Psychology Perspective of Self PDF

PSYCHOLOGY PERSPECTIVE OF SELF PURE EGO - The study of either the cognitive, conative or affective representation - What James refers to as the "I" self. of one's identity, or the subject of experience....

PSYCHOLOGY PERSPECTIVE OF SELF PURE EGO - The study of either the cognitive, conative or affective representation - What James refers to as the "I" self. of one's identity, or the subject of experience. - For James, the pure ego is what provides the thread of continuity - All parts of the self enable people to alter, change, add, and modify between our past, present, and future selves. The pure ego's aspects of themselves in order to gain social acceptance in society. perception of consistent individual identity arises from a continual Cognitive, Conative, and Affective stream of consciousness. - Is that cognitive is relating to the part of mental functions that deals - James believed that the pure ego was similar to what we think of as with logic, as opposed to affective which deals with emotions while the soul, or the mind. The pure ego was not a substance and therefore conative is of or pertaining to a striving action. could not be examined by science. Self-concept REAL SELF-CONCEPT VS IDEAL SELF-CONCEPT - Is the totality of our beliefs, preferences, opinions and attitudes Real Self-Concept - who we actually are Ideal organized in a systematic manner, towards our personal existence. Self-Concept - how we want to be - Simply put, it is how we think of ourselves and how we should think, behave and act out our various life roles. TRUE SELF VS FALSE SELF True Self - tends to be moral and good. False Self - is an artificial persona that people create very early in life to protect themselves from re-experiencing developmental trauma, shock and stress in close relationships. The Self as Proactive and Agentic Proactive Self - action and result oriented behavior, instead of the one that waits for things to happen and then tries to adjust (react) to them Agentic Self - that behaves like an agent, assuming no responsibility for actions or their consequences, only following the orders of someone in authority. WILLIAM JAMES A psychological state of a person that obeys authority (introduced in - 1842. Born in New York City, first child of Henry James and Mary Milgram's theory). Walsh. - James was educated by tutors and at private schools in New York. GLOBAL VS DIFFERENTIATED MODELS - He was born into an extremely intellectually gifted family and was Global Model - in order for people to live their lives in harmony they educated in Europe and the United States. must adapt to the environment. - He elected to study medicine at Harvard Medical School, where he Differentiated Model - in order for people to live their own lives and continued to study off and on over several years, between sabbaticals fulfill their destinies, they must differentiate environmental influences. from and illnesses, including a bout of major depression. destructive. - Served as a professor of psychology and a professor of philosophy. His Psychological Concept of the Self - James writes that individuals simply cannot be all possible selves in all possible ways. - He urges that "the seeker of his truest, strongest, deepest self must review the list [of selves that he wishes to be] carefully, and pick out ANTHROPOLOGY PERSPECTIVE OF SELF the one on which to stake his/her salvation. - Anthropology is the study of humans and the ways they live. Sociology studies the ways groups of people interact with each other The ‘I self’ and ‘Me self’ and how their behavior is influenced by social structures, categories - I self – is the thinking, acting and feeling self (rage, gender, sexuality), and institutions. - Me self - is the physical characteristics as well as - Anthropology studies human behavior more at the individual level, psychological capabilities that makes you who you are. while sociology focuses more on group behavior and relations with For James, the "I" part of self was the thinking self, which could not be further social structures and institutions. divided. He linked this part of the self to the soul of a person, or what is now - The primary goal of anthropology is to understand human diversity thought of as the mind. and cultural difference, while sociology is more solution oriented with The "Me" can be thought of as a separate object or individual a person refers to the goal of fixing social problems through policy. when describing their personal experiences. James further divided the "Me" part of self into: a material, a social, and a spiritual self. RESEARCH METHOD The primary method of research anthropologists utilize is called ethnography or MATERIAL Self participant observation, which involves in-depth, repeated interactions with - The material self consists of things that belong to a person or entities people. that a person belongs to. Thus, things like the body, family, clothes, money, and such make up the material self. The core of the material SOCIOCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY self was the body. - The focus of sociocultural anthropology – also referred to as - Second to the body, a person's clothes