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"dfooj vfHkjkt jktsUnzfeJ ds dFkk&lkfgR; dk leh{kkRed v/;;u" 2015-16 izek.k&i= e~ izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd Jherh v'kksd daoj 'ks[kkor vkRetk Jh vtqZu flag 'ks[kkor }kjk izLrqr 'kks/k&izcU/k ^^dfooj vfHkjkt jktsUnzfeJ d...
"dfooj vfHkjkt jktsUnzfeJ ds dFkk&lkfgR; dk leh{kkRed v/;;u" 2015-16 izek.k&i= e~ izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd Jherh v'kksd daoj 'ks[kkor vkRetk Jh vtqZu flag 'ks[kkor }kjk izLrqr 'kks/k&izcU/k ^^dfooj vfHkjkt jktsUnzfeJ ds dFkk&lkfgR; dk leh{kkRed v/;;u** ¼2009 bZLoh rd xzfFkr jpukvksa ds lUnHkZ esa½ esjs funsZ'ku esa rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA ;g 'kks/k izcU/k ekSfyd ,oa lkjxfHkZr gSA 'kks/k&izcU/k dks ewY;kadu gsrq vxzlkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA MkW- lk/kuk daly] O;k[;krk] laLd`r&foHkkx] jktdh; egkfo|ky;] dksVk ¼jkt-½ leiZ.ke~ leiZ.ke~ LusgJ)kfo'oklkSnk;ZLo:Ik] izsj.kklzksrLo:Ik] czãyhu] ijeiwT; firk Jh vtqZu flag 'ks[kkor ds pj.kdeyksa esa J)k ls lefiZr gS ;g 'kks/k&izcU/kA ;a ekrkfirjkS Dys'ka lgsrs laHkos u`.kke~A u rL; fu"d`fr% 'kD;k drqZa o"kZ'krSjfiAA euq";ksa dh mRifÙk esa ekrk&firk ftl d"V dks lgu djrs gSa] ml _.k ls eqfä lSadM+ksa o"kkZsa esa Hkh ugha gks ldrhA d`rKrk&Kkiu vewrZ ladYi dh 'kks/kizcU/k:Ikh lkdkj ifj.kfr ds ekxZ esa vla[; Lusfgy vk'kh"kks]a izsj.kk] lg;ksx ,oa lgk;rk :ih _.kksa dks Lohdkjrh vk;h gw¡A ml d`rkFkZrk dh vuqHkwfr dks vfHkO;fä nsuk esjs lkeF;Z dh ckr ugha gS] ijUrq Hkkok tfy ds J)kd.k lefiZr gS mu lHkh ds izfr] tks bl ;k=k esa izR;{k&vizR;{k :Ik ls HkkSfrd] ekufld ,oa HkkoukRed lEcy cus gSaA loZizFke 'kr'kr oanu fo?ufouk;d fo?us'k ,oa okxs'ojh eka 'kkjns dks] ftudh d`ik ls iFk&d.Vdksa dk fuokj.k dj y{; lk/kus esa lQy gks ldh gw¡A ek¡ ljLorh dh ojn&iq=h lkSE;] lgt ,oa mnkjân;k 'kks/kfunsZf'kdk MkW - lk/kuk daly egksn;k ds ljyLoHkko ,oa lgt&funsZ'ku dk gh ifj.kke gS fd esjk 'kks/kdk;Z fufoZ?u iw.kZrk dh vksj vxzlj gks ldk gSA iFk ij vfMx jgus esa vkidh lkSE;rk ,oa ekufld lEcy gh vk/kkjf'kyk gSA 'kks/kizcU/k ds fy, izsfjr djus okyh ijeLusfgy vuqtk MkW- vydk ckxyk dh eSa ân; ls _.kh gw¡ ftUgksus gj iy esjk eukscy c ij gS mlls 'kkfCnd vkHkkj ek= ls m_.k gksuk vlaHko gSA fo"k;p;u ls 'kks/kizcU/k ds xzUFk:Ik esa vkus rd vkidk vn~Hkqr lg;ksx ,oa ekxZn'kZu jgkA esjs fouez vuqjks/k ij vkius viuk laiw.kZ lkfgR; eq>s izsf"kr dj fn;kA jk"Vªh; laxksf"B;ksa esa vkids drZ`Ro ij esjs }kjk izLrqr 'kks/kys[kksa dks ljkg dj eq> vYiK dk vkRecy c ij gSA esjh izR;sd miyfC/k ij xkSjokfUor eglwl djus okys ,oa eq> ij v[k.M fo'okl j[kus okys firk chp jkg esa lkFk NksM+dj pys x,] ijUrq vkidh Le`fr;ka o vkidk I fo'okl esjk gkSalyk gSA esjk gj liuk iwjk gksus ij eq>s yxrk gS fd esSaus muds liuksa dks lkdkj dj fir`&_.k ls fdf pr~ eqfä ikbZ gSA esjs thou lgpj fxjh'k iky flag esjh gj miyfC/k esa esjs lkFk dne ls dne feykdj pys gSaA x`gLFk thou ds lkFk gh esjh izR;sd lQyrk esa oks esjs iwjd jgs gSaA eSa ân; ls mudh vkHkkjh gw¡ fd mUgksus esjs ekxZ dks lnSo fu"d.Vd cuk, j[kkA v)kZafxuh gksus ds ukrs esjh lQyrk mudh gh lQyrk gSA J)s;k mfeZyk nhnh ¼uun½ ,oa Lusfgy vuqt egkohj dk Lusg lEcy Hkh thouiFk esa lnSo lk/kd jgk gSA esjs iq= o iq=h fpjathoh] vfHk"ksd ,oa vafdrk esjs HkkoukRed lEcy gSaA esjk la?k"kZ muds thou dk ikFks; cu lds rks esjk ek¡ gksuk laHkor% lkFkZd gks ik,xkA ijeiwT; izks- ds-ch- Hkkjrh; ,oa MkW- lfjrk HkkxZo }kjk iznÙk ekxZn'kZu ds fy, eSa mid`r gw¡A egkfo|ky; ifjokj ds vknj.kh; Lusfgy Lotu MkW- Qwyflag xqtZj] MkW- lTtu iksloky] izks- vtqZeUn dqjS'kh] MkW- oh-ih- flag] izks- :Ike~ dqyJs"B] MkW- iz.konso] MkW- js[kk HknkSfj;k] MkW Mh-,l-,u- izlkn] MkW- uhydey jkBkSM+ dh d`rK gw¡ fd le;≤ ij vkidk izksRlkgu ,oa ekxZn'kZu feyrk jgkA 'kks/k ds fy, iqLrdladyu esa lg;ksxh MkW- iw.kZpUnz mik/;k;] MkW- vfHkjkt jktsUnzfeJ] MkW- lfjrk HkkxZo] MkW- vuhrk oekZ] MkW- vydk ckxyk] iqLrdky;k/;{k ih-Mh- xqIrk ,oa JhjkeiqLrd Hk.Mkj ds izfr eSa vkHkkj izdV djrh gw¡A ftu iqLrdksa dks lUnHkZxzUFkksa ds :Ik esa mn~/k`r fd;k x;k gS] mu lcds xzUFkdkjksa dks dksfV'k% vkHkkjA izR;{k :Ik ls viuh Kku jf'e;ksa ls xzUFk dks vkyksfdr djus okys Kku&xq:vksa ds izfr eLrd ur dj d`rKrk izdV djrh gw¡A 'kks/k izcU/k ds mRd`"VdksfVd ,oa l`tkukRed Vad.k ds fy, eSa bejku dEI;wVj] >kykokM+ ds bejku [kku dh vkHkkjh gw¡ ftUgksus fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iw.kZeuks;ksx ,oa /kS;Z ls 'kks/kizcU/k dks vkdkj nsus dk dk;Z fd;k gSA bl 'kks/kxzUFk ds izLrqrhdj.k esa vKkurko'k gqbZ =qfV ds fy, esjk vYiKku gh nks"kh gSA Js"B lc iFk izn'kZu dk ifj.kke gSA II fo"k;kuqØef.kdk v/;k; fo"k; oLrq i`"B la[;k miØe ¼Hkwfe½ III-XVIII izFke v/;k; dfooj vfHkjkt jktsUnzfeJ dk 1-45 O;fäRo ,oa dr`ZRo O;fäRo&[k.M tUeLFkku ,oa tUedky oa'kkoyh fo|kFkhZ thou ,oa 'kS{kf.kd miyfC/k;k¡ in] dk;ZHkkj ,oa dk;Z{ks= iqjLdkj ,oa lEEkku dRkZ`Ro&[k.M vfHkjkt&ok³~e;&ifjp; f}rh; v/;k; vfHkjkt jktsUnzfeJ ds dFkk lEcU/kh 46-128 jpuk&lkfgR; dk iw.kZ ifjp; ,oa oLrq&fo'ys"k.k laLÑr&dFkk lEcU/kh jpukvksa dk oxhZdj.k ,oa fo/kk&fo'ks"k dh ifjHkk"kk dFkkvksa dk oLrq&fo'ys"k.k] ewy ea= ,oa thou&n'kZu laLÑrsrj ¼fgUnh½ Hkk"kk eas jfpr dFkk&lkfgR; dk laf{kIr ifjp; r`rh; v/;k; feJ th ds dFkk&lkfgR; esa yksd&psruk 129-195 lkekftd&psruk L=h&psruk nfyr&psruk lkaLÑfrd&psruk /kkfeZd&psruk vkfFkZd&psruk ,sfrgkfld&psruk prqFkZ v/;k; feJ th dh dFkkvksa