programs / policies must ensure our healthcare is designedI delivered to make it equitable for all citizens ↳ I regardless of ethnicity, religion , language · typically Older , adults do not have a higher need for healthcare than middle aged adults * culture is a set of shared meanings that are passed from generation to generation ↳ includes dimensions such as values , beliefs, norms customs , , I knowledge values : internalized Criteria by which members B select judge goals/behaviours in society Beliefs: conception of word , B what be the is thought to true Norms : expected behaviour in Specific Social Situtations of customs: typical way doing something Knowledge : Obtained through life experiences cultural factors shape the status of older adults within a society Intersectionality : interactions among systems of inequality power based differences in life chances inequality > complex relationship across systems of that affect - people/groups differently intersections of multiple identities are tied to disadvantage & privilege · (inlequality B(dis)advantage are reinforced through social structures ↳ families , schools , healthcare , governments , etc · postcolonial B Indigenous theories are used to understand the effects of Colonialism B residential schools - reconciliation I acknowledging experiences of indigenous elders ↳ research conducted in this area is by Indigenous Scholars transitions in society over the course of history help understand aging over time ↳ compare current I culture points time society to previous in allows us to track changes in aging , Status of older adults age based , discrimination , etc Apre Industrial Revolution consisted of societies I I gathering, agrarian 2 hunting Hunting & Gathering Oldest : members were considered a valuable source of knowledge Agrarian Oldest: citizens controlled the land  modernization need for labour led to rapid in , the in towns increase in migration knowledge needed Older people lost power I Status When was no longer , - were not being seen as productive Pre literate societies : Societies had no formal education systems major components of culture were based on experience Literate Societies : Societies had established education written language systems in place Written language replaced oral transmissions of knowledge B culture industrial Revolution did not have the same impacts everywhere ↳ subcultures affected industrialization I many were by living arrangements subculture has their set of values , norms behaviours , homogeneous community , that own , customs , B attitudes , different from mainstream · members of subcultures experience discrimination & marginalization unique aging issues require specific programs I policies in various populations * census data B population statistics are critical for governments ↳ they provide information about the characteristics , needs , strengths , B issues of population send out a survey every s yearsB gather data on race , age, health sex , etc , religion , data available NOT individual data ONLY many census is publicly > -. aggregate do B need allows us to gather insights about C itizens what what they · When changes occur to our population make up , the government must make appropriate adjustments to services & supports * current at retirement age is 65 , but not everybody chooses to retire this age data businesses in the private sector use demographic to shape their investments I products Demography : the study of why B how populations change overtime Considers levels of fertility mortality , , migration B , these relationships * demographic transitions , population population population technoplosion explosion implosion displosion - industrial Following Revolution the Revolution in late 1800's , the leading cause of death were acute infections - influenza tuberculosis  Epidemiology study : of how diseases Spread , who gets them , I Why helps understand patterns of illness in groups of people ↳ identify ways to B prevent control diseases today diseases I , leading causes of death are chronic degenerative > cancer , motor - accidents. heart diseases humans have experienced major improvements to hygiene education food , , access , clean water etc , fewer people were dying from infection & infectious diseases A life expectancy in late 1800's = around so years 60 % increase life expectancy now = around so years · analyzing demographic data allows us to understand variations in the of characteristics of a population > - also variations within generations & Conorts Generation : made up of a set of birth cohorts who share particular life experiences > characteristics that distinguish it from other generations - ↳ boomers Gen baby , z age is a key feature of social organization across generations ↳ often different seen not relating to people in generations > - lead to ageist narratives increase in ageist narratives frame older adults as a burden ↳ fuels their I mistreatment marginalization population does not equal societal collapse or crisis * 10 % of the world's population is GSt expected to increase 17 % by 2025 not all nations at the same rate are aging many countries are "young" which makes their priorities different ↳ these countries learn from older countries , them to better young can allowing prepare #impacts of population : retirement age increases , worker age increases , number of entering the workforce decreases young workers > - results in smaller Workforce I slower productivity the # Declining Fertility = more women in Workforce  * Retirement will the number of pre-retirement workers age increase , increasing # Retirement age is expected to be 67 in the next few years accelerated population started in 2011 the Baby Boom was aging ↳ swell in population · now , 7 million Canadians are 6S + 850, 000 people are sst (outlived life expectancy Centenarian : a person loo + years old the people in this range has more than tripled since 2000 could increase up to 10 times over