ملخص للنظام البيئي - وثيقة PDF

# متنساش تحل الامتحانات السابقة ## سؤال اعتماد ### النظام البيئي Ecosystem ### مكونات Components **بيئة عامة - نظرت + كل امتين نات** - **الزتونة :** - **بياتية** - **منتج** - Producers - **دسات** - Autotro Phic - **مستهلك يا**...

# متنساش تحل الامتحانات السابقة ## سؤال اعتماد ### النظام البيئي Ecosystem ### مكونات Components **بيئة عامة - نظرت + كل امتين نات** - **الزتونة :** - **بياتية** - **منتج** - Producers - **دسات** - Autotro Phic - **مستهلك يا** - Consumer's - **Emacro Consumers] ** - **ذاتي التغذية** - Heterotrophic - organisms = self-nurishing - organisms - **محلالات** - Micio consumers] - **decomposers** - **Saprotrophs** - asmotrophs - **عیرجية - Abiotic** - **عصو** - **عيد عضوي** - unorganic - Protein, Carbohydrate CNIT - **Represented by green Plants** - **Containg Chlorophy !!.** - **able To manufacture Food From simple inorganic substances.** - ** nourishing on Food Produced by other organisms** - **These organisms known as Phagstrophs** ### **Primary Consumers** - **herbivorous animals = eat Plants** ### **secondary** - **Camivorous animals= eat animals [Flesh.eating).** - **bacteria and Fungi** - **which breaks down Complex Compounds of dead (Proto Plasms absorb some of decomposition Products and release. Inorganic nutrients** - **eat** ** *:- Cycling of material Through Ecosystem.** - **الدورة الهيدرولوجية** - **Hydrologie cycle.** - **Involving The movement of water.** ### **Biochemical cycle** - **N** - **Involving nitrogen and carbon** - **الرسوبية** - **Sedimentary cycle** - **e-** - **عيد حرق النباتات** - **ex.- nitrogen** - **Involving Phosphorus, Calcium and magnesium- amino acid nitrogen.** - **water-Cycle:-** - **Chief Pathway ]دوية[ :-** - **Involves exchange of water between the atmosphere and the earth's surface Ilirough evaporation and rainfall.** - **تتساقط مياه الأمطار ثم تتبخر وتتصاعد مرة أخرى .** - **الدورة طويلة [ Long Patti way .** - **تتساقط مياه الأمطار ويتغنى عليها النبات ثم تتصاعد مرة أخري** ### Factors which affect **الكائنات** on organism:- - **Climatic Factors** - **حول الطاقة الهوية إلى طاقة احيائية - ight .** - **في صورة ATP** - **مهمة في عملية الاقتصاص والانزيمات روحى** - **عملیات فتح النخور وغلقها** - **Temperature** - **@:- Physiographic Factor ]التضاريس :-** - **درجة الحرارة والصنوء والحياة تختلف باختلاف استوى البريك** - **Biotic Factor** - **. الحشوات تساعد على تلقيح النباتات علاقة كاملية )** - **نيات يتطفل على نبات [ علاقة لطفل ]** - **Soil** - **- عامك التربية ]Soit or Edo Phic Factor J.-** - **عامل مهم لأن التربة تحد النبات بجميع العناصر التي يحتاجها في تمده بالمياه والألسجين وال micro organisms عناصر مصرية وغير عضوية كما أنها تحتوى DeComposerssle وحتوى** ### The Pand as an Example of ecosystem: - **-Abiotic substances:-** - **basic organic and inorganic such as water, Caz, Oxygen, calciam** - **Biotis -** - **Producer organisms :-** - **Rooted or large Floating Plants growing in shallow water only** - **2- Consumers:-** - **eos Frogs.** - **: Primary herbivorous which feed Directly onftants.** - **Secondary → Carnivorous Such as insects and fish 07** - **3- De Composers** - **aquar bacteria, Flagchates Fungi** ### *Lecture 2: ### Vegetation:- - **It's The sum of Plants Present in one area** - **It may be aForest with its trees under shrubs and herbs and The Forest Floor with mosses Fungi and Lichens.** - **It may Consist of under shrubs and herbs scattered in Desert.** - **vegetation is an organic unity with Plants These Plants affect Their habitat as well as affected with it, and Plants also influence each other** - **So: Vegetation is : The net result of environmental Factors and The requirements Of Different Compenents.** - **-vegetation arises From The Coming together of individual Plants and Their interaction upon each other, These interaction modify The habitat or Place in which They Live Causing it to become wetter or drier, They may increase Fertility of soil and Decrease The Light. in Different ways they make The habitat Fit or unfit for various other kinds of Plants to grow.