Global Migration (PDF)

GLOBAL MIGRATION GLOBAL CITY GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY LEARNING 01 Analyze the political, OUTCOMES economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the global movements of people. 02 Display first-hand knowledge of the...

GLOBAL MIGRATION GLOBAL CITY GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY LEARNING 01 Analyze the political, OUTCOMES economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the global movements of people. 02 Display first-hand knowledge of the experiences of OFWs.  IF YOU HAD A CHANCE, WOULD YOU MOVE TO NEW YORK? TOKYO? HOW ABOUT SYDNEY? WHAT ARE THE THINGS YOU WOULD CONSIDER IN MOVING? WHAT WOULD BE YOUR REASONS FOR MOVING FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER?  Globalization is spatial.  Globalization occurs in physical spaces. You can see it when foreign investment and capital move through a city, and when companies build skyscrapers. People who are working in these businesses-or Filipinos working abroad- start to purchase or rent high-rise condominium units and better homes. All these events happen, and more poor people are driven out of city centers to make way for the new developments.  Globalization is spatial because what makes it move is the fact that it is based in places. Los Angeles, the home of Hollywood, is where movies are made for global consumption. The main headquarters of Sony is in Tokyo, and from there, the company coordinates the sale of its various electronics goods to branches across the world. In other words, cities act on globalization and globalization acts on cities. They are the sites as well as mediums of globalization. Just as the internet enables and shapes global forces, so too do cities. GLOBAL CITY  What is a Global City? Sociologist Saskia Sassen popularized the term “global city” in the 1990s. Her criteria for what constitutes a global city were primary economic. She initially identified three global cities: New York, London, and Tokyo, all of which are hubs of global finance and capitalism. INDICATORS FOR GLOBALITY. So what are the attributes of the global city? a. Economic power –the Economist Intelligence Unit added criteria to measure the competitiveness of a global city like market size, purchasing power of citizens, size of middle class, and potential growth. It must also houses for regional offices of many global corporations. b. Centers for Authority. Example, Washington D.C. may not be as wealthy as New York, but it is the seat of American state power. Similarly, compared to Sydney and Melbourne, Canberra is a sleepy town and thus not attractive to tourist. But as Australia’s political capital, it is home to the country’s top politicians, bureaucrats, and policy advisors. The city that house major international organizations may also ne considered centers of political influence. c. Global cities are center for higher learning and cultures. GLOBAL MIGRATION  WHAT IS MIGRATION? There are two types of migration: a.Internal migration – refers to people moving from one area to another within a country. b.International migration – people cross borders of one country to another. Immigrants – permanently moved to another country. Temporary labor migrants – temporary workers who stay in another country for a specific period of time. Illegal migrants – irregular migrants or undocumented migrants, people who enter another country, usually in search of employment, without necessary documents and permits. Petitioned migrants – whose families have ‘petitioned’ them to move to the destination country. Refugees – also known as asylum seekers. Those unable or unwilling to return because of a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group, or political  Global migration, by the numbers: who migrates, where they go and why There are an estimated 272 million international migrants – 3.5% of the world’s population. While most people leave their home countries for work, millions have been driven away due to conflict, violence and climate change. Most migrants come from India; the United States is the primary destination. Conflict in countries including Syria, Yemen, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan, as well as the kind of extreme violence that forced Rohingya to seek safety in Bangladesh, have led to the displacement of millions of people. Although refugees and internally displaced persons make up a relatively small portion of the total number of migrants, they are often most in need of help. Climate change and weather-related hazards have also driven many people away from their homes, particularly in Mozambique, the Philippines, China, India and the United  Migrants' primary destinations More than 40% of all international migrants worldwide in 2019 were born in Asia. Image: World Migration Report 2020  Motivations for Migration 1. Push Factors Push factors refers to causes that drives people to abandon or to move from their residences. Push factors are negative things that make people want to move to a new areas. Examples: man-made disasters, civil war, and decline in economic opportunities. 2. Pull Factors Are positive aspects that attract people to move to a place. Examples: good employment opportunities. Image: www.emmigration.link  Benefits and Detriments for the Sending Countries Benefits: Migrant workers sent billions back to their home countries (in 2014, their remittances totaled $580 billion). In 2014, India held the highest recorded remittance ($70 billion), followed by China ($62 billion), the Philippines ($28 billion), and Mexico ($25 billion). These remittances make significant contributions to the development of small- and medium- term industries that help generate jobs. Remittances likewise change the economic and social standing of migrants, as shown by new or renovated homes of their families. Detriments: “siphoning qualifies personnel, removing dynamic young workers. “ BRAIN-DRAIN. Brain-drain is the problem for many poor countries losing skilled workers to richer countries. The most skilled and talented workers of a certain less developed countries tend to look for better job opportunities.  Issues brought by Migration The problem of Human Trafficking Listed as the 3rd largest criminal activity worldwide. 21 million men, women, and children as victims of “forced labor”, an appalling 3 out of 1,000 persons worldwide. Integration of Migrants Migrants contribute significantly to a host nation’s GDP, but their access to housing, health care, and education is not easy. Democratic state assimilate immigrants and their children by granting them citizenship and the rights that go with it (especially public education). However, without solid support from their citizens, switching citizenship may just be a formality.  The lack of integration give xenophobic and anti-immigrant groups more ammunition to argue that these “new citizens” are often not nationals (in the sense of sharing the dominant culture) Migrants unwittingly reinforce the tension by “keeping among themselves.” Governments and private businesses have made policy changes to address integration problems, like using multiple languages in state documents (in the state of United States, Spanish and English).Training programs complemented with counseling have also helped migrant integration in Hamburg, Germany. GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY DEMOGRAPHY Is the study of population based on elements like age, race, and sex. With migration and unrestrained increase in population, the natural order of things gets upset, and changes have to be made in order to offset these imbalances. For example, if people flock to the cities, more food, basic commodities and employment are required to accommodate these migrants.  Global Demographic Issues a. Uneven population worldwide – there is converse relationship between the economic level of a country and it population. In poor countries, birth rates lean towards being high while in rich countries, birth rates tend to decline. b. Demographic Pressures on the environment – the still growing number of people in the world surpasses the maximum number on inhabitants that the planet can actually sustain.  Global Demographic Issues c. Slum urbanization – when people move into cities and they don’t find jobs to support themselves, they become an addition on the number of people living in the slums areas. d. Spread of Diseases – generation and spread of diseases and other terminal illnesses, like HIV/AIDS, also hasten keeping pace with globalization.  Conclusions Global Cities are sites and mediums of globalization. They are, therefore, material representations of the phenomenon. Through them we see the best of globalization; they are places that create exciting fusions of culture and ideas, places that generate tremendous wealth. However, they sites of great inequality, where global servants serve global entrepreneurs. Global migration entails the globalization of people. And like the broader globalization process, it is uneven. Migration produces different and often contradictory responses. Global Demography accounts for the growth and decline of the human species. It may be about large numbers and massive effects, but it is ultimately about people.  Reading Activity Read the supplementary readings that was sent along with this Your Picture Here and Send to Back lecture video. References: Claudio, L.E. and Abinales, P.N., (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City, Philippines: C&E Publishing Inc. Edmond, C. (2020, January 10). World Economic Forum, Global migration, by the numbers: who migrates, where they go and why. Retrieved from Global migration, by the numbers | World Economic Forum (weforum.org) Mendoza, C., Tabajen, R., Tomas, E., Austria, R., (2019). Worktext on the Contemporary World. Quezon City, Philippines: Nieme Publishing House Co. LTD. Thank You for Listening!