were important to the material ethnology– is basically to understand how people in different societies self. He believed a person's clothes were one way they expressed who perceive themselves and the world around them. they felt they were; or clothes were a way to show status, thus - These perceptions are typically revealed through art, legends, myths, contributing to forming and maintaining one's self-image. and social institutions (eg. families and leadership structures). - Money and family are critical parts of the material self. If one lost a - Therefore, sociocultural anthropologists are interested in how family member, a part of who they are was lost also. humans behave in group settings and in the language, cultural rituals, - Money figured in one's material self in a similar way. If a person had and relationships that they develop. significant money then lost it, who they were as a person changed as well. CULTURE SOCIAL Self - Culture is the social behavior and norms found in human societies. - Our social selves are who we are in a given social situation. For James, - Culture is considered a central concept in anthropology , people change how they act depending on the social situation that encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through they are in. He believed that people had as many social selves as they social learning in human societies. did in social situations they participated in. SPIRITUAL Self - The spiritual self was who we are at our core. It is more concrete or permanent than the other two selves. The spiritual self is our subjective and most intimate self. Aspects of a spiritual self include things like personality, core values, and conscience that do not typically change throughout an individual's lifetime. - The spiritual self involves introspection, or looking inward to deeper spiritual, moral, or intellectual questions without the influence of objective thoughts. - For James, achieving a high level of understanding of who we are at our core, or understanding our spiritual selves is more rewarding than satisfying the needs of the social and material selves. SOCIOLOGY PERSPECTIVE SELF SOCIALIZATION - Is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and - In Sociology, socialization is the process of internalizing the norms consequences of human behavior. and ideologies of society. - Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and - Socialization is the process of learning one’s culture and how to live societies and how people interact within these contexts. within it. - Since all human behavior is social, the subject matter of sociology - It is the process beginning during childhood by which individuals ranges from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from organized acquire the values, habits, and attitudes of a society. crime to religious traditions; from the divisions of race, gender and - Socialization is the process through which individuals learn their social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture. culture and become fully human. GEORGE HERBERT MEAD (February 27, 1863 - April 26, 1931) - Unfortunate examples of extreme human isolation illustrate the - He was an American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist, importance of socialization for children’s social and cognitive primarily affiliated with the University of Chicago, where he was one development. of several distinguished pragmatists. He is regarded as one of the founders of symbolic interactionism and of what has come to be referred to as the Chicago sociological tradition. Communication is the most human and humanizing activity in which people are engaged. - Herbert Blumer Herbert Blumer Mead’s chief disciple-coined term symbolic interactionism. Mead believed that people develop self-images through interactions with other people. He argued that the self, which is the part of a person's personality consisting of self-awareness and self-image, is a product of social experience. - Thus, humans do not act toward things as they are but based on the meaning they ascribe to these things. - This meaning is not based on inward reflection but on the social interaction one has with others. SYMBOLIC INTERACTION - The ongoing use of language and gestures in anticipation of how the other will react; a conversation. SOCIAL SELF Mead’s theory of social self is based on the perspective that the self emerges from social interactions, such as: - Observing and interacting with others - Responding to others’ opinions about self - And internalizing external opinions and internal feelings about oneself According to Mead, the self is not there from birth, but it is developed over time from social experiences and activities. ME AND I - According to Mead’s Theory, the self has two sides or phases: The “ME and I” The “me” is considered the socialized aspect of the individual. - The “me” represents learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of others and of society. - The “I” can be considered the present and future phase of the self. The “I” represents the individual’s identity based on response to the “me”. - The “me” is the social self and the “I” is the response to the “me. ” In other