dh 196-240 vkyadkfjdh&leh{kk dFkkvksa esa jl&fu"ifÙk dFkkvksa dh vyadkj&;kstuk dFkkvksa es jhfr &la?kVuk dFkkvksa dk Hkk"kkxr oSf'k"V~; i pe v/;k; dFkkvksa esa feJ th dk ikf.MR; rFkk 241-272 uSlfxZdh dfoRo&izfrHkk dFkkvksa esa 'kkL=h;&Kku dFkkvksa esa nk'kZfud&Kku dFkkvksa esa O;kogkfjd&Kku dFkkvksa esa euksoSKkfud&Kku dFkkvksa esa izÑfr&fp=.k "k"Be v/;k; dFkk'kkL=h; rÙoksa ,oa lelkef;drk ds 273-309 vk/kkj ij feJ th dk leh{k.k dFkkdkj dh dFkkoLrq dFkkdkj dk okrkoj.k&fp=.k dFkkdkj ds ik= ,oa pfj=&fp=.k dFkkdkj dh dFkk&'kSyh dFkkdkj ds dFkksidFku vFkok laokn dFkkdkj dh dFkkvksa dk mÌs'; dFkkdkj dk ;qxhu lekdyu milagkj milagkj 310-316 ifjf'k"V lqHkkf"krkuqØef.kdk 317-332 yksdksfä;k¡@eqgkojs LQqV&i|&ladYku lgk;d&xzUFk& vfHkjkt&ok³~e; 333-341 ukekuqØef.kdk vU; lgk;d&xzUFk O;kdj.k ,oa dks'k&xzUFk 'kks/k&if=dk,a H HHH H HHH miØe ¼Hkwfe½ 1½ laLd`r lkfgR; dk egÙo] oxhZdj.k ,oa dFkk dh fodkl ;k=k lkfgR; tue y dk lk/kd gSA tue ylk/kd vFkZ esa ^fgrsu lg bfr lfgra* O;qRifŸk ds vuqlkj rFkk ^lgHkko'pk"Vkn'kizLFkkufHk™kkuka fo|kukEk~* esa fufgr lgHkko vFkZ esa lg$brp~ ls fu"i™k lfgr in ls ^xq.kopuczkã.kkfnH; deZf.k p^ ls "; k~ izR;; gksdj lkfgR; in fl) gksrk gSA v"Vkn'k fo|kvksa vFkkZr pkj osn] N% osnkax] ehekalk] U;k;] /keZ'kkL=] iqjk.k] vk;qosZn] /kuqosZn] xa/koZons vkSj vFkZ'kkL= dk lgHkko lkfgR; gS vFkok l`tu ds Hkko dks LQqV~ :Ik ls vfHkO;Dr djus esa leFkZ 'kCn vkSj 'kCnksa esa fufgr vFkZ dk lqUnj ,oa tueaxydkjh lke tL; lkfgR; gSA 'kCnkFkZ lkfgR; ls tue ylk/kuk ds lqUnjlk/; dks lk/kus okys dfo dh l`f"V fo/kkrk dh l`f"V ls cus ds fy,] Js;l~&izs;l Kku ds fy,] dkO;kuan ds fy,] yksd&ijyksd fo"k;d ftKklk 'kkfUr ds fy,] Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ,oa laLdkjksa ds fy, laLÑr Hkk"kk vfuok;Z gS& *laLÑrsuoS laLdkjk% LkaLdkjSjso laL—fr%A laL—R;So laLdkjk% LkaLdkjSo jk"Vªdk;Za uq Hkkjre~AA* lkaL—frd laØe.k ds bl nkSj eas lEiw.kZ uwru lekt viuh iqjkru nsolaL— fr ,oa nsook.kh dks foLe`r dj ik'pkR; lH;rk ,oa laL—fr dk va/kkuqdj.k dj jgk gSA ;g foMEcuk gh gS fd T;ksfr"k] [kxksy'kkL=] xf.kr] n'kZu'kkL=] lkfgR;] vkS"k/kn'kZu] ra='kkL=] ea=jgL;] vkxe'kkL=] i'kq&i{kh foKku] HkkSfrd foKku lHkh {ks=ksa eas Hkkjrh; Kku Lor% fl) gS] ijUrq gekjh ghu Hkkouk gh gesa ik'pkR;ksa dks Js"B ekuus ij foo'k djrh gSA bl euksn'kk dk dkj.k fuf'pr :i ls laLd`r Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; ds izfr mnklhurk gh gSA laLÑr dke/ksuq lHkh euksjFkksa dks iw.kZ djus okyh gSA vfHkjktlgL=de~ ^vfHkjktlgL=de~* feJ th ds n'k 'krdksa xqtZj'krde~] ikd'kklu'krde~ izcks/k'krde~] Hkkst'krde~] fgekpy'krde~] Hkkjrhifjnsou'krde~] dkfynklegksRlo'krde~] oS'kkyh'krde~] foLe;'krde~ rFkk lkSofLr'krde~ dk ladyu gSA vfHkjktlgL=de~ ds ^xqtZj'krde~* eas xqtjkr&;k=k ds LkUnHkZ eas xqtZj Hkwfe ds oSfnd ikSjkf.kd] ,sfrgkfld] lkfgfR;d ,oa lkaL—frd ijEijkvkas dk izfrfcEcu gSA (16) ^ikd'kklu'krde~* *djfxy ;q)* ds rqjUr ckn dh jpuk gSA ftleas vk;ZlaL—fr fonzksgh ikfdLrku dh 'k=q lsuk dk lagkj djus okyh Hkkjrh; lsuk ikd uked nkuo dk o/k djus okys ikd'kklu vFkkZr~ bUnz ds led{k 'k=q fot;h gSA ^izcks/k'krde~* eas dkfynkl dk es?k] tks dg u ldk] ml lan's k dks dfo dYiuk us lkdkj :i iznku fd;k gSA bl n`f"V ls bl bls ^mŸkj es?knwr* dgk tk ldrk gSA ^Hkkst'krde~* eas egkjkt Hkkst ds O;fDRkRo ,oa drZ̀Ro dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ^fgekpy'krde~* eas fgeky; dh ikSjkf.kd] lkaL—frd ,oa izk—frd le`f) dk o.kZu gSA ^Hkkjrifjnsou'krde~* eas dfo us jktho xka/kh dh e`R;q ij mudks J)katfy lefiZr dh gSA ^dkfynklegksRlo'krde~* eas mTTkf;uh ds lkaL—frd] /kkfeZd] o ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe rFkk bfrgkl dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ^oS'kkyh'krde~* eas izkphu oS'kkyh ds oSHko dk o.kZu gSA ^foLe;'krde~* orZeku nqnZ'kkxzLr Hkkjr dh folafxfr;ksa ij izgkj djrk gSA ^lkSofLr'krde~* esa oLrqr% fnYyh dh nsook.kh laL—r ifj"kn ds v/;{k in ls fuo`Ÿk gksus ds volj ij izLrqr fd;k x;k v/;{kh; Hkk"k.k dkO; ds :i eas izLrqr fd;k x;k gS ftleas dfooj us laL—r Hkk"kk dh efgek dk c[kku djrs gq, laL—rkjk/kdksa ds fy, LofLr opu izdV fd;k gSA e`xk nwre~ es?knwr dh rjg ^e`xk nwre~* dfo vfHkjkt jktsUnzfeJ dh viuh eka ds izfr] ns'k ds izfr] izd`frlkSUn;Z ds izfr vkRekuqHkwfr dh lqUnj vfHkO;fDr gSA nwrdkO;ksa dh Js.kh es j[kk tkus okyk ;g dkO; Hkkjr dks tkok ,oa ckyh}hi ls tksM+us okyk ,oa ledkyhu laLd`r lkfgR; ds iqjks/kk lkfgR;dkjksa ds izfr iz'kfLr izdV djus okyk vlk/kkj.k dkO; gSA (17) 1987 ls 89 rd foftfVax izksQl s j ds :i es ckyh}hi eas mn;u ;wfuoflZVh esa izokl ds le; viuh ek¡ dh Le`fr esa larIr dfo iwf.kZek ds pUnzek ¼ikoZ.k e`xk ½ ds ek/;e ls viuk lan's k viuh ekr`Hkwfe Hkkjr Hkstrs gaAS eUnkØkUrk NUn es fuc} ;g dkO; iwoZe`xkad ,oa mŸkje`xkad esa foHkkftr gSA iwoZe`xk esa pUnzek dh ckyh ls /kuq"dksfV rd ;k=k dk o.kZu gS ftlesa lqek=k ds taxy] v.Meku&fudksckj rFkk dEcksfM;k ds efUnj dk o.kZu gSA mŸkje`xk eas pUnzek dh Hkkjr;k=k dk o.kZu gS ftleas og fr:ouariqje~ enqjbZ] jkes'oje~] iqjh] dydŸkk] xkSgkVh] fnYyh] t;iqj] mTtSu gksrs gq, dfo ds ?kj iz;kx igq¡pdj dfo dh ek¡ vfHkjkth nsoh dks lan's k nsdj lkaRouk nsrk gSA ppZjh lkr [k.Mksa eas foHkkftr bl dkO; laxgz eas okd~ppkZ] jk"VªppkZ] vkReppkZ] txPppkZ] xq.kpPkkZ ,oa ri'ppkZ ds :i eas vkRekuqHkwfr izdV dh xbZ gSA ^okd~ppkZ* eas okxh'ojh dh vkjk/kuk ds :i eas dfork;as] ^nsoppkZ* eas ljLorh] t;Urh] dk'kh fo'oukFk rFkk dkyHkSjo