** ### *Lecture 2: ### التجمع الخصري تطور *: Development of vegetation ### هجرة البذور ①:- Seed migration: - **It include The movement of seeds and other Propagales From Their original home to The new area. The Distance may be short or very great as in wind-blown or water-borne Seeds Birds also Play Pronounced rule in This Process.** ### التثبيت 2:fstablishment [ Elesis]:- - **migration alone can't Produce vegeiation It's entirety ineffective if the seeds Don't grow, The seeds must grow in The new area - so Ecesis is avery critical stage in Process of regetation Development. All environmental Factors affect The seed germination and The Establishment of The seedlings.** ### تجميع 3-Aggregation:- - **after The establishment of First invaders, individuals Come to be grouped as aresult of Propagation, aprocess termed aggregation.** ### مناقه / تنافس - : Competition : - **Aggregation sooner or later results in Competition Pioneer invaders may grow Freely and so For apart without Competition for water, light or nutrients. when Plants are highly aggrey ated Their Demands For water, Light or nutrients are greater Than The supply, So Competition begins. There is not enough For all So The stronger beats [surpasses] The weatser and The weaker be Comes very small [dwar Fed] - or die as result.** ### Competition - **goes on so quickly that it's usually unnoticed. There is interspecific Competition when it occer among individuals of same species, and interspecific Competition when it occurs among Populations of Different species. ' Competition occurs whenever avaluable of necessary resource is wanted Together by anumber of animals or Plants [Of The Same Kind Or Different when The resource is in short supply if isnot in short supply Competition occurs when The animals or Different Plants seeking the resource nevertheless harm one another in The Process. ** ### نتيجة Reaction:- - **when Plants grow together and compete For The necessary Factors, They greatly react upon The Place in which they grow. Competition result in Reaction. The area one Felly Lightened becornes more or Less densely shaded. If It was wet, The large amount of water absorbed From The soil and Lost Through Franspiration matses it drier. It it was dry, The accumulation of humus by The decay of dead Roots stems and leaves adds to The water retaining Power of the soil. Dry area becomes gradually moisturent.** ### Life Form:- L'according to Position of Their Rerenading bouds]:- - **①: Phane rophytes] نباتات ظاهرية** - **These Plant's Carry Their bad's on The Tips of branches, exposed To extreme climat** - **subdivided into :-** - **NandiPhanero Phytes →→ 2 mettere of soil surface** - **micro Phanero Phytes 2-8 m** - **meso Phanerophytes 8-30 m** - **mega Phanero Phytes more Than 30 metere.** - **: Chamae Phytes - ملاحقة لسطح البرية :-** - **Close To ground surface I prostrate Life Forms. most Frequent in Cool, Dry climate. From Zero to 2 meter.** - **3: Hemicrypto Phytes - ملاصقة السطح لتربة شبيه تختفى ( :** - **Penennating buds are lat ground Level, all above ground Parts dying back af the onest of unfavorable Conditions. occur in extreme environmental Conditions of the winter months eat ex:. الشمام و البلاغ ؟ الخيار الكوسة** - **@: Crypto Phytes: صحفية[ :- cryptophytes** - **• Perennating buds below ground Level or below water They are Protected From Freezing and desiccation. Include Plants with bulbs rhizomes or tubers: usually Called Geo Pheytes, Gea earth بطاطس، قلقاسم** - **- الحولية Therophytes [ Therophytes** - **Annual species Complete it's Life-cycle in rainy seasons. Their Life span Can be as short as Few weaks... Characterestic of Desert regions and Cultivated soil. Have no Persistent buds and regenerate only by seeds which resist extreme Cold and drought.