Animal Behavior Notes PDF

# Why do animals behave the way they do? - **Behavior:** Everything an animal does + how + why. - **Model:** Stimulus → Response - **Proximate Cause:** Immediate underlying mechanism - Sensory info received - Processed - Response - **Environmental Cues:** - Light - Vibration - Pres...

# Why do animals behave the way they do? - **Behavior:** Everything an animal does + how + why. - **Model:** Stimulus → Response - **Proximate Cause:** Immediate underlying mechanism - Sensory info received - Processed - Response - **Environmental Cues:** - Light - Vibration - Pressure - Chemical Signal Molecule - **Stimulus** - Cell membrane receptor - Protein specific to the stimulus. - **Response** - Nervous system coordinates physiological and/or motor system for specific stimulus. - Endocrine system - Hormones - **Morphological adaptations** related to the behaviors in some species. ## Nature - Genetic basis - Inherited - Innate behaviors ## Nurture - Based on - Influences - Learned behaviors - Experiences during lifetime. ## How to Study Proximate Causes - Cross-fostering studies. ## Ultimate Cause - **Evolutionary cause** - evo by natural selection - **Selective Pressure** - Finding a mate - Getting resources - Avoid danger - Maintain homeostasis + energy conservation ## Innate Behaviors - Born with it - Developmentally fixed - Terminal behavior - Can't be unlearned **Ex: Cockroach food preference** - **Prediction:** Jelly - **Reality:** Peanut Butter ## 2 Types of Orientation Behavior - **Kinesis:** Indirect orientation - Reduction/increase in activity level in response to stimulus. - Stimulus = food → Chemokinisis - Activity → Random turning + movement - **Gradient:** Chemical signal mol. from stimulus - **High rate of random turning and movement:** Could help get the food. - **Negative Chemokinisis:** Increase in rate of random turning and movement that could help get the food, may even stop. - **Taxis:** Direct orientation behavior - Directed movement towards (+) or away from (-) stimulus. - ↑ access to beneficial photosynthetic synthesis. ## Biological Rhythms - Behavioral and physiological responses that are cyclical, timed periodically. ## Due to Genetics - Circadium Rhythm: 24 hr cycle, photo period - One light day: dark night - Photo receptors sense light ## Response: - Daily periodic behaviors - Sleep-wake cycle - Hunger ## Diurnal vs crepuscular vs nocturnal - **Time of day** - Day - Dawn/Dusk - Night ## Seasonal Cycles - long light and short light (summer) (winter) - When to migrate, hibernate, mate, etc. ## Lunar Cycles - Stimulus: Moon phase - Affects mating cycles (aquatic ecosystems). - ↑ release in sperm in water. - ↑ Fertilization outside of body. - ↑ Dispersal of fertilized eggs. ## Animal Communication: - Behavior causes change in behavior of another individual. - Inter/intraspecific (can be either or) - Stimulus: Pheromones, diffusible chemical signal molecules - Ex: Courtship rituals - signal to mate. ## Social Behaviors - Cooperative behaviors - Agnostic behaviors related to fighting - Pheromones from scent glands - marking territory through waste. ## Habituation: - Repeated exposure to same stimulus - Eventual learning of new behavior. - Helps to not waste energy and resources. ## Additional behaviors - **Foraging behaviors:** Scavenging for more food ## Altruism - Organism sacrifices fitness for good of fitness of others in population. - **Inclusive fitness:** Total effect individual has on itself + others. - Close relatives share more DNA w/ individual. - **If [relatedness # of offspring] / (cost of altruistic behavior) > 1 then altruism is favored by Ns. ** - **Ex: Prairie dog** - Guard dog - Watches, senses, warns - Fitness in pop. ↑ but not fitness in guard dog. ## 12/02/24 AP Bio - **Foraging:** Gathering / hunting / obtaining food - **Crow Behaviors:** - Dropping whelks to break shell. - Drop height + # of times dropped (whelk) - IV: Drop height - DV: Average number of drops + total flight height - Optimal foraging hypothesis - minimum energy used in foraging. - **Plant Behaviors:** - Plants sense and respond to stimuli. - No muscle or sensory tissue (animal specific) - Do synthesis + respond to hormones. ## Plant Trophisms - **Directed growth/movement to or from a stimulus** - **Phototropism:** - Stimulus: Light - Sensed by photo receptors - Positive (towards light) - more light needed for survival - Negative (away from light) - **Gravitropism (Geotropism):** - Stimulus: Gravity - Stems: Grow up - Roots: Grow down - Stems need more sunlight - Roots anchor plant + get nutrients + water. - **Thigmotropism:** - Stimulus: Touch - Ex: Vines wrapping around - positive thigmotropism - Can sometimes be combo of thigmo + phototropism - **Nastic (Sudden movement)** - Ex: Venus fly trap - suddenly closes upon sensing live organism (touch) - Ex: Mimosa leaves - closes upon touch. (Self defense mechanism) - Stimulus: Touch → Response: sudden decrease in pressure of cells → sudden movement. ## *Ircadium Rhythm in Plants - Photo receptors - Sense time period - Scent emissions, flowers - + Conserve NRG + timed with pollinator activity. ## Daily responses: - Flowers (open/closed) ## Seasonal Responses: - Flowering time, seed germination, winter (dormancy) ## Herbivory inducing defense mechanisms - Constitutive defenses (present all the time) vs. induced defenses (activated in response to stimulus) - Some low level - Spiky leaf margins on holly trees. ## Touch + injury causes synthesis + Release - Sus chemical signal molecule - Communication between all plants (injured + non-injured) ## Plant to plant communication - Both con/intraspecific AND interspecific. - Toxins + pesticides. - Trichomes - Physical defenses - Like hair cell extensions (makes them fuzzy) - Unpleasant texture to herbivores (deer) - Stimulus → Response (higher density) - Phenotypic plasticity- (phenotype (not genotype) (Un-A in response to env cues due to changes in gene expression) - Plant communication: Diffusible chemical signal molecules. ## 12/03/24 AP Bio - Mean= Σx/n → x= Σx1+x2+x3+…xn / n - Variance - Standard deviation ## 12/04/24 AP Bio - **Chi Square Test Analysis (χ²)** - **Null Hypothesis (Hn) test** - tests if observed (experimental data) “fit” are different from data predicted by null hypothesis. - When appropriate to use χ² analysis? - Data categorized - Must use counts (raw data) - Expected value >5. - **Formula:** (O-E)²/E = summation = [(O - E)² / E] - **Coin toss Ex:** - Toss coin 150 times - Result: 62 heads, 88 tails - Null Hypothesis: 75H, 75T - Which mean is higher ## 12/05/24 AP Bio - **Common errors + templates** - Mention which mean is higher - Mention if statistically significant diff b/c 95% ## 12/09/24 AP Bio (enemistree) - Cell- Sack of chemicals - Lots of water, chemicals + organelles + Cytoplasm - Scale of life: - Atoms → Chemistry - Atoms → cell - Organic → inorganic → large biomolecules → cells ## Atoms: - Protons, neutrons + electrons - Nucleus in middle has the most mass (pos charge) - Energy shells / electron repulsion - 2,8,... - Valence electrons (determines bonds) + stability + Octetrulc ## Periodic Table Trends: - Electronegativity (EN) - Atoms ability to attract more electrons - Non-metals more EN / type bond ## Biu Related elements: - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur - 98% of cells ## Isotopes: - Same # protons but diff # of neutrons - Radioisotopes ## Ionic covelant bonds.