dh Lrqfr;k¡ gSA ^jk"VªppkZ* eas jk"Vªh; fo"k;ksa ls tqM+h dfork;sa gaSA ^vkReppkZ* eas vkRelaosnuk dks O;Dr djus okyh dfork;sa gSA ^xq.kppkZ* eas lqHkk"k] iVsy] o.ksd Z j] cynsoksik/;k; vkfn ns'k dh foy{k.k foHkwfr;ksa dh iz'kalk gSA ^ri'ppkZ* eas nh{kkxq: vkpk;Z rqylh vkfn Js"B xq:tuksa dh iz'kfLr;k¡ gSA tokgjiz'kfLrdkO;e~ *tokgjiz'kfLrdkO;e~* esa if.Mr tokgj yky usg: ds tUe] 'kS'kodky] ;qokoLFkk] drZO;cks/k] Lora=rk laxkz e ds izfr leiZ.k] Lora=rk ,oa Lok/khurk ds fy, la?k"kZ] uohu Hkkjr ds fuekZ.k vkfn fo"k;ksa dks n'k [k.Mksa rFkk 201 i|ksa es foHkDr fd;k gSA ;g dkO; if.Mr usg: ds lEiw.kZ thou o muds iq#"kkFkZ dks of.kZr djrk gSA usg: ds thou ds lUnHkZ eas bfUnjk] jktho vkfn ls lEc) LQqV dfork;sa Hkh xzUFkkUr eas ladfyr gSA (18) e`xe`xsUnzkU;ksfDr'krde~ e`x rFkk e`xUs nz dk vkJ; ysdj vU;ksfDr ds ek/;e ls ekuoh; izo`fŸk;ksa dks of.kZr dj lRdeksaZ dh vksj izsfjr djus okyk ;g viuh rjg dk ,d foy{k.k ^vU;ksfDr'krd* gSA dfooj us e`x ¼fgj.k½ rFkk e`xjkt ¼'ksj½ ds pfj=] vkpj.k] ewy izo`fŸk;ka]s LoHkko ,oa fØ;kvkas dk vR;Ur lw{e voyksdu fd;k gS] lkFk gh euq"; ds thou ,oa bldh ewy izo`fŸk;ksa dk ckjhdh ls v/;;u fd;k gS ,oa vU;ksfDr ds ek/;e ls cgqr gh lqUnj LkkE; LFkkfir fd;k gSA fgj.k ds thou eas orZeku lq[k] okRlY;] fuHkZ;rk] HkkX;kJ;] foifŸk] la?k"kZ] nqHkkZX;] ijk/khurk] Ny] lkSHkkX; dk xoZ] —ik] /kS;Z] laU;kl] —rKrk] iq#"kkFkZ] iz.k; ,oa fojg dh voLFkkvkas ds vkJ; ls euq"; dks y{; cukrs gq, iq#"kkFkZ ds fy, izjs.kk nsus dk dk;Z Hkh fd;k gSA e`x dk thou lkekU; euq"; ds thou dk izfrfcEc gSA e`xjkt ds iz.k; okRlY;] fodRFkuk] i'pkŸkki] dky ,oa O;kf/kxzLr gksuk] lqHkVrk] oapdRo] —r?urk] f/kDdkj] dnFkZuk] ,dkdhiu] ckY;koLFkk] izHkqRo] —rKrk vkfn dk o.kZu djrs gq, izHkqRo lEiUu euq"; ds thou dks y{; cukrs gq, euksoSKkfud o.kZu gSA fo"k;kuqlkj js[kkfp=ksa ds lkFk bldks dfo us laiknd=; jRudhfrZ fot;] /keZdhfrZ fot; ,oa dY;k.kdhfrZ fot; ds xq# fot;'khypUnz lwfj egkjkt dks lefiZr fd;k gSA ¼x½ uoxhr&laxzg okXo/kwVh *okXo/kwVh* dfooj ds e/kqj xhrksa dk laxzg gSA muds xhrksa eas jk"Vªh; laosnuk,a] izk—frd lkSUn;Z] yksdfp= ,oa ekuo euksHkwfe izfrfcfEcr gksrh gSA lkjs xhr ihM+kvkas ds fp=.k gSA MkW- jktsUnz feJ ds vius 'kCnksa eas muds xhr mudh ^thou O;Fkk ds fp=* gSA e`}hdk *e`}hdk* eas ueL;k] :iJh%] _rqJh%] ftthfo"kk] jk"VªJh% rFkk izdh.kZe~] 'kh"kZdksa ds vUrxZr frjsiu xhrksa dks N% [k.Mksa eas foHkkftr djds dfo us vius yksdxhrksa dks (19) ladfyr fd;k gSA bu [k.Mksa ds 'kh"kZd budh fo"k;oLrq dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gaS ftueas Øe'k% ekr`oUnu] lkSUn;Z ,oa k`axkjo.kZu] _rqlkSUn;Z] ekuoftthfo"kk] jk"VªxkSjo rFkk vU; fo"k;ksa dks lekfgr fd;k gSA JqfrEHkjk *JqfrEHkjk* xhrlaxgz dk izdk'ku oSt;Ur izdk'ku ls 1988 eas gqvk gSA *JqfrEHkjk* eas dfo us jk"Vªh; xkSjo ds fy, rFkk Hkkjrh; laL—fr ,oa lkaLÑfrd fojklr ds laj{k.k ,oa laoZ/ku ds fy, laL—r dh vfuok;Zrk dks izfrikfnr fd;k gSA *izokl/ofu* ds xhrksa eas ekr`Hkwfe dks NksM+dj vU;= jg jgs yksxkas dh euksHkwfe dk 'kkfCnd js[kkadu fd;k x;k gSA *fulXkZ/ofu* eas iz—fr ds xhr gSA bleas Hkkjrh; ioks]Z _rqvka]s Ukfn;ks]a ioZrks]a leqnzksa ,oa HkkjrHkwfe ds izk—frd lkSUn;Z lEink dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA *vkRe/ofu* eas dfo ds thou ls lacaf/kr dqN rF; izkIr gksrs gSaA dfo ds vuqlkj lkaLÑfrd ladV ds nkSj eas Hkh Hkkjrh; laL—fr vius i`Fohiq=ksa ds vnE; lkgl vkSj mRlkg ds lgkjs lqjf{kr jgsxhA oLrqr% JqfrEHkjk fofo/k Hkkoksa dh lqUnj vfHkO; tuk djus okyk ,d lQy xhfrdkO; gSA e/kqi.khZ ^e/kqi.khZ* oSt;Ur izdk'ku] bykgkckn ls 2000 bZLoh eas izdkf'kr dfo dk 68 xhrksa dk ladYku gSA t;&ijkt;] lq[k&nq[k] vk'kk&fujk'kk] lEifŸk&foifŸk] ds thou lkxj eaFku ls thouewY;ksa :ih thouke`r dh [kkst] *xyTTkfydk*] xhfr vkSj eqDrNan uke ls rhu [k.Mksa eas foHkkftr e/kqi.khZ eas yksdfgr ,oa yksde y ds fy, dfo ds 'kCn lefiZr gSA lkalkfjd larkiksa ls vFkok izes dh m"ek ls ØkUrn'khZ dfo dk ân; tc fi?kyrk gS rks dkO; :ih lfjrk izokfgr gksrh gSA blh eURkO; dks lkFkZd djrk izFke [k.M dkO; *xyTTkfydk* Hkkocks/k ,oa jpukf'kYi dh n`f"V ls mnwZ&Qkjlh xtyksa dh >yd gSA e/kqi.khZ dh xyTTkfydk,a thou ds fofo/k Hkkoksa dks 'kCnkFkZ#i eas vfHkO;fDr iznku djrh gSaA f}rh; [k.M eas 28 xhrksa dk ladYku gS] ftueas ekuoh; laosnukvkas dh lgt ,oa Hkkoiw.kZ lfp= vfHkO;fDr gS] thou dh papyrk] xgurk] fLuX/krk] izokg'khyrk ,oa lgtrk dk Hkkoiw.kZ izLrqrhdj.k gSA e/kqi.khZ izkphu thou ewY;ksa ,oa (20) vokZphu folaxfriw.kZ ;FkkFkZ ds chp lkaetL; dk uohu ekxZ iz'kLr djrh gqbZ lh thou dh egk/kkjk gSA ¼?k½ xyTtfydklaxzg duhfudk ^duhfudk* oLrqr% dfo dh izkjfEHkd dky[k.M dh jpukvkas dk gh laxgz gS] tks okXo/kwVh] e}hdk] JqfrEHkjk rFkk e/kqi.khZ eas gS] ijUrq xty lkfgR; dks i`Fkd igpku nsus ds n`f"Vdks.k ls xty dksfVd xhfr;ksa dk ladyu *duhfudk* 'kh"kZd ls fd;k gSA ^duhfudk* vFkkZr~ vk¡[k dh iqryh tks n`f"V ,oa lkSUn;Z dh izrhd gSA bldh foy{k.k Hkko Hkafxek,a thou ds fofo/k:iksa dks lgt gh ân;kafdr dj nsrh gSA dfo dh ;qokoLFkk ds vuqdwy xtyksa esa :ekfu;r ,oa papyrk gSA bldh izLrkouk eas dfo us viuh xty ;k=k dk foLrkjiwoZd o.kZu fd;k gSA eŸkokj.kh *eŸkokj.kh* vfHkjkt jktsUnzfeJ dk 60 xtyksa dk ladyu gSA lkjh xtysa yxHkx lok lky dh vof/k eas fy[kh xbZ gS rFkk os ftl Øe eas fy[kh xbZ gS mlh Øe eas vafdr gSA mudh xtyksa dk viuk ,d lafo/kku gSA mudk ,d&,d 'ksj vyx&vyx izlax] ns'kdky] eu%fLFkfr% ?kVukizlaxkas dh vuqHkwfr djokrs gq, dgha Hkh ikBd dh rUe;rk dks