** ### Aseed will germinatte only if it's Located in asite Providing it with ### 5 مزور ### Breaking of Seer dormancy Estimuli required For breatrage of seed darma - **مواد ء سبب وجود هناك يزور لا تنمو الا بعد غسلها ، أسره أو إذا الله بالماء على سطحها مه مما يؤدى إلى وجود تحول يجب ** ### The conditions required For germination Processes to proceed - **ex. Temperature Pressure, Hamidity, Light** ### The resources I water and oxygen] which are consumed in The ### Course of germination. ### ADaptation:esea - **It's any Feature of an organism or it's Part which is of definite value of allowing That organism to exist under The Conditions of its habitat or itos bolth evolutionary Process by which organisms become better able to exist under The Prevailing environmental Conditions and The specific genetically determined trait (character) That Renders an organism more Capable of existence. To Ecologist bortx3** ### *Lecture 3:- ### The SEED Bain's. - **Seed banks: is number of of seeds buried in soil. Seeds normallu arrive in soil in Dormant Condition, They may Then need to wait stimuli or Conditions before They can germinate seed in Dormant state in seed banks can beregarded as Depoist account I seeds whichs are abady Found in soil]. Current account :- number of seed which is Drawn From soil or Temporary stage in which The only hinderance To immediate germination is shorage of water and Favourable Condition [ Temperature] Carrent account derives from @:- Direct dispersal Dormant seed bankie : withdrawal From Deposit account.** ### How Can Cakulate #Therecede bank hemodan be estimated by:- - **Taking soil sample and maintaining Them cat a Favourable temperature, stiring at intervals and Courting The seedlings That emerge @:- The Seeds in asoil sample Con be counted Directly under a disssecting microscope :- Extrack The SeeD From The soil by Floatation in Concentrated salt- solutions Ther Seer SeeD ability is tested by germine or by Tetrazolium vital staining. ** ### Physiological adaptation: - **Das resistance to diseases ②: Host Preference among Parasites Degree of Palatability to berbivores Endurance To desiccation. Don't take time only Few Days** ### morphological adaptation:- - **include Sunken stomata, special Pollination mechanisms. Form of shoot. Take long time ممكن تصغر ورقتها علشان تقال فقد الماء ن طب و النباتات الصحراوية ممكن ** ### Anatomical adaptation. - **well? atrada Take long time 10 to 20કીય supe** ### genetic adaptation. - **يتم على مرحلتين zniarta SIt en** ### Environmentaly induced variation [ - **تطور على مدار السنين atabon, wro** ### Genetically Fixed variations - **arises From Changes in structure of genes Treatment of genes within The Chromosome grecombination of...... Jones Through hybridization you paονη σε** ### There Something related to adaption ### Called acclimination. [ التأكلم ] ### Acclimination:- - **The modification of an organism Phenotypic traits by The environment. تقدر النباتات أو تتعايش مع الظروف السياة دون حدوث تغيير من الجينات ADaptation genetically determined Phenotypic traits. Acclimination-> Phenotypic traits resulting from environmental modification of gene expression.** ### when aseed of The same species, But Collected From. Plants ### growing in various ### habitats were Cultivated under Identical Conditions The ### resulting Plants show ### the same Differences already shown in Their original habitats. These ### Differing Forms are called " E Cotypes ### ECotype :- - **Represent genetic strains of Population with unique adaptations to the Special Conditions under which They are Found. boob E Cotype may be called "Ecologic races" Toxanomic species isnot Single ecological unit but is Composed of numerous races [Ecotypes), which exihibit inherent differences in Physiology and often in morrhoisyy us wc!! de The wider The Ecological rang [amplitude] of species The more numerous are it's Ecotypes.