words, the “I” is the response of an individual to the attitudes of others, while the “me” is the organized set of attitudes of others which an individual assumes. - The “me” is the accumulated understanding of the “generalized other,” i.e. how one thinks one’s group perceives oneself. - The “I” is the individual’s impulses. - The “I” is self as subject; the “me” is self as object. The “I” is the knower, the “me” is the known. PHYSICAL SELF - Male sex cell – 1. Maturation, 2. Fertilization - Physical Self refers to the body, this marvelous container and - Female sex cell – 1. Maturation, 2. Ovulation, 3. Fertilization complex, finely tuned, machine with which we interface with our - Maturation is the completion of growth and the process of environment and fellow beings. chromosome reduction through cell division. - The Physical Self is the concrete dimension, the tangible aspect of the - Ovulation is the process of escape of one mature ovum from the ovary person that can be directly observed and examined. to the fallopian tube during the menstrual cycle. PHYSICAL SELF-CONCEPT - Fertilization normally occurs while the ovum is in the fallopian tube. - Physical self-concept is the individual's perception of themselves in Generally believed that fertilization takes place within 12 to 36 hours areas of physical ability and appearance. and usually within the 24 hours after the ovum has entered the tube. - Physical ability includes concepts such as physical strength and the 3rd preliminary stage to the beginning of a new life. endurance, while appearance refers to attractiveness. HEREDITY - The sum of all biological processes by which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring. - These are biological patterns which is made up of elements from both parents and are transmitted directly to the offspring. - A process of transmission of genetic characteristics from the parents to the offspring. - Heredity is the passage of genetic information from one generation to another.... A molecule called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is passed from adult organisms to their offsprings during reproduction. GENOTYPE VS PHENOTYPE - An organism's genotype is the set of genes that it carries. - An organism's phenotype is all of its observable characteristics — which are influenced both by its genotype and by the environment. SIMILARITIES OF MALE AND FEMALE SEX CELLS - Both contains CHROMOSOMES – there are 23 chromosomes in each mature sex cell and each contains GENES - CHROMOSOMES – are microscopic particles that carry the genetic determiners (genes) which are transmitted from parents to offspring. - GENES – a minute particle which is found in combination with other genes in a string like formation within the chromosome. Sperm with large X chromosome = XX Baby GIRL - It is the TRUE CARRIER of heredity. Sperm with SMALL y chromosome = XY Baby BOY DIFFERENCE OF SEX CELLS IMPORTANCE OF CONCEPTION - Mature ovum has 23 (XX) matched chromosomes while the mature Heredity endowment spermatozoon has 22 match (XX) chromosomes and 1 which is Sex unmatched and may either be an X or Y chromosome. This is the SEX Number of Offspring DETERMINING CHROMOSOME. Ordinal Position ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONING FAMILY: being our first social group, forms a crucial foundation of our development, including that of our physical self. Aside from factors of heredity, our family is also primary responsible for how we take care of our bodies (food intake, diet, nutrition, personal hygiene, and others). Adolescence Stage: We become conscious of our physical appearance. We begin to take note of our height, weight, facial features, and other physical characteristics compared to our peers. As a result we begin engaging in acts that would make us attractive and acceptable to others (healthy lifestyle, eating the right food, exercise) but some teenagers go into unhealthy lifestyle ( eating disorders, cosmetic surgery, - Male and female sex cells differ in the number of preparatory stages of medication). development they pass through before they are ready to produce a Physical beauty is only skin-deep, that what matters is FEELING new human being. GOOD about ourselves and embracing a healthy perception of our physical worth. ACHIEVING PHYSICAL WELL BEING These sensations are part of the sexual response cycle that includes the ff. Healthy Eating phases: (1) EXCITEMENT; (2) PLATEAU; (3) ORGASM; (4) RESOLUTION Embracing a Healthy Lifestyle Completing the cycle would lead to sexual satisfaction Having the Right Hygiene (self-care) Confidence in Ourselves is our Best Make-up SEXUAL ACTIVITIES Watch and read pornographic materials Engage in kissing and petting Masturbation – Better sleep – Stress relief – Improve self-esteem – Better alternative to sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy and STD SEXUAL SELF Like all living things, we are inherently sexual beings. Our sexuality is SEX rooted in how we understand and define ourselves, how we perceive others, and Assigned sex is a label that you’re given at birth based on medical factors, how we see the world. Sexuality is a multi-dimensional, complex mix of including your hormones, chromosomes, and