the next so years Median Age : age that the population divides into equal numbers of younger B older people > in - Canada it's 41 6. Life Expectancy : average number of years of life for individual - 10 men , Is women remaining an -shaped significantly by social determinants of health will continue to rise to reach highest levels by 2030 SES : SocioeconomicStatus life expectancy consists of health mental health , I quality of life improving , · disability free life expectancy will always be lower than "normal life expectancy ↳ expected to live about 12 years less - in Canada , it's to years * Canada's birth rate = 10 per 1000 people captured in 1 year periods * Canada's death rate = 8 per 1000 people A populations birth B death rates fall age as Sex Ratio : number of males per 100 females in a population Total Dependency Ratio : total number of people less than 19 B greater than GS , divided by the people age 19-64 ↳ eligible to be in the labour force > - peaked around 1971 & expected to increase in a few decades > - gives indication on how much social support might be needed demographics allow decision makers to plan for people of all ages if they , understand this makeup these policies must constantly be revised as new information is gathered theories are lenses that we can use to look at the world · theories & theoretical perspectives help understand & interpret the phenomena we observe theories help uncover knowledge , information , B patterns in the world Theory : provides a set of propositions to model how components of the social B physical worldOperate > - helps answer the why B how questions there are different theoretical perspectives which is based on it's own set of assumptions #big foundational theories provide lots of guidance in social research -> Structural , functionalist, interpretive , I conflict structural Functionalist : focused on relationships between social structures I institutions made of structures I they function society is up all together to regulate society > - Macrotheory Interpretive:focusedonhowindividuals derive meaningfromsocialinteractioa Microtheory Conflict : society is made up of groups that are conflicting/competing involves negotiating & resolving Conflict contemporary to related rely other theories help explain social issues aging : on to older adults exchange postmodern Feminist B > - social life course , , , Social Exchange : Search for situations where valued outcomes are possible & social , emotional , psychological needs are met we seek maximize rewards in relationships sciencesconsiderif relationshipsarereciprocalor ban a Postmodern : consists of 2 stream s... Social constructionism : reality is socially constructed evolves as we interact with others Deconstructionism : language is not stable , I is a social concept that must be deconstructed in order to understand  Feminist : gender is an organizing principle B helps determinehow genders experience (dis) advantages in life · understand social experiences through the lens of gender & eliminate gender based oppression if constructed deconstructed because made something is socially it can be we it up Life Course : bridges the micro (personal) macro /societal) levels of analysis recognizes life is made up of multiple trajectories & transitions the next theories about to be described are only social science specific Activity : adapting to older adulthood involves continuing active life Older adults Workforce Disengagement : must leave the for young people to enter the workforce continuity older lifestyles B : as we get , we strive to maintain our achieve continuity Age Stratification : Society is segregated into age groups Political Economy : demography is less important than political economics when considering how age is constructed I valued in society Critical : asking questions about taken for granted assumptions regarding age intersectionality : privilege I disadvantage need to be examined at intersections of major systems of inequality * theory provides a framework for sense of the world making guides research I helps select research methods helps challenge assumptions by providing new perspectives Research Methods : tools used to conduct research when research question answering a Quantitative : numbers I Statistics used in collection B analysis of data Qualitative : Words B other non-numeric symbols in collection Banalysis of data * theory guides our research , methods shape the type of research we do * research methods selecting - 1. Start with a topic. 2 identify a theoretical perspective. 3 frame your unique research question 4 Choose. a method to use in research · When a complete understanding of something is wanted , both methods are used ↳ understand individual qualitative helps social phenomenon at an level quantitative helps understand the same phenomenon at societal level aging processes aging individuals I , , life stages are all studied ↳ this research often faces of unique challenges in comparison to other types research Effects : differences Age attributed to biological psychological , , B social aging processes of the individual Cohort Effects: socioeconomic cultural experiences shared by all individuals born around the same time Period Effects : historical B societal events that affect all individuals in the population regardless of age or birth cohort · when conducting cross sectional research Challenges arise It is helpful B descriptive but does not allow to tease apart age Cohort B period effects > - us , , CrossSectional Research : Observations of individuals at different at one point ages time B results for each age in , reporting group Longitudinal Research : involves collecting data with a survey overtime Panel Design : Same people , households , organizations, etc , are studied at different times provide really rich data to understand the aging process over time Conort/trend Design : people studied at different sharing the same experience are times , but different people are studied each time · more information from more people at more points in time choosing which design is better depends on the research question representation in sample data must be representative of the population qualitative research tends to be based on non random samples of people > - can be messy if you were to analyze one's words one way I Someone else may analyze them another way no single theory or method dominates any other some theories are primarily used at micro individual levels  #aging is unique to everyone ↳ everyone experiences biological chronological psychological , , , B social aging differences no 2 people will experience the same experiences ↳ should avoid about Bolder adults why we making generalizations aging all individuals will experience some decline in health B gradual loss of physical, motor Is abilities cognitive * does NOT mean that aging equals decline * not disease disability I should be medicalized aging is a or not ↳ B plastic can't be treated With botox surgery should be embraced aging risk for certain diseases can be increased based on individual factors , choices , external constraints Disability : "reported" difficulty performing activities of daily life or performing instrumental activities of daily life ADLs : activities of life - dressing getting , out of bed , toileting , etc IADLS : instrumental activities of life, slightly less important- shopping , driving , cleaning , etc Frailty : impairments that often imbalance in physiological systems involve weakness decrease , muscle tone B leads to more health issues · the rate individuals experience decline are linked to many factors ↳ cellular regeneration lifestyle , , nutrition , quality of health care , exc > - experience change in internal systems too ↳ don't down notice these changes until they impact our lives such as falling physical activity is incredibly beneficial , especially for older adults central nervous system slows With age ↳ disorders neurocognitive may start to appear Motor Performance action of muscles perform involving use to skills : > B Walking grabbing - SensoryProcesses : Vision taste , touch , Smell , hearing , · allow us to communicate with physical & social environments  after middle age , changes in the visual system begin to occur loss in vision is very common of some level hearing loss is common · ↳ reduced hear sounds ability to high pitch we are likely to experience huge hearing loss due to headphone use loss of sensitive touch I vibration increased pain prevalence · experience Chronic pain sensory loss can be compensated with corrective devices like glassesB hearing aids like physically , we also experience change in our cognitive health is a natural slowing process , not a disease Dementia : refers to many specific degenerative diseases ↳ affects mood ADLS/IADLs Cognition memory , , , Cognitive decline is less rapid B severe than motor , physiological B sensory , decline · Change also occurs at different rates Intelligence : multi dimensional construct including verbal , Comprehension , reasoning , abstract thinking, problem solving , I knowledge Fluid Intelligence neurological : capacity I peaks, during adolescence Crystallized Intelligence : education , experience , acculturation , B increases with age · some people experience little to no change B others experience significant loss B/or change Learning acquisition : of information StoringI information Memory : retaining * Many Stereotypes about older adults being forgetful > - False ↳ they may need repetition or extra time > also use prompting B recall vs recognition - creativity B wisdom reflect a persons Cognitive style · creativity involves production of novel , high quality work * creativity peaks at 40 B may decline after so Wisdom : Knowledge of life that facilitates insights B judgement about complex situations #increases with age -> older adults are more wise handle situations better -able to complex  personality : traits , emotions , moods , coping strategies , -unique to an individual some elements change with some remain the same age · , ↳ if "fit" expectations they change , they change to social · decline in neuroticism , extroversion , I openness , but increase in agreeableness personality change is often linked to heath changes Cognitive vitality personality: traits more common among those who reach very old ages · only some evidence supports these traits , but methods are not well developed social structures : patterned relationships ranking , individuals based on privilege I power : age , gender , ethnicity B , social class Age structures : socially constructed relationships within those that affect lives of people as they age ↳ old constructed, it's defined based age is socially meaning on history B culture social position based on social structures will vary social inequality connected to social position influences life chances I lifestyles · lives , identifies , B social structures intersect *age intersects with everything · economic inequalities increase with life course early life advantages increase access toopportunities Astrong link between SES in Childhood I health in later life Agender is socially constructed ↳ masculinity I femininity are socially constructed gender shapes social life through gender stratification age gender intersect & create gendered social processes b outcomes ↳ women are more disadvantaged than men ↳ are more cumulative I visible in older women women tend to have lower income , more family responsibility , I more poverty social change & processes result fewer gender inequalities · in ↳ however they can still remain B accumulate social structures central of world are organizing principles social age B gender intersect with race a ethnicity in different ways cohort : everyone born in a specific period Generation : unique grouping of adjacent birth cohorts , who experience socio historical events I behave in a similar way Generation