** ### ADaptation to water:- - **Plarits have been classified into 3 classes 2 Hydrophytes mesophytes 3.. xero Phytes reFFering to Plants of wet, moist, and i dry Habitat. These Types exihibit different morphological anatomical and Physiologicat traits which enable each Plant to live in it's habitats. =- Hydrothytes:- • 'Plants That live wholy of Partly in water or invery wet Places ex Plants of ponds and streams other bodies of water [Fresh, Saif]. Those of Swamps general adafilation of سؤال ا Hydro Phytes?, Structural adaptations, of hydrophytes are Chiefly water content which mean decreased diggen salty. These characters include - I General adaptation of hydrophytes]:- Decrease of tissue Protecting From water loss and mechanical injury. resuction in supporting and Conducting tissues. ③: marked increase in aeration of tissue Die: increased sponginess of Their tissue or Presence of aerynchyma. Decrease in The Palisade tissue. Roots of Hydrophytes usually shorter and less branched Than mesophytes and xerophytes - organs below The water surface usually tacks cuticle oritve Riderim.** ### with Respect to relation to water and air ### Hydrophytes grouped into... - **Floating Hydro Phytes=-]بناتات مائية لافية[ They are in Contact with water and air but not in contact with Soil ex: lemna, wolffia. ** - **Suspending Hydro Phytes:- They are in Contact with water only but not in Contact with air and soil ex:- Phyto Plankton and Sargassum. ** - **Submerged Hydro Phytes:- They are in contact with water and soil [ entirely under water, attached to but not in Contact with air ex: Elodea Potamogeton** - **Emergent An Chored Hydrophytes:- Contact with air swater and soil big Part exposed to ar Conditions ex Rice :** ### Mesophytes:- - **They grow در - **They stand midway betwee - **This group is represented - **They wilt with small red ### Xerophytes:- - **Plants That grow habitually - **is high and water supply to - **xerophytes [ xeros dury, - **Plants of deserts . They - **dry habitats They are may ### They are distinguished by - **dehydration of Their tissues - **acharacterestic of xerophytes - **xerophytes are not confined - **Characteristics enabling Them ### ADPtation of plants to - **1-ilhe critical Problem Facin - **2-in addition to the high e - **loss From Plants · This ### Desert Plants Characteris - **Conditions in desert. These - **4. Desert Plants very in Thei - **Desert Plants in The Follow ### Plants - **This group include resurrecti - **They grow mainly in South - **They Possess The Physiolog - **For long periods. ** - **In The Desert's of Egypt a - **The desert algae and Lichens - **Desert algae occupy very sp - **Xerophytes Can't live This - **Semi- transparent gravels - **when water is not availab - **Their metabolic processes a - **even in The form of devs, T - **The same holds true with - **eyeles, The algae and liche ### Plants escaping Drought - **Life Cycle 15 restricted - **Comparing Them with mes - **Transpiration or Their resist ### The main adaptional trait - **Their roots are very shallow - **very tolerate - **They Possess The rema - **water supply I They Flour - **under dry Conditions: They - **Limited number of Flowers - **Their short life-cycle. - **They stend The dry Seas - **Due to low Content These ### Perennial xerophytes:- - **Forn The Permanent Fra - **They Can withstand The - **①:- Shortage of water - **:- Scorching. temperatur - **They can be classified int ### The Famous Succulent CA - **The Arabian Deserts but - **To Cacti** ### The Cell Sap of the true - **which Boesmt noe even d - **have been lost.** ### Normal Succulents: - **Due to succulance to stor - **Concentrated and itos Con - **Power of the atmosphere ### Mechanisms by which - **Conditions in Desert is gi - **①: Reduction of the tran - **②. Reduction of The tran ### Thes Adaptation Serve as m - **• Desert Plants active duri - **transpiring surface which a ### Shedding Part of the green - **Photosynthesizing tissue. - **e.g Anabasis Haloxylon ### shedding, Partly of whol - **which are also cotex shedde ### Leaf shedding i- it's an - **many desert Plants becom - **eg: zilla spinosa, Retama ### Presence of scaly Leaves - **water loss and wilking. - **eg: grasses ### Falding of leaflets and - **Eg: stipargrosits (rolling - **Cassia ( Folding of leaflet ### Spine Formation is: Devi - **Shoots (zillaj Leaves an - **shedding of winter leaves ### Partial Death of Plant b - **new