City & Guilds Level 2 Advanced Technical Diploma (8202-20) Electrical Installation Revision Notes PDF

 City & Guilds Level 2 Advanced Technical Diploma (8202-20) ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION Peter Tanner 9781398327344.indb 1...

 City & Guilds Level 2 Advanced Technical Diploma (8202-20) ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION Peter Tanner 9781398327344.indb 1 12/06/21 1:51 PM  Acknowledgements We would like to thank City & Guilds for permission to reuse artworks from their Electrical Installations textbooks. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked, the Publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser. Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in well-managed forests and other controlled sources. 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These Revision Notes My Revision Planner will help you to do that in a planned way, topic 1 Health and safety and industry practices (Unit 201) by topic. Use this book as the cornerstone of your LO1 Know what legislation, regulations, laws and guidance revision and don’t hesitate to write in it – personalise documents are associated with the electrical industry 08 Topic 1.1 Statutory and non-statutory; Topic 1.2 Roles your notes and check your progress by ticking off and responsibilities LO2 Use equipment on a construction site each section as you revise. 13 Topic 2.1 Use access equipment 16 Topic 2.2 Use personal protective equipment (PPE) 17 Topic 2.3 Use power tools LO3 Follow safety procedures, practices and policies Tick to track your progress on construction sites 18 Topic 3.1 Produce risk assessments and method statements (RAMS) Use the revision planner on pages 4–6 to plan your 20 Topic 3.2 Types of accident reporting 21 Topic 3.8 Site safety management revision, topic by topic. Tick each box when you 21 Topic 3.3 Principles of fire safety 22 Topic 3.4 Manual handling principles have: 22 Topic 3.5 Types of signage used on a construction site 24 Topic 3.6 Procedures for common hazardous materials ✚ revised and understood a topic Topic 4.1 Factors 25 Topicthat affectforthe 3.7 Procedures selection dealing of with asbestos accessories; Topic out 4.2 Install accessories ✚ tested yourself LO 4 Carry Accessories are items electrical 25 which safety Topiceither 4.1 Safe procedures and practices isolation switch, procedure control or connect appliances 3 Electrical installation (Unit 203) Current using equipment ✚ practised the exam questions and gone online to (or other current-using 26 equipment) to an electrical Topic 4.2 Construction circuit. site Most accessories are selected for the following reasons: supplies A term used in BS 7671 for any appliance, load, LO5 Understand environmental protection check your answers. ✚ Current rating: How much current they are rated to switch, control or deliver. 28 Topic 5.1 Types of waste management and disposal luminaire etc. that uses current in order to function, ✚ Finish: What the29accessory is made Topic 5.2 of (e.g.of Reporting polished chrome, hazardous white plastic, waste or converts electricity into metal-clad, brass). 30 It Topic could also include 5.3 Type of apollution style, such as Victorian polished another form of energy (e.g. You can also keep track of your revision by ticking brass. ✚ Function:LO6 What The does itstructure do, such asand switch,roles of individuals control, protect (does itand have light or heat). BS EN 60309 The standard a fuse?), or restrict use, such as non-standard socket-outlets used industry for off each topic heading in the book. You may find it organisations 31 Topic 6.1 within the particular equipment with special plugs. Types of site construction personnel ✚ Environment: Is it suitable for its location, e.g. water-resistant, sealed, dust- for socket-outlets for varying current voltages and current ratings. They may be 16 A, helpful to add your own notes as you work through 32 Topic 6.2 Client and representatives proof, vapour-proof? Table 3.7 shows the