Hkax ugha gksus nsrk gSA foyksfdrk] 'kuS%&'kuS%] izHkfo".kqrk] dk esa Hkqtaxrk tSlh xtyksa eas fofo/k fo"k;ksa ij viuh ok.kh dks foLrkj nsrs gq, Ükaa`xkj dh de gh jpuk,a bl ladyu eas gSA xtyksa ds jpuk&foU;kl ,oa la;kstu&dq'kyrk ls dfooj dh vn~Hkqr izfrHkk ,oa lrr dkO;&lk/kuk ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA 'kkyHkf tdk xyTtfydkvksa dk ;g laxgz dfo us viuh thou&lgpjh dks lefiZr fd;k gSA mikyEHkk u nh;sju~] izhfrohFkh] xHkhjk&xHkhjk] Hkfork rnso foy{k.ke~] ekeosfg {kqeke~] xrHkhjga tkr%] ;nk ogUukle~] gUr Hkw;ks efj";s] r ,o cU/kqojk%] Hkqt k% dFke~\ iFkerh tkrk] dq= ok)ZD;s ols;e~\] u eka lgUrs] lks ge~] ee~ 'kkyHkks uqjkx% usneko';de~] fda (21) egÙoa gk;ukuke~\ rs"kka lw;ksZn;·| gLrs] dhn`'ka lkSâne~\ jE;jkek;.ke~] ;= dkdksnjk'pUnus&pUnus ,oa 'kkyHkf tdk 'kh"kZdkfJr xtykas dk ;g laxgz lân; ân;ksa ds fy, ân;xzkgh jgk gSA gfo/kkZuh ^gfo/kkZuh* vFkkZr~ ;Kdq.MA ;Kdq.M fuo`fÙkijd vFkok /keksZUeq[k thou dk izrhd gS] tks oSjkX;] 'kkfUr] ifo=rk] foosd ,oa vkUrfjd 'kqfprk dk vk/kkj gSA gfo/kkZuh fu%Js;l esa Ik;Zoflr gSA ikjykSfdd ekxZ ,oa Hkksxfojfä ls gh fu%Js;l~ dh izkfIr laHko gSA (22) ¼³½ ukfVdk&ukVd ize}jkukfVdk ;g Jhen~Hkkxoregkiqjk.k ,oa egkHkkjr esa miyC/k egf"kZ izefr ds iq= ## ,oa egf"kZ LFkwyds'k dh dU;k ize}jk dh iz.k;dFkk ij vk/kkfjr fo'kq) ukV~;'kkL=h; ekun.Mksa ij fy[kh xbZ pkj v ksa dh ukfVdk gSA fo|ksŸkekukfVdk ;g egkdfo dkfynkl ,oa mudh v/kkZf uh jktdqekjh fo|ksÙkek ds feyu ,oa fojg ij vk/kkfjr ,sfrgkfld ukfVdk gSA ukfVdk esa dfi"By xzke ds vukFk nsonÙk ,oa fo|ksÙkek ds fookg] nsonÙk dh iwoZ iRuh esa vklfä dh HkzkfUr ds dkj.k fo;ksx ,oa xk djrs gSaA ifjp; Kkr dj izkr%dky gh gfLreYy ekfyuh ds ?kj tkrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa fd ohjHkV lkeUr uVjkt ds dqVqEc ds izfr midkj dh n`f’V ls eq>s ekjoekZ us Hkstk gSA og vkidh iq=h dks ^rkEcqydj okfguh*] vkids iq= v:.kjkt dks viuk ‚kjhjj{kd rFkk vkidks jktdqyizkax.k esa fu;qDr djds lkeUr uVjkt ds _.k dks pqdkuk pkgrs gaAS ekfyuh dh ek¡ vuqxg` hr gksdj muds izLrko dks Lohdkj djrh gSSA rkEcqydj okfguh ekfyuh pkanuh jkrksa esa Lo;a Hkh EkkjoekZ esa vklDr gksdj mldh âns;‛ojh cu xbZA ijLij vuqjkx dh ijkdk’Bk gksus ij ek¡ dh LohÑfr ls EkkjoekZ us ekfyuh ls fookg dj fy;kA EkkjoekZ ,oa ekfyuh dh gh larku t;oekZ gS] ftlus vius xq.kksa ls lcds ân; dks thr fy;k gSA firk us vius thoudky esa gh mldk jkT;kfHk’ksd dj fn;kA jktefg’kh ds xHkZ ls mRi™k vgadkjkfn nqxqZ.kksa ls ;qDr lqUnjik.M~; T;s’B gksus ds dkj.k Lo;a dks lkezkT; dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh ekurk gSA vr% mlus vius firk dks NyiwoZd ekj fn;kA Le`friFk ls ckgj fudydj gfLrey ‚k¸;k NksM+dj mBrs gq, Hkkjr dh nqnZ‛kk ij fopkj djrs gSa fd nf{k.kh {ks= dks NksM+dj rqdhZ yksxksa us lEiw.kZ jk’Vª ij vf/kdkj dj fy;k gSA Hkkjrh; jktoa‛k ds fouk‛k ds /kwedsrq vykmnhu dh lsuk efyddkQwj ds usrR` o esa nf{k.k dh vksj c ldrk gS\ dSls yksx ‚kqu% ‚ksi ds leku vius ckyd dks nwljs dks lkSai nsrs gS\ ikBdksa ds ekuliVy ij dfo ,d iz'ufpà vafdr dj nsrs gSaA dFkk dk ewyea= ,oa thoun'kZu Lkadqfpr ekufldrk okys yksx nwljs dh larfr ds izfr laosnughu gksdj vekuoh; O;ogkj djrs gSaA laosnughurk ,oa ladqfpr n`f"Vdks.k ekuork ds fy, Js;Ldj ugha gSA ,dpØ%38 Le`fr lalkj esa fopj.k djrs gq, ^,dpØ%^ dFkk ds uk;d dks yxrk gS fd dkeukvksa dk tks lalkj dy rd fn[kkbZ nsrk Fkk oks vkt dgha ân; ds vUrj esa tkdj foyhu gks x;k gSA mls viuk cpiu ;kn vkrk gS] xk¡o ds fnu ;kn vkrs gS] xk¡o dk izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z ;kn vkrk gSA (71) firk ds v/;kiu dk;Z ds fy, ckgj jgus ij d:.kke;h ek¡ gh lUrfr dk ikyu iks’k.k djrh rFkk firk dh izrh{kk esa thou O;rhr djrhA vxzt dh e`R;q ds ckn tks laLÑrf‛k{k.k dk ladYi vxzt ds fy, Fkk oks vis{kk vc firkth dks dFkkuk;d ls FkhA izkjfEHkd f‛k{kk firk ds lkfUu/; esa gqbZA ;qokoLFkk esa firk o iq= ds chp nwfj;ka c ugha ik jgs] vdLekr~ ?kfVr bl v?kVuh; dksA jkr dks gh dfu’B iq= ds fookg dh rS;kfj;ksa dh ckr djds lkbZ Fkh] ijUrq rhl o’kZ ls igys tkxus okyh yhyk vkt fpjfunzk esa pyh xbZ FkhA vc lalkj ogh gS] inkFkZ ogh gS] fe=&ifjokj ogh ga]S ijUrq yhykjfgr uk;d ds fy, lc dqN ijk;k gSA x`gLFkh ds jFk dk ,d pØ jFk NksM+ dj pyk x;kA vc ,d pØ okyk jFk ek= ladYi ds lgkjs thou;kiu dj (72) jgk gSA ea=c) dh rjg ,d d{k esa gh mldh iwjh nqfu;ka fleV xbZ gSA ladYi lapkfyr jFk ls ;k=k djuk gh vc mlds thou dk y{; gSA dFkk dk ewyea= ,oa thoun'kZu nkEiR;&thou :ih jFk esa ifr o iRuh nks pØ gaS] ftuds ijLij lkeatL;] lg;ksx ,oa lexfr ls thou pyrk gSA nksuksa leku egÙo /kkj.k djrs gSaA ,d ds pys tkus ij thou xfrghu o fu"izk.k gks tkrk gSA iksrfogxkS39 ^iksrfogxkS* dFkk fugky o egqyh dh dFkk gS] tks ifjfLFkfr o‛k fey tkrs gaS vkSj fQj ifjfLFkfr;ka ,slh cu tkrh gS fd mudk ,d nwljs ds flok dksbZ vkJ; ugha jgrk tSls leqnzh tgkt ij jgus okys nks i{kh fdruh Hkh ;k=k dj ys mUgsa tgkt ij ykSVuk gh iM+rk gSA tgkt ds vfrfjDr mudk dksbZ vkJ; LFky ugha gS vkSj leqnz dh fo‛kkyrk ls nwj dksbZ vkJ; LFky ls Lusg D;ksa (76) ugha djrsA dksey ân; fnfn‛kk jgL;xksiu ugha dj ldhA mlus iwoZ ifr fo’k;d laiw.kZ o`ÙkkUr iq= ds fy, izdV dj fn;kA mlh jkf= esa fdlh jktiq#"k us Hkkstu ds le; d.kkZ kjd dk o/k dj fn;kA ml jktiq#"k dk fir`HkDr vuw’kifr usa mlh le; o/k dj fn;kA oLrqr% og jktiq#"k dkSu Fkk] ;g dsoy fnfn‛kk dks gh Kkr FkkA jkt/kkuh flaglkfj ,oa iÍefg’kh fnfn'kk dk ;g f}rh; oS/kO; FkkA bl izdkj ,sfrgkfld fo’k;oLrq ij vk/kkfjr ;g dgkuh fnfn‛kk dh vUrZeuksn‛kk ,oa jktuhfrd }U}ksa dk ekfeZd ,oa ;FkkFkZ o.kZu gSA dFkk dk ewyea= ,oa thoun'kZu iz.k;] leiZ.k ,oa fojfDr dh euksoSKkfud i`"BHkwfe vR;Ur my>uiw.kZ gSA izse esa ijkt; euq"; dks izfr'kks/k ds fy, fdlh Hkh lhek rd igqapk ldrh gSA iq #"k ds fy, lkSUn;Z o 'kjhj gh vkd"kZ.k ds dsUnz gS] ijUrq L=h dk izse ân; ls leiZ.k djrk gSA izse esa vkgr L=h dk vgadkj ?kkrd gks ldrk gSA jk³~xMk41 ckyh}hiizokl ds nkSjku dfooj viuh vejkorh rhFkZ;k=k dk o`ÙkkUr viuh nSufUnuh ys[ku ds ek/;e ls lkfgR; lekt ls lk>k dj jgs gSaA ckyh}hi ds X;kU;kje.My esa idfjlku ,oa isrkuwu ufn;ksa ds chp vejkorh rhFkZ gSA vejkorh ds izos‛k }kj ij nsuilkj& X;kU;kj jktekxZds nf{k.kka‛k esa dqrjh xzke esa y?kq ioZr ij nqxkZefg’kefnZuh dk efUnj gS] ftls jk³~xMk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA jk³~xMk ,d izrs k/kh‛ojh gS] tks jk³~xMkRo dh mRifÙk ls igys ckyhujs‛k /keksnZ ;uoekZ dh /keZiRuh rFkk ;o}hi ds lezkV eqdqVoa‛ko/kZu dh dfu’Bk iq=h FkhA dqrjhxzke ds dqN iwoZ esa eafnj ifjlj ds njokts ij ujdklqj ¼HkkSeklqj½ dh eq[kkÑfr lq‛kksfHkr gSA vUnj izos‛k djds yxHkx rhu lkS lhfkrk gS] ijUrq cq/kuh ds fujUrj vuqjks/k ds dkj.k lq[kjke viuh dk;kZy; lgpjh pEik ls fookg dj ysrk gSA cq/kuh pEik dk ân; ls lRdkj djrh gS] ijUrq pEik dh izÑfr fHkUu gSaA og cq/kuh dks vius vkSj lq[kjke ds chp dk dk¡Vk le>rh gSA pEik lq[kjke dks dgrh gS fd D;ksa u cq/kuh dks xk¡o Hkst fn;k tk,A cq/kuh lkl dh lsok ds cgkus xk¡o vk tkrh gSA xk¡o esa Hkh rjg rjg dh ckrksa ls mldks vkgr fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq fufoZdkj Hkko ls rVLFk jgrs gq, lkl dh lsok djrh jgrh gSA lkr ekl mijkUr lq[kjke dk i= vkrk gSA og cq/kuh dks xk¡o tkdj Hkwy tkus dk mykguk nsrs gq, pEik dh chekjh o ?kj dh vO;oLFkk ds ckjs esa crkrk gS vkSj mls okil ?kj laHkkyus dks dgrk gSA cq/kuh dh ns[kHkky ls pEik LoLFk gks tkrh gSA nks ekg ckn cq/kuh ds isV esa nnZ mBus ij mls vLirky ys tkrs gaSA ogk¡ tkdj irk yxrk gS fd cq/kuh xHkZorh gS vkSj mldk izlo dk le; vk x;k gSA iq= dk tUe gksrk gS] ijUrq vf/kd jDrizokg ds dkj.k cq/kuh dh fLFkfr [kjkc gSA d{k ds Hkhrj tkus ij lq[kjke o pEik dks ns[kdj ,d ckj eqLdqjkdj og fpjfunzk esa yhu gks tkrh gSA (82) dFkk dk ewyea= ,oa thoun'kZu liRuh dks ykuk] iq= eksg dh r`".kk dk lek/kku ugha gSA fookg esa leiZ.k] Lusg ,oa vkilh le> ls thou lkFkZd gksrk gSA larfr gh fookg dh lkFkZdrk ugha gSA okXnÙkk44 ^okXnÙkk* dgkuh dh ‚kq:vkr mekpj.k ‚kqDy o vejhdk ls ‚kks/k djus ds fy, vkbZ tsuh dh okrkZ ls gksrh gSA tsuh Hkkjrh; n‛kZu dks Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa tkuuk o le>uk pkgrh gSA blds fy, mls mekpj.k ‚kqDy lokZf/kd ;ksX;] vkReh; ,oa ekU; izrhr gksrs gSaA ^osnkUrn‛kZu* ds i phdj.k ds fo’k; esa tsuh ftKklk djrh gSA if.Mr mekpj.k ‚kqDy mldh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ,oa n‛kZu ds izfr fu’Bk ls izHkkfor gSA if.Mr mekpj.k ‚kqDy Hkkjrh; /keZ ,oa n‛kZu esa yC/kizfr’B vkpk;Z gSaA iq= xksfoUn vesfjdk esa v/;;ujr ,oa iq=h ‚kseq’kh llqjky esa gSA xksfoUn lqlaLdkfjr] pfj=oku ;qok gS] tks fons‛k esa Hkh Hkkjrh; /keZ] n‛kZu ,oa thou i)fr ds vuqlkj jgrk gSA bu ij dsfUnzr xks’Bh vkfn esa Hkkx ysrk gSA blh izdkj dh ,d xks’Bh esa og tsuh ls feyrk gSA tsuh vius firk ÝsMfjd yk eSu ds vuqdwy gh Hkkjrh;rk ls vksr&izksr FkhA ‚kadjosnkUr ij ‚kks/kdk;Z dj jgh FkhA xksfoUn ,oa tsuh dk laxks’Bh dk ;g lkekU; ifjp; izxkys iq= izcks/k ds chp vuSfrd lEcU/k LFkkfir gks pqds gaAS lqcks/k tUe ls gh tM+rk o eUnrk ls xzLr ,oa ‚kkjhfjd n`f’V ls detksj gSA iRuh ds cgqr iz;klksa ds ckotwn lqcks/k iRuh dh ‚kkjhfjd] ekufld ,oa HkkoukRed vkadk{kkvksa dks iwjk djus esa l{ke ugha gks ldkA vlar’q V iRuh l{ke ,oa leLr dk;ksZ esa lgk;d cu jgs nsoj ds izfr vklDr gS vkSj nsoj Hkh HkkHkh ds izfr vklDr gSA nksuksa ,d nwljs ds izfr ‚kkjhfjd leiZ.k dj nsrs gSaA dqN le; Ik'pkr~ lqcks/k ds firk Jh/kj lq>ko j[krs gSa fd lqcks/k dks ‚kgj vius cM+s HkkbZ ds ikl lifjokj Hkst fn;k tk,A cPpksa dh f‛k{kk Hkh ogha gks tk,xhA viuh n‛kk ls nq[kh lqcks/k ‚kh?kz gh tkus dks rS;kj gks tkrk gSA jsorh cPpksa dh f‛k{kk ds cgkus :d tkrh gSA dqN le; i‛pkr~ lqcks/k ykSVdj vkrk gSA iq=h lquUnk Hkh lEiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr dks /;ku esa j[kdj firk ds le{k izLrko j[krh gS fd oks firk ds lkFk ‚kgj tkuk pkgrh gS vkSj ek¡ ds lkFk tk,xhA jsorh fQj :duk pkgrh gS] ijUrq iq=h mls Li’V ‚kCnksa esa crk nsrh gS fd oks mlds ugha tkus ds dkj.k dks le>rh gSA og iq=h dks pkaVk ekj nsrh gS rc lqcks/k dh ek¡ QVdkjrs gq, dgrh gS dh mlds vkSj izcks/k ds lEcU/k ds ckjs esa lc tkurs gS vkSj lc tkudj Hkh pqi gSA jsorh viuk jgL; [kqy tkus ij vkReXykfu ,oa yTtk;qDr gSA jsorh dh lkl le>krh gS fd vHkh Hkh le; gSA og dgrh gS fd /kqzoLokfeuh cudj fouk‛kdkjh cuus ls cpk tk ldrk gSA iwjh jkr jsorh lqcks/k ds lkFk tkus dh rS;kjh djrh gS rFkk izkr%dky lquUnk dks txkdj dgrh gS fd ^iq=h rS;kj gks tkvks jk;xrk gS] mls le>kus dh dksf‛k‛k Hkh djrk gSA jkenÙk viuh iRuh ls vkReh; Lusg j[krk gSA dsoy lUrkuksRifÙk gh fookg dk ,d ek= y{; ugha gSA lUrfr dks tUe nsuk L=h dk gh nkf;Ro ugha gSA og ihfM+r gS fd lUrkughurk ls iq#"k u dsoy vizHkkfor ,oa lqjf{kr gS cfYd nwljs fookg ds fy, Hkh LorU= gSA mls dksbZ oU/; ?kksf’kr ugha djrkA lkSHkkX;o‛k le; ij mipkj ls jkenÙk dh iRuh LoLFk gks tkrh gSA jkenÙk ân; ls mldh lsok djrk gSA iRuh }kjk fo’k ihdj thouyhyk lekIr dj ysus ds fu.kZ; ij vkØks‛k O;Dr djrk gSA og viuh