branches are produc - **Persistence of dead leav - **exposure to Drastic atmos - **eg: grasses ### Reduction of the transpi - **This Plants are able to - **The evaporative Power of - **This is Physiological tra - **of Dry soil. Reduction - **which caused by excessive ### Inten si Fication of water - **①:- Root System: - - **②: Root_extension:- Dev - **Plants. This increases Th - **Root/shoot Ratio:- [ Shoo - **System Facilitates The ad ### Absence of Root Competitio - **in The Reduction of Compe - **of water by The roots per ### Water absorbtion From - **xerophytes have higher os - **esmotic Pressure may be of ### Anatomical characters - **treep the water halane - **@: freeping The organs - **ascent of sap to Compe - **Transpiration. ### The Main Anantomical - **.. Presence of Thicks cut - **@& Presence of wax Cov - **@.. Presence of various - **air in Contact with The tr - **@: Small epidermal Cells, - **Impregnation of The epi - **Presence of hypodermis - **Presence of Junken stomat - **vapour From The Plant to - **Narrow interCellular spa - **presence of lignified ele - **Presence of stone cells. - **D. Presence of water scor ### Halo Phytes:- Plants-gr - **drought. They exihibit Di - **Combination of more tha - **The Response of halofny ### Adaption of Halophytes - **usually non- succulent P - **These glands are special - **From Plant body. ### Removal of salts by sa - **Salts accumulate in Thes - **Their Concentration in T - **The Removal of These bla - **The Plant body. ### Removal of salt- saturat - **Shedding of salt- Saturated - **Can regulate their salt Cont - **Cortex in succulent Plants ### Succulence:- - **some nato no Piyies - **in succulence. Cuir tom - **succulence is developed - **Protein and This leads to - **a Cell hypertrophy due to ### Dure plants - **The significant characters - **①:- High Degree of Thei - **②:-low capacity of dune ### These two features associ - **The Particles which usually - **The Particles which usually ### Give Reason for: - **rapid Buward_growth of - **To Preverit being Cover - **upward growth of barried - **rapide ward growth of th - **To matse plants able to - **rapid apward growing bra ### Dune Plants Divided Into - **Plants able to withstand - **rapid upward growing bra - **@:- Plants able to withsta - **Developing deep roots an - **:- Plantis resistant to bot ### Sand dunes Characteris - **①: great size of sand Par - **Mobility of These sand d - **Imoisture content on surf ### Characters of Dune Plants - **leaves حاديا الـ ]وس - **mechanical tissue, vessels ### There is increase in Thei - **of the epidermis and cutic - **Tissue hair . increase in - **section, increase in Thickn ### Mangroves! - **Halo Phytic trees of shr - **where The tide meets cive - **أنها انه تقابل احمد جا - **الاكسجين حين فيها قليل - **سبة 13 دهذا خطر على - **بالماء وبالتالي ولذلك ه - **مشبعة. ه .. أن التربة ### Salt rej - **About 80%. of The salt - **stream is Prevented From - **enter The xylem of the roo - **only 400%. is removed - **wilk glands هذه النبات - **الزواج Filteration للماء - **الاصلاح وتكون عند جديدة ### Diffierciency in oxygen - **Roots of mangroves grow- - **The time by sea water Diff - **of The stem into The roots - **So The main oxygen suppl - **root Portions. In many man - **Prieumato Phores:- These - **roots and Protruding into - **They differ From the othe - **②:- lantiCels are Present - **well developed air spaces - **Air Passes into The root's ### Explain How The Dun - **and for avoid enfosing The - **hitor in proware that. - **Covering with sand - **exposing The root system ### Differences betson: - **Halo Phates and Hydro Ph - **Halophytes Plesnt gro - **exihibit Different respon - **to salinity - **Hydrophytes Plant liv - **in water or in wet Places - **+ Structural adaptation - **are in responseto exass ### D:- Adaptation and acclim - **Adaptation Part of an o - **definite value of allowin - **To exisit ander Conditions - **acclimation modificati - **Phenoty Pic traits by env - **Genetically Determined - **Traits