genitals. Most people are assigned physiological, interpersonal, cultural, emotional, and psychological factors. It's male or female, and this is what’s put on their birth certificates. important for us to reflect on all these aspects of ourselves and the role they play, When someone’s sexual and reproductive anatomy doesn’t seem to fit the as the relationship we have with our sexuality reflects our sexual self-esteem. typical definitions of female or male, they may be described as intersex. SEXUAL SELF -ESTEEM GENDER - As “the feelings you have about your body and your confidence level Gender Is much bigger and more complicated than assigned sex. Gender in how you relate intimately to someone else. It’s what you bring of includes gender roles , which are expectations society and people have about yourself, both emotionally and physically, to sex and relationships — behaviors, thoughts, and characteristics that go along with a person’s assigned what you do with that and how you share that with someone else”. sex. Sexual self-esteem affects every sexual choice you make These are ideas about how men and women are expected to behave, dress, and - who you choose to have sex with and when, whether you limit yourself sexually communicate all contribute to gender. Gender is also a social and legal status as and how, and whether you choose to use protection or not (Gila Shapiro). girls and boys, men, and women. Feelings about your body: How you feel about your body affects your ability to SEXUAL/GENDER IDENTITY (ORIENTATION) express yourself sexually Gender identity is how you feel inside and how you express your Our bodies house our sexuality -- it is through the body, essentially, that gender through clothing, behavior, and personal appearance. It’s a feeling that sexuality finds expression. So being aware of just how we feel about our bodies is begins very early in life. revealing. Most people feel that they’re either male or female. Some people feel Do a body scan: It's worth taking time to reflect on how you feel about your like a masculine female, or a feminine male. Some people feel neither male nor body - every part of it. Think about what parts you like and dislike. female. These people may choose labels such as “genderqueer,” “gender variant,” or “gender fluid.” Your sexual narrative: The stories we have and hold on to Some people’s assigned sex and gender identity are pretty much the We all have sexual stories that begin in early childhood, and these stories same, or in line with each other. These people are called cisgender. influence our later sexuality. Other people feel that their assigned sex is of the other gender from The stories come out of the way sex was spoken about (or not) in the family; the their gender identity (i.e., assigned sex is female, but gender identity is male). religious or cultural ideas about sex in communities; how your caregivers felt These people are called transgender or trans. Not all transgender exact identity. about their bodies and showed affection to one another; the experience of touch; Our gender/sexual identity underlie our concept of self. We express etc. our sexuality through individuality and our beliefs and behaviours as well as our Some sexual stories generate feelings such as shame, guilt and anxiety. lifestyle are based on our perception of sexuality. Get to know your sexual story It is therefore important to highlight our expression and moreover become RESPONSIBLE in doing so. Communication is the foundation of a great sex life You need to communicate what you like or what turns you on. Your primary sexual relationship is with yourself. It is not your partner's responsibility to know what feels good for you. And don't assume that your partner will know what feels good for you either. And when you do communicate, be sure to make eye contact, listen without judgement, acknowledge what your partner is saying. And if you're not sure of something, ask. Sex and Meaning. Sex means different things to different people Sex can mean power, connection, physical pleasure, a declaration that now we're a couple. It can be a bargaining point or the symbol of a contract - in short, it can mean as many different things as there are people in the world. And so of course, sex can mean completely different things to the two people in a relationship, and people rarely discuss their respective meanings. Take a moment to think about what sex means to you. CONSEQUENCES OF SEXUAL CHOICE Pregnancy ADOLESCENCE STAGE – Risks: - The release of hormones (testosterone in males and estrogen in Miscarriage /cervical cancer females) trigger physiological changes in the reproductive system, Emotional stress Thus at this stage, males and females are capable of procreation. The Health risks to both mother and infant boys are capable of producing spermatozoa while the girls begin Dropping out of school producing the ova. Alienation from family and friends When the physiological changes are triggered within the individual’s Big responsibilities in terms of finances and child care reproductive system an adolescent is likely to experience the ff.: 1. sexual urges Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) can be passed on by means of (1) body 2. become more sensitive to sexual stimuli fluids and genital contacts. 