HkkfHk;ksa ij Øksf/kr gksrk gS] ijUrq mldh iRuh mls jksd ysrh gSA og lkjk nks’k viuh lUrkughurk dks nsrh gSA jkenÙk vius pkj HkkbZ;ksa esa dfu’B gSA Ñf’k dk;Z djus okys vxzt KkunÙk ds rhu iqf=;ka gSaA f‛k{kd dk dk;Z djus okys f}rh; Ñ’.knÙk ds rhu iq= gSA r`rh; odhy dk dk;Z djus okys ‚;kenÙk ds ,d iq= ,oa ,d iq=h gSA jkenÙk lUrkughu gSA jkenÙk ds fookg dks lkr o’kZ gks x;s gSA bl vof/k esa larku ds fy, fd, leLr iz;Ruksa dh O;FkZrk ds dkj.k tsBkfu;ksa us jkenÙk dh iRuh dks oU/;k ?kksf’kr dj fn;k gS rFkk jkenÙk ds Hkfo’; dks ysdj fpfUrr gSA ifjokj esa ,d ek= ppkZ gS fd lUrku dks ysdj jkenÙk dk fu.kZ; D;k gksxk\ D;k oks HkkbZ ds iq= dks xksn ysxk\ ;k fdlh vkSj dks xksn ysxk\ viuh lEifÙk dks tu dY;k.k esa yxk nsxk\ ;k ‚;kenÙk dh (89) xHkZorh iRuh ds gksus okys iq= dks xksn ysxk\ x`g lsfodk dykorh dh vkReh;rk ,oa lgkuqHkwfr jkenÙk dh iRuh ds lkFk gSA og lcdks dgrh gS fd Hkxoku ds ?kj nsj gS va/ksj ugha] fuf‛pr gh Hkfo’; esa lc vPNk gksxkA dqN le; ckn ljdkj dh rjQ ls ^pdcUnh* dk dk;ZØe pyrk gS ftlesa lHkh dh HkwlEifÙk;ksa dk ewY;kadu ,oa vf/kdkj dk vkns‛k tkjh fd;k tkuk y{; FkkA ifjokj esa lHkh ds eu esa ;g py jgk Fkk fd jkenÙk viuh Hkwfe dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh fdls ?kksf’kr djsxk\ lHkh HkkfHk;ka jkenÙk dh pkiywlh dj jgh FkhA HkkbZ;ksa dh Hkh ekSu LohÑfr FkhA jkenÙk eu gh eu le> jgk Fkk rFkk vkgr Hkh Fkk fd ;s esjs lUrku u gksus ls nq[kh ugha cfYd vius LokFkZ dks ysdj vk‛kkfUor gSA ml le; rd bZ‛oj dh Ñik ls jkenÙk dh iRuh xHkZorh gks pqdh Fkh] ijUrq jkenÙk o mldh iRuh ifjokj dks lwfpr ugha djrsA pdcUnh ds fy, ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ds le{k gh jkenŸk jgL;ksn?kkVu djrk gS fd esjh iRuh xHkZorh gS rFkk eSa lUrkughu ugha g¡waA HkkfHk;ksa dh lHkh vis{kkvksa ij ikuh fQj tkrk gSA dFkk dk ewyea= ,oa thoun'kZu lUrkughurk vieku vFkok frjLdkj dk vk/kkj ugha gks ldrhA ;g ,d LokHkkfod ,oa nSoh; izfØ;k gS] ftl ij euq"; dk dksbZ o'k ughaA U;kl&j{kk50 ^U;kl&j{kk* ,d lkSrsyh ek¡ }kjk viuh LoxhZ; liRuh dh lUrku :ih U;kl dh j{kk ds fy, fd, x, la?k’kZ ,oa R;kx dks izLrqr djus okyh] L=h ds mnkjân;k Lo:i dks izdV djus okyh dgkuh gSA mÙkjizns‛k ds iwokZapy esa lqYrkuiqj uked tuin esa jktekxZ ds fudV gh ey iqj uke dk xzke FkkA xkao esa dqN ‚kkldh; dk;ksZ esa mPpinLFk lo.kZ rFkk dqN xksikydksa ,oa dqEHkdkjksa ds ?kj FksA os lHkh lkEiznkf;d ln~Hkko ls jgrs FksA jfopUnz Hkh xkao esa iSnk gqvk] iyk] cM+k gqvkA mlds firk iz/kkuk/;kid Fks rFkk izk/;kid iq= jfopUnz ij xkSjokfUor FksA ifr ds ejus ij jfopUnz dh ek¡ mls ns[kdj gh thfor Fkh] ijUrq jfopUnz dh iRuh izlo ds nkSjku e`R;q dks izkIr gks xbZA jfopUnz o (90) mldh ek¡ nksuks nq%[kh gSA ek¡ iq= ls iqu% fookg djus ds fy, dgrh gS] ijUrq jfopUnz vius iq= ‚kjPpUnz ds fy, fpfUrr gS fd nwljh ek¡ mlds iq= dk ikyu iks’k.k lE;d izdkj ls djsxh vFkok ughaA jfopUnz ds eku tkus ij uokxrk o/kq lquUnk liRuh ds iq= ls iq=orh gks xbZ vkSj mlus vius iq= dh rjg ân; ls mldk /;ku j[kkA mldh ijofj‛k ds fy, ikap o’kZ rd Lo;a ds iq= dks tUe ugha fn;kA ikap o’kZ i‛pkr ,d iq=] mlds nks o’kZ i‛pkr ,d iq=h dks tUe fn;kA tc ‚kjPpUnz iPphl o’kZ] fou;pUnz chl o’kZ ,oa dU;k ‚kph vBkjg o’kZ ds FksA rc jfopUnz lsokfuo`Ÿk gks x;sA ‚kjPpUnz mlh fo|ky; esa izk/;kid gks x;sA fou;pUnz Lukrd d{kk esa ixM+s gksrs gh jgrs gSaA ;s >xM+s {kf.kd ,oa Lusglw= dks etcwr djus okys gksrs gSaA ftl ?kj dh ;g dgkuh gS] mlesa Hkh >xM+s vDlj vyx vyx eqÌks ij gksrs jgrs gSa] ijUrq vYidkfyd gksrs gaAS bl ckj >xM+s dh vof/k cus ds fy, rRdkyhu ,sfrgkfld ifjfLFkfr dks ân;axe djuk izkFkfed vko‛;drk gSA ;g dFkk nf{k.kha izn‛s k dh iz.k;dFkk gSA dfooj u dsoy iz.k;dFkk] vfirq rRdkyhu jkT;O;oLFkk] jktuhfrd la?k’kZ] lÙkkfyIlk] ,s‛o;Z] jktkvkas dh cgqfookg izFkk] lkeUrksa dh LokfeHkfDr] jktdfo;kas dh lkezkT; esa egÙkk dks Hkh ijks{k :i ls mn~?kkfVr djrs gSaA ;|fi ^izcU/kdYiuk dFkk^ ifjHkk’kk ds vuqlkj dFkk dkYifud gksrh gS] ijUrq dfooj us dYiuk eas ;FkkFkZ dks fijksdj dFkkoLrq dks izHkko‛kkyh cuk;k gSA ,sfrgkfld fo’k;oLrq ij gh vk/kkfjr flaglkfj% dFkk oLrqr% fnfn‛kk dh vUrZeuksn‛kk ,oa rRdkyhu jktuhfrd }U}ksa ds rkus&ckus dks izdV djrh dYiuk fefJr ;FkkFkZijd dFkk gSA ;g dFkk dfo ds tkok}hiizoklizlwrk gSA tkokizokl esa dfo dh ogka dh lH;rk] laLÑfr] bfrgkl ,oa jktuhfr ds izfr :fp ds ifj.kkeLo:i izLQqfVr fo‛kky lkfgR; HkaMkj esa ls ,d dFkk flaglkfj% Hkh gSA Ckkjgoh ‚krkCnh ds mÙkjk)Z esa ;oizns‛k ij mrq nso dk ‚kklu FkkA ;o izns'k es gh dfoioZr ds ikl rqEisy uked ,d NksVk jkT; Fkk] ftl ij lkeUr ve`rk dk ‚kklu FkkA iqjksfgr dh dU;k fnfn‛kk ds lkSUn;Z ij ve`rk vklDr FkkA o.kkZJe/keZ dh otZuk ds dkj.k fookg u gksus dh n'kk es]a og fnfn‛kk dk vigj.k dj ysrk gSA vkgr firk vkRegR;k dk ekxZ pqurk gSA fnfn‛kk vkReXykfu] vkØks‛k ,oa i‛pkÙkki ls O;kdqy Fkh] ijUrq ‚kuS&‛kuS iz.k;kuqjks/k] Ik‛pkÙkki] iz‛kalkfn O;ogkj ls fnfn‛kk (183) vuqdwyrk dks izkIr gks tkrh gSA muds ,d iq= vuw"kifr iSnk gksrk gSA uokxr iqjksfgr iq= d.kkZ jd ds O;fDrRo ls mlds vUreZu esa ‚kfer] ;ksX; czkã.k iq= ls fookg djus dk mldk LoIUk iquthZfor gks tkrk gSA d.kkZ jd fnfn‛kk ls iz.k; ,oa viuh egÙokdka{kk ds dkj.k ve`rk dh gR;k dj nsrk gS vkSj rqEisykf/kifr cu tkrk gSA fnfn‛kk iÍefg’kh cu tkrh gSA o.kkZJe /keZ ds vuqdwy fookg ls iztk Hkh izlUu gS] ijUrq dkykUrj esa vU; L=h esa vklDr gksdj nwljk fookg dj ysrk gS vkSj fnfn‛kk ls fojDr gks tkrk gSA firk ds :{k O;ogkj ls vkgr vuw’kifr dks fnfn‛kk jgL;ksn?