Phenotypic tra - **From environmental mod - **of gene expresion. ### Horizontal roots and Preum - **Horizontal Preumato Ph ### Prieumatophore - **Corts Cover apex Secon - **Closely behind afex Pres - **Isolated idioblast cells - **Thickening of idio blasts - **well Developed air spaces ### Jeeralalisle tissio pott - **Thetiase Jeer in ficce - **Jego Super Hits aerati - **shorter, less brancel org - **below Cuticle prisien ### Succulent Plants :- - **They are Drought toleran - **They Store in their body - **Can be mobilized and us - **When water is available - **The Process water mobili - **The Degree of succulena - **In Past The succulents - **Priviously The succulent - **The water storage takes - **Now they are Divided i - **Plants in which walker st - **same tissue. ②. Plants - **The same tissue ### CAM Plants - **CAM Crassulacean acid - **هناك عائلة في النباتات - **Photo Syrilltests نواج - **احد : أي أنها تقوم ب - **ليلاً photangnthesis - **يتجمع في أنسجتها مو - **Photosynthesis ope ### Analysed The Franspira - **were similar in height C ### Give only one word :- - **The number of Seeds whi - **The Plants which are in - **The Plants with Their Pe ### Complete The empty sp - **The environmental Fact - **- Climatic Factors - **- Physiographic Factor - **Bistic Factor - **in soil or Edophic Factor - **The Hemicripto. Phytes - **Emergeit anchored Hydr - **Competition include Comp - **Ecotype is - **In hydrornyies organs - **The Seed Bank is. The - **burried in The soil while - **The Plants which have T - **Level are called Hemicry - **Submerged Hydrophytes - **The vegetation is - sam - **The Plants which have T - **Called - Cryptophytes - **Suspending Hydrophytes ### Give The Reasons For - **All The hydrophytes ha - **as structural adaptati - **de Crease in oxygen Sup - **haffen So hydrophytes ### Give The Difference bet - **The ro Phytes and xero ### Therophytes Complet - **Xerophytes grow habitua ### The true soils have Fi - **miniral Particles - **organic matters - **Soil solution acculing - **Soil atmosphere - **microorganisms, plant ### Physiographie Factor is - **The geological Formation - **It's density and the kin ### Define:- - **Adaptation:- It's an - **allowing That organism ### Depoist account:- - **Seed in Dormant state ### Current account:- - **number of seed which i - **Temporary stage in whi - **of water Jand Favorab ### Ecotype:- - **Genetic strains of Pop - **Conditions under which - **when aseed of The sam - **in identical Conditions - **already Found in Their ### Give only one word: - **group of Plants which a ### The group of Plants whic - **drought can be mobilized ### The green areas in Dese ### Complete The Fol - **Mangroves suffer from - **Dune soil Characterized - **Dune Plants can grow qu - **The Pneumatophores he ### The CAM Plants are ch - **The Content of storage - **with CAM Plants Could - **The following criteria - **malic acid Content of - **during day - **The Content of storage - **with malic acid - **uptake of Coz occurs a - **stomatol opening occur ### In halophytes the resp - **①: removing of satts - **@.. removing of salk. - **SuCCulenG - **@Salt secretion. ### The Cells of The CAM P - **having-Thia-walled - **The number of burried - **by: Taking soil sample a - **at intervals and and Cou - **Seeds in soil sample - **Extract The Seed From - **solution, Then seed viabi ### Caive Reason & of The - **The rapid upward growt - **root system in Jane pla - **apward growth of br - **Downgrowth of bar ### The High osmotic Pressu - **high osmotic Pressure - **intensification of wat - **Drought Condition in ### The presence of Lenticl - **To Permit Passing The ### The Cells of The succule - **as well as large vacule. - **large valute to be able - **Period ### Presence of Praumatoph - **To supply mangroves w - **tide meet with rivers so ### The Presence of salt bla - **So That salt accumulat - **Their Concentration in - **So removal of This blad - **Plant body and it's w - **For growing, Saline soi ### Presence of sunken sto - **To Decrease the Rate