3. feels sexual arousal Common STD In men, they will experience erection during an arousing moment In – Syphilis women, vaginal lubrication (wetness) is the likely response. If sexual arousal is – Gonorrhea satisfied through sexual intercourse/coitus, men would experience ejaculation – Genital warts while women would reach orgasm. SYMPTOMS: Refractory period (period of rest) after ejaculation is likely to be longer in men burning sensation during urination while women can achieve multiple orgasms due to a shorter refractory period warts after intercourse. sores in the genital/mouth area These bodily sensations are normal and typical in any sexual activity since pus hormones produced within the body trigger these physiological responses. abnormal and smelly discharges Painful bowel movement  Treatment: medication and surgery Importance of ceremonies Effects: affects reproductive functions and death - they may reflect our beliefs, hopes, traditions, culture and spirituality, Most alarming STD is HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) – AIDS (full blown) but they also express who we are Transmitted by (1) anal, oral, vaginal sex with an infected person; (2) breast - they are held to celebrate a new life or in honour of a life well lived milk; (3) during childbirth; (4)coming into contact with blood of an HIV positive - they are held to reflect on events – events of historical and social person significance HIV in its early stage has no symptoms - they help to heal – for those events that cause devastation or loss Early signs of HIV: fever, rashes, and sores Late stage symptoms: variety of illnesses, pneumonia, and cancer RELIGION, MAGIC, AND WITCHCRAFT No cure for HIV and AIDS until now 1. Barang – Filipino term for a sorcerer. It is used to describe malignant sorcery or It can be acquired thru unprotected sex with multiple partners familiar spirits. 2. Kulam – Tagalog word for ‘voodoo’ or ‘witchcraft’. BE RESPONSIBLE IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 3. Albulario/Mananambal – Filipino practitioner of traditional medicine. Respect for one’s body 4. Folklores– includes aswang, manananggal, kapre, dwende, sirena, syokoy, Maturity in thoughts and deeds engkanto, sigbin, tikbalang, tianak and many others. Being guided by one’s personal beliefs and core values Be future-oriented What is the meaning of life? Dr. Victor Frankl - Born on March 26, 1905 in Vienna, Austria - Graduated with a medical degree from the University of Vienna in 1930 Logotherapy by Dr. Victor Frankl SPIRITUAL SELF - In Logotherapy, meaning can be discovered by creating a work or What is the spiritual self? doing a deed, experiencing something or encountering someone and - The innermost workings of the person’s mind, behavior, beliefs, and the attitude toward unavoidable suffering. morals that involve every aspect of the human as a person -William - According to the Victor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy (n.d.), it uses James the philosophy of optimism in the face of tragedy, where people are capable of "turning suffering into human achievement and Manifestations of the spiritual self accomplishment deriving from guilt, the opportunity to change 1. Person’s will oneself for the better; and deriving from life's transitoriness an - Things the person want to achieve in their lives incentive to take responsible action.” 2. Intelligence and Abilities The three basic concepts: - Things that the person have confidence in doing and believe to have a - Life has meaning under all circumstances certain mastery of - The main motivation for living is our will to find meaning in life 3. Morals - Freedom to find meaning - Things that are acceptable for the person. 4. Values Frankl’s three postulates (that complement the three primary human capabilities) - The ability of the person to prioritize based on what is important to 1. Anthropological - Man is self determining them. 2.Psychological - Man’s key motivation is the search for meaning 3. Philosophical - Life has unconditional meaning Religion and other terms Frankl’s sources of meaning 1. Religion 1. Purposeful work -Meaning life is unique to every individual - Beliefs and behaviors related to spiritual reality or 2. Courage in the face of difficulty -a meaningful life is a life with suffering supernatural beings and powers 3. Love -the ultimate factor to find the meaning of life 2. Worldview - Collective body of ideas that members of culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality 3. Spirituality - Meaning and purpose that go beyond the physical realities of life EMOTIONAL SELF The concept of “Dungan” EMOTION - Spirit or soul - Comes from the Latin word “emovere” which means to stir up, agitate, - The term Animism is one of the oldest beliefs which is taken from the upset, or move. Latin word anima meaning breath or soul. Animism is the belief that - Defined as “a strong feeling or agitation involving internal and everything in nature-living things like trees, plants and even external bodily changes” or “a condition of upset that drives the non-living rocks or streams have their own spirit or divinity. Animistic individual to move.” beliefs are still present, accepted and never entirely disappeared. - It’s the lower level responses occurring in the brain, creating Has two dimensions: biochemical reactions in the body which results in changes of one’s 1. Human body physical state (Hampton, 2015). 