~ kkVu djrh gSA mlh jkf= d.kkZ jd dk o/k gks tkrk gSA ;g dFkk tkok}hi ds ckjgoha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk)Z dh ,sfrgkfld fLFkfr dks izdkjkUrj ls izdV djrh gSA bfrgkl ds ml dky esa o.kZ O;oLFkk dk mYya?ku ljy ugh FkkA o.kZ vFkok tkfr&O;oLFkk dh k`a[kyk,aa cgqr etcwr FkhaA lkekftd lajpuk lqn`s izrhr gksrk gS fd muds dFkk lkfgR; esa d:.kjl gh eq[; gSA HkoHkwfr mÙkjjkepfjr esa d:.k jl dh egÙkk dks izfrikfnr djrs gq, dgrs gSa & ,dks jl% d:.k ,oa fufeÙk Hksnkn~] fHkUu i`Fkd~ i`FkfxokJ;rs foorkZu~A vkorZcqnc~ qnr~ jaxe;ku~ fodkjku~& vEHkks ;Fkk lfyyeso rq rr~ lexze~AA^10 tSls ,d gh ty dHkh rjax] dHkh Hkaoj] rFkk dHkh cqnc~ qnksa ds :i dks /kkj.k djrk gSA mlh izdkj d:.k gh lc jlksa dh izÑfr gSA vU; lHkh jl mldh foÑfr gSA mudh dFkkvksa esa rirh dk firk dks] foeyk dk e/kqi dks] fcV~Vh dk uk;d dks [kksuk] oUnuk dk ifr dks [kksuk] dqDdh dk fcyko ls fo;ksx] p pk dk iz.k;h }kjk Bxk tkuk] egkuxjh esa ijkbZ dU;k ds lkFk lkSrsyk O;ogkj] ,dpØ% esa uk;d }kjk ukf;dk dks [kksuk] fugky dh iRuh ,oa ukf;dk nksuksa dh d:.kke;h fLFkfr] fnfn‛kk dh vUrO;ZFkk] izrs k/kh‛ojh dk ifr o larku ls fo;ksx] liRuh dh =klnh] oU/;k dh O;Fkk] (198) dejtgk¡ dk viuksa }kjk gh ‚kks’k.k] ‚;kek dh n;uh;rk lc dqN d:.kke; vuqHkwfr esa izek.k gSA egkuxjh esa Hkw[k ls O;kdqy }kn‛ko’khZ; dU;k dh n;uh; voLFkk dk o.kZu djrs gq, dfo dgrs gSa& *lE;Xn`’VEe;k ;nizlqIrk }kn‛ko’khZ;k·lkS dU;dk lEizfr ckgqH;ka eq[kekPNk| O;ktsu HkkstufiBj};a i‛;Urh fLFkrkA fd;ku~ fucZU/kks osfr dks uq [kyq tkukfr\ vU;nqfgrk lkA rL;k osnuka rTtUenSo Kkrqa ‚kDuksfr LeA fpfUrrEe;k ;RdLekTtuk% Lo lUrfra ‚kqu‛‛ksihÑR;kU;sH;% leiZ;UrhA^11 ifr dks [kks nsus ds i‛pkr~ oUnuk ds thou esa dHkh ‚kqDyi{k ugha vk;kA le; ds Øe esa fnu vkSj jkr Øe‛k% ifjofrZr gkss jgs gSa] ijUrq fo/kok ds thou dk va/ksjk dHkh ugha N¡VrkA mlesa [kq‛kh dk lwjt dHkh mtkyk ugha fc[ksjrkA blh nk:.k O;Fkk dk o.kZu djrs gq, dfo dgrs gSa& ^oUnuk;k thou‛koZ;kZa ‚kqDyi{kks uk;kr%A dqVqfEcuLrq yykVa o{k‛pkgR; oUnuka ok fuHkZRL; fof/ka ok fofuU/; ‚kkUrk tkrk%A ijUrq oUnuk;k% Ñrs lq[keHkwr~ e`xejhfpdk;ek.ke~A ---------------------- Hkzkr`tk;k rka {khjef{kdka eU;rsA lksnjks·fi rka lq[kkUrjk;a tkukfrA firk·fi rka nqHkkZX;‛kkfyuha dqy{k;djheuqHkofrA^ 12 oanuk dh euksn‛kk dk o.kZu djrs gq, os dgrs ga& S *eka iqujfHk‛kIrka ik’kk.khegY;ka tkukfr\ HkLehHkwra enh;a lkS[;lkja r`.kdefi u Lejfr \ uuq dLekr~\ fdEeeki?kus’kq psruk ukfLr \*13 ekuoh; laosnukvksa ds dq‛ky fp=dkj dfo us dqDdh ds eu dh ckrksa dks lkdkj :i iznku fd;k gSA dqDdh Hkksx&yEiV fcMky ds le{k Bxk gqvk eglwl djrh gS] tc mls irk yxrk gS fd foMky mlds ifjokj esa mlds fy, ugha] cfYd ;kSou dh nsgyh ij fLFkr ‚kkfodk ¼ektkZjh½ ds fy, vk;k gSA vc dqDdh dkss ân; dks laHkkyuk gS] nwljh vksj mls viuh ‚kkfodk ¼dU;k ‚kkod½ dh j{kk djuh gSA mldh d:.kke;h n‛kk dk o.kZu djrs gq, os dgrs gSa& *dqDdh fd;r~ nkSokfjdRoa fuoZgsrA~ ---------------------------- gUr] rnso lao`Ùka ;nuHkh’Veklhr~ dqDD;k%A e;kZnkokVha dnkpkjer t% {ki;kapdkjA ‚khydkSeqnha dy lafS gds; mitxzkgA nX/kektZoe~A xra xkSjoe~A foyqfyra oSHkoe~A fou’Vks fo‛okl%A dyafdrks·uqjkx%A ftrelkEizrdkfj.kk iap‛kjs.kA dqDdhdU;dk firqjsok ‛kkf;uh latkrkA*14 (199) fe= dks [kksdj jktdfo gfLreYy ‚kksdkdqy gS] O;fFkr gS] Hkkfofo y gSA mudk d:.k ØUnu n‛kZuh; gS& *futHkqtn.MkoyEchÑr d.kkZVofue.My! gk egkjkt ekjoeZu~ dqy‛ks[kjik.M;!! Lockyfe=a gfLreYya ekedLeknso fogk; Doksinzqrks·fl\ gk d.kkZVolqU/kjs! bnkuha fo/kokfl tkrk! fo|kfou;pfj«;kfnxq.kk%! dks·oyEc% lEizfr Hkorke~\ gUr Hkks% dhpdkfXujso os.kqouaa fongfrLe\ rjaxekySo tyiksra fuefTtrorh\^15 vfHkjkt jktsUnzfeJ dh dFkkvksa esa pwafd ukjh iz/kku gS rks LokHkkfod :i ls ek¡ iz/kku gSA vr% okRlY;] tks ukjh dh dkseyrk] eeRo ,oa Lusg dk fefJr Lo:i gS] dk cgqyrk ls o.kZu ik;k tkrk gSA rirh ds firk Lusg ls lkM+h ysdj vkrs gSaA firk ds viuh iq=h ds fy, ns[ks x, liuksa dk lkdkj :i gS ;g migkjA bldk o.kZu djrs gq, dfo dgrs ga& S rifr! oRls! foyksd; rkor~A RonFkaZ fdekuhrEe;k\ e;k·n`';r! rkrgLrs 'kqdksnjgfjrk nqdwy'kkfVdk··lhr~A okjk.kls;ha ‚kkfVdka n`’VoSo u tkus dFka {kfirk ess eUnk{kyhykA izHkofr Le izkxYH;dk.Mrk.Moijk;.ke~A^16 ,dgk;uh dFkkfudk essa foeyk ds vUnj dh ek¡ o izsfedk esa ls ek¡ thr tkrh gSA iq=h dh iqdkj ek¡ dks Hkkofo y dj nsrh gSA og vius isez dks Hkwy tkus dks rRij gks tkrh gSA fujijk/k dU;k dks vdkj.k n.M nsus ls ek¡ fojr gks tkrh gSA foeyk dgrh gS&^bnkuha xrEes dkSek;Ze~A foyqIra izes A lkEizra ekr`Hkkoks es izHkofrA uk;a ekr`ân;ksfprks O;ogkj%A^17 yodq‛k dk ykyu&ikyu djrs okYehfdor dfooj Hkh ifjR;äk dqDdh ds ‚kkodksas dh ns[kjs[k dj jgs gSaA muds izfr okRlY;;qä gSaA mudh ckyØhM+kvksa dk vkuUn ysrs dFkkdkj dgrs gSa&^enqRl dfLFkrs lR;sdfLeUuijbZ’;kZd’kkf;rykspukH;ka ldSroa fuiq.ka fujh{; okR;kj;s.kkØE; lgksnja p u[kjk?kkrSZnwja izf{kI; LOk;a fr’Bfr LeA jk=kokfi ef; fudkea izlqIrs·rfdZreso lekxR; rkS lxkyd Hkh mudh dFkkvksa esa vusd= fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA e/kqi ds thou :ih e:LFky esa foeyk e/kqjlfyyk rjafx.kh gks xbZA ;gk¡ e/kqi :ih mies; esa e:LFky ,oa foeyk :ih mies; esa e/kqjlfyyk rjafx.kh dk vkjksi vfrlqUnj cu iM+k gS&**rL; thoue:LFkyL; e/kqjlfyyk rjafx.kh tkrkA*84 ifr dh e`R;q ds Ik'pkr~ oanuk dh thou :Ikh jkf= esa 'kqDy i{k ugha vk;kA thou ij nq%[kkfr'k;rk :ih xguka/kdkj dh izrhd jkf= dk vkjksi fdrus lkFkZd :Ik ls lq[k dh leLr laHkkoukvksa dks udkj nsrk gS& *rnkjH; oUnuk;k thou'koZ;kZa 'kqDyi{kks uk;kr%*85 viuh ys[kuh ls ,d ektkZjh dh dFkk dks lhrk dh dFkk ds le{k ifo=rk ,oa egkurk iznku dj nsus okys dfo us dqDdh dh dU;k ds foMky }kjk 'khyHk dks fdrus lqUnj :id esa izdV fd;k gSa fd e;kZnk:ih okfVdk dks dnkpkj :Ikh gkFkh us u"V dj fn;kA pfj= :Ikh T;ksRLuk dks dy :ih jkgq us xzg.k dj fy;k &*e;kZnkokVha dnkpkjer t {ki;k pdkjA 'khydkSeqnha dy lSafgds; mitxzkgA*86 ,dpØ% ds uk;d dh vUrfLFkr HkkoHkkxhjFkh dh fLFkfr dks :ikf;r djrs gq, os dgrs gSa& e)`n;x js izogUrheq'khj'khrka pUnzHkkxkonkrka eqfälq[kiznk=ha HkkoHkkxhjFkha dks uq [kyq Ik';frA*87 ;gka *ân; :Ikh x j esa izokfgr Hkko :Ikh HkkxhjFkh* dgus dk rkRi;Z gS fd Hkkouk,a uk;d us ân; ds vUrLFky esa vuko`ÙkkoLFkk esa j[khA tsuh ds laLdkjksa ls nzohHkwr mekpj.k] izks-yk eSu egksn; ds i= dks ius ds fy, ml okrkoj.k dh vuqHkwfr vfr vko';d gS] ftl okrkoj.k esa og ?kVuk ?kfVr gks jgh gSA ;g flQZ vkSj flQZ dfo dh o.kZu {kerk ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og ml okrkoj.k dks ikBd ds ekul esa fdruk ltho dj ldrk gS] ftlesa dF; mlds ân; ls ,dkdkj gks ldsA (283) dfo dh ys[kuh bruh fl)gLr gS fd dFkkvksa ds ifjos'k gekjs le{k ewfrZeku izrhr gksrs gaAS rirh dh ifjfLFkfr;ka] vukfedk dh lekt'kkL=h; fLFkfr] ,dgk;uh dh mRifÙk dh fodV ifjfLFkfr] 'krifoZdk ds firk dh euksn'kk] rkEcwydj okfguh dk ,sfrgkfld o ekufld ifjos'k] HkXui tj esa [khapk x;k fo/kok dh lkekftd ,oa ekufld lajpuk dk fp=] egkuxjh dk jsy;k=k ,oa laxhrk dh euksHkwfe dk o.kZu] iksrfogxkS] flaglkfj%] jk ~xMk rFkk vuk[;krk ck.kHk k·RedFkk ds ,sfrgkfld ifjos'k] ,sfrgkfld ik=ksa ds Hkhrj ds ekuoh; laosx] urZdh rFkk p pk esa of.kZr 'kkjhfjd O;kikj ds LFkkuksa ds Hkhrj dh O;kdqy] foo'k ,oa vfLerk ds fy, NViVkrh L=h rFkk vU;kU; dFkkvksa esa of.kZr ekuoh; laosnukvksa dh tfVy k`a[kykvksa dks [kksyrs] lkekftd ifjos'k lHkh v/kqukru fo"k;ksa esa vkc) dFkkvksa dks Lrjh; Å¡pkb;ka iznku djrs gSaA bl izdkj vfHkjkt jktsUnzfeJ dFkkvksa ds ifjos'k dks muds fo"k;ksa ds vuqdwy cukus esa iw.kZ :Ik ls [kjs mrjrs gaSA 3½ dFkkdkj ds ik= ,oa pfj=&fp=.k vfHkjkt jktsUnzfeJ dh dFkkvksa ds ik= orZeku lekt ds gekjs vkl&ikl fopj.k dj jgs] lkekftd folaxfr;ksa ls O;kdqy] vius thou dks lqlaxr cukus dh tqxr esa yxs yksdizlwr lkekU; izk.kh gSA dFkkvksa ds ik= dkYifud ugh gS] os ;FkkFkZ ls ijs ugha gS rFkk os vlEHko vkn'kZ Hkh ugha gSA dFkkvksa dks isyrh larrh dh O;Fkk ,oa foy{k.krk dks :ikf;r djrs gSaA okLro esa gh csfV;ka 'krifoZdk dh rjg Loiksf"kr gksrh gSa& *;Fkk gfjro.kkZ ‚krifoZdk x`g}kjlq’keka lao/kZ;fr] ‚k;us rwykLrj.klkE;a n/krh lkS[;a tu;fr] Lououok ~dqjS% Ik'kqif{k.k% izh.k;fr vkRekjker;k·fi vufHkf"käk·fi vjf{krk·fi Lokn`"VcysuoS iquuZorkeqiSfr fuR;gfjrk p lay{;rs rFkSo iq ;ks·fi esa orZUrsA*27 b{kqxU/kk o ,dgk;uh tSlh vla[; vlQy izse&dFkk,a lekt esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA vla[; csfV;kas dk izes lkekftd vis{kkvksa dh HksVa pd>ksj nsus okyk d:.k laLej.k gSa] tks dFkk ds :Ik esa vfHkO;ä gqvk gSA tSls ØkS pif{k;qxy esa ls ,d i{kh dk (290) o/k okYehfd dh d:.kk dks dkO; esa izokfgr dj nsrk gS] oSls gh dqDdh ds thou dh d:.kke; voLFkk dfo dh dFkk ds :Ik esa vfHkO;ä gqbZ gSA egkuxjh Hkh dfooj dk ,d jsy;k=k laLej.k gS] ftlesa fdlh vU; dh larfr ds izfr vlaosnu'khy O;ogkj dk ekfeZd o.kZu gSA vukfedk dgkuh ,d izkr% dkyhu Hkze.k ds le; ?kfVr ?kVuk dk laLej.k gSA dgkuh esas ,d vkJ;ghu ckfydk vlgk;koLFkk esa feyrh gS] ftls fdlh nEirh us lalkj ds Hk; ls R;kx fn;k gS vkSj ckn esa dFkkdkj us viuk fy;k gSA fp=i.khZ dh y?kqdFkkvksa esa vusdksa laLej.k gh gSA izk.kHk;e~] xq:f{k.kk] dYio`{k%] Å/oZjrs k] xkS;kZoj%] nsokd`ik·uqHko%] vfHk:fp%] ewY;kadue~] jk"Vªifr&iqjLdkj%] fir`Hkfä%] fi'kkp%] fu;frdkS'kye~] nkf;Rocks/k%] okgulkFkZD;e~] nqxaZiFkLrRdOk;ks onfUr] T;ksfr"kekgkRE;e~ vkfn dFkk,a oLrqr% vius Hkhrj dF; dks lesVs gq,] lkekftd lan's k nsrs gq, dFkkdkj ds vius laLej.k gS] tks dFkk ds :Ik esa lkdkj gq, gSaA (iii) nSufUnuh&'kSyh vfHkjkt th dh jk ~xMk dFkk nSufUnuh 'kSyh esa fy[kh xbZ dFkk gS] tks muds ckyh}hi izokl ds le; fy[kh xbZ gSA izfrfnu ds vuqHkoksa dks fy[kus esa ckyh}hi ds vejkorh {ks= ds dqrjhxzke esa fLFkr nqxkZfefg"kefnZuhefUnj ds ckjs esa mUgksua s fy[kk gSA efUnj ds ckjs esa yksdizpfyr bfro`ÙkkUr dks Hkh nSufUnuh esa fy[kk gSA /keksnZ ;uoekZ dh jkuh egsUnznÙkk dh jkuh ls jk ~xMk cuus rd dk o`ÙkkUr] tks mUgksua s viuh Mk;jh esa fy[kk gS] ogh jk ~xMk dFkk gSA (iv) laokn&'kSyh 'kks/kkFkhZ dh n`f"V ls ns[kus ij *y;sfjdk* dFkk gh eq>s laokn'kSyh esa fy[kh xbZ dgkuh izrhr gksrh gS] ftlesa ,d iq= dk ek¡ ls laokn gSA ;s laokn gh dF; gS] tks dFkkdkj dh viuh ek¡ ds izfr laosnuk,a gSaA (291) (v) i=kRed&'kSyh i pk'kn~o"kZijofrZ dFkk ,d iq= dk ipkl o"kZ Ik'pkr~ fy[kk x;k ,d i= gS] ftlesa mUgksaus viuh ek¡ ds izfr mu leLr dk;ksaZ ds fy, d`rKrk izdV dh gS] tks ek¡ us mlds fy, fd, gSaA i=laokn% ifjiDo iz.k; dh og dFkk gS] ftlesa nksuksa ,d&nwljs dks le>rs gSa] izes djrs gSa] feyuk pkgrs gSa] nksuksa ijLij i= fy[krs gSa] nksuksa ,d lkFk ,d&nwljs ls feyus igqap tkrs gSaA uk;d ukf;dk ds ikl csrwyuxj ig¡aqprk gS Bhd mlh le; ukf;dk uk;d ds ikl fnYyh igqap tkrh gSA i= ds ek/;e ls laizs"k.kh; izes dh lPph Hkkouk,a gh bl dFkk dh fo"k;oLrq gSaA blh dF; dks dFkklw= esa fijks;k x;k gSA (vi) fooj.kkRed&'kSyh izk;% dFkk,a fooj.kkRed gh gksrh gSaA fooj.kkRed dFkkvksa esa dFkkdkj lekt ds pfj= esa ?kfVr ?kVukvksa dks dkYifudrk ,oa laosnu'khyrk ls #fpdj cukdj dFkk& ds lk¡ps esa