2. Spiritual - Biological response RITUAL FEELINGS - It is the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by a tradition or - It is a MENTAL PORTRAYAL of what is going on when you have an sacred law (Britannica 2017). Ritual is a specific, observable mode of emotion and it is the BY PRODUCT of your brain perceiving and behavior exhibited by all known societies. It is thus possible to view assigning meaning to the emotion. ritual as a way of defining or describing humans. - Examples: Feeling cold/hot, excited or calm, tense or relaxed, happy Types of rituals or sad… Prescriptive – a ritual that a deity or religious authority requires to be performed Situational - a ritual that arises as needed, frequently in times of crisis EMOTIONS VS FEELINGS Calendrical – a ritual that is performed on a regular basis as part of a religious Emotions are PHYSIOLOGICAL calendar Occasional – a ritual that is performed when a particular need arise Feelings are SUBJECTIVE since they are based on our BELIEFS and PAST EXPERIENCES CEREMONIES - a set of acts, often traditional or religious, performed at a formal PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN EMOTION occasion esp. to recognize an important event. Increase in blood pressure and heart rate - More rapid respiration Common examples of ceremonies: Dilation of the pupil of the eye - weddings Increase in perspiration - birthdays Increase in blood sugar level to provide more energy - graduation rites Quicker blood clotting in case of wounds Raising of the hair of the skin causing “goose pimples” THEORIES OF EMOTION - Classical Theory TYPES OF STRESS - James-Lange Theory - Cannon-Bard Thalamic Theory EUSTRESS - The effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that Classical Theory people need to promote health and well-being Stimulus – Awareness – Bodily Response E.g. The common sense view which holds a subjective state of fear or anger produces Winning a major award; getting married, etc. behavior changes. In other words, emotions are felt first and reaction follows. Example Snake – Fear - Run DISTRESS - The effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors James - Lange Theory E.g. Stimulus – Bodily Response – Awareness Excessive pressure; unreasonable demands on our time; bad news, etc. States that feelings are consequences of behavior. It emphasized that bodily changes are a vital factor of emotions. - CAUSES OF STRESS - Example Snake – Run – Realizes being Afraid/Fear DEPRIVATION OF NEEDS Cannon - Bard Thalamic Theory - BIOLOGICAL NEEDS Held that the lower brain centers stimulate both feelings and bodily changes so Ex. Food, exercise as they occur together. It stresses the role of the lower brain centers to emotional response. - PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS Example Snake – Run and - Experience Fear simultaneously Ex. affection, care, socialization EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT STRESS It is an array of non-cognitive abilities, competencies, and skills that influence Ex. Noise, uncomfortable chair, smoke-filled surrounding, undisciplined people one’s ability to succeed in coping with environmental demands and pressures (Bar-On, 1997) FRUSTRATIONS It is the capacity to reason about emotion, and of emotion to enhance thinking. Ex. Unmet goals, unfulfilled dreams It includes the abilities to accurately perceive emotions, to understand emotions, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual CONFLICTS growth ( Mayer and et. Al, 2004) Ex. Heated arguments, unfulfilled dreams It is the capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions effectively in ourselves and PRESSURES others. Ex. Deadlines, high expectations EQ SNEAKING STRESS Positive effects on thinking abilities during anxiety-provoking testing - Little things that add up conditions Ex. Being late, traffic, workload, feeling tired, irritable, frustrated, less productive) Negatively correlated to aggressive and delinquent behaviors Students with high EQ are unlikely to break rules and have good social PERSONALITY TRAITS relationships with peers and teachers - Stressors that come from within (one’s personality) Employees with high EQ achieve corporate success, high social competence and Ex. Worrier, negative thinker, perfectionism, unrealistic expectations, low have high organizational commitment and can become effective leaders and self-esteem agents of change. Emotional intelligence also influences well being and life satisfaction. - LIFE STRESSORS - Emotional intelligent people are not likely to develop depression and anxiety. Thus, they can effectively cope with problems and other challenges since they are CATASTROPHE - an unpredictable, large-scale event that creates tremendous able to manage their emotions. need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat. MANAGING EMOTIONS POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD) - A disorder resulting from - The capacity to soothe oneself, to shake off rampant anxiety, gloom, exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep, despair, or irritability. The ability to be able to keep an emotional reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than one month. perspective. HASSLES - the daily annoyances of everyday life. Emotions can have an important influence on physical health, and it is critical to deal effectively with the feelings that accompany the everyday ups and downs of MAJOR LIFE CHANGES - Any meaningful change in a person’s personal or work life. situation; too many life changes over a short period of time can lead to health problems. STEPS FOR MANAGING EMOTIONS Stress “signals” fall into four categories: Use your emotions and bodily responses to recognize when you are under stress. - Thoughts Write down your thoughts and feelings about what is stressing you. - Feelings Control whatever aspect of the stress that you can. - Behavior Don’t make mountains out of molehills. - Physical Symptoms Redefine the Problem When you are under stress you may experience the following: Develop behaviors that distract you from stress. Reach out to a friend or family member. EMOTIONAL WARNING SIGNS Exercise Regularly. 1. Anxiety/Fear Meditate and Relax. 2. Sleep Disruption Seek Divine guidance 3. Anger 4. Unproductive Worry 5. Moodiness 6. Irritability 7. Feeling of Empty 8. Embarrassment PHYSICAL WARNING SIGNS STRESS MANAGEMENT 1. Tight muscles 2. Cold and sweaty hands STRESS 3. Headaches and stomach - The term is used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and 4. Back and neck problems behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or 5. Sleep disturbances challenging (real or perceived threats). 6. Colds and infections - A person’s adaptive response to a stimulus that places excessive 7. Fatigue psychological or physical demands on him or her 8. Rapid breathing or pounding heart - Can be caused by anything that requires you to adjust to a change in 9. Trembling your environment 10. Indigestion, constipation, or ulcers Physical symptoms that your doctor cannot attribute to another condition ❖ MAINTAIN A HEALTHY DIET BEHAVIORAL WARNING SIGNS 1. Overreacting 2. Acting on impulse 3. Using alcohol or drugs/smoking 4. Withdrawing from relationships 5. Changing jobs often 6. Feeling agitated all the time 7. Crying 8. Stuttering or other speech difficulties 9. Snapping at friends 10. Being prone to more accidents 11. Increased or decreased appetite 12. Nervous laughter THOUGHTS 1. Self-criticism 2. Difficulty concentrating or making decision 3. Forgetfulness or mental block/disorganization ❖ READ 4. Preoccupation with future - Increases your vocabulary and insights into various 5. Repetitive thoughts personalities, including your own 6. Fear of failure - Is good for relaxation, reducing anxiety, reading people, negotiation analysis, social sensitivity, and time CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS management ❖ TAKE CARE OF A PET DISEASES This is good for emotional repression, irritability, coldness or Stress has been the consequence for 50-80% indifference to others, tension, and depression. of diseases. ❖ MASSAGE - A massage gives an overall benefit to the body and INSOMNIA emotion The ability to fall asleep - This is good for improving circulation, diminishing fatigue and muscle tension. HYPERTENSION ❖ SPORTS ❖ SOCIAL SUPPORT AGING Freely discuss your problems, frustrations, and sources of uptightness with those who care about you. COPING STRATEGIES ❖ CONFESSION - Actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize Therapeutic benefits of confession cannot be quantified but it does the effects of stressors. have a big effect in handling stress that is related to guilt, anxieties, worries, and anger. Problem -focused coping ❖ EXERCISE - Coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of stress or reduce ❖ GET ENOUGH SLEEP its impact through direct actions. ❖ LAUGH Emotion-focused coping ❖ LEARN TO SAY “NO” - Coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing ❖ KEEP A POSITIVE ATTITUDE the emotional reaction to the stressor. ❖ PRAYER - A form of meditation that usually has an overall effect on the faithful. ❖ CRY - Is a natural emotion and must not be suppressed - Is good for releasing emotional tension, suppressions of guilt feelings, and getting in touch with your feelings CRY WHEN OVERJOYED AND CRY WHEN IN GRIEF OR FRUSTRATION. ❖ NATURE WALK - Walking out in an open space helps refresh the mind of a busy person. - Many creative ideas are born while one is taking a walk. - This is good for hurry sickness, problem solving, anxiety, irritability, and anger. ❖ MUSIC - Music as a background when you work under pressure can lighten the burden. - This is good for high blood pressure, anger, low moods, and preparing for a stress event. ❖ HOBBY - Take a hobby and do it regularly. - Make a schedule for it during the week, month, etc. ❖ TIME MANAGEMENT 1. Make a list of common time-consuming activities 2. Set your priorities 3. Night or Day person? 4. Be satisfied with doing a partial job 5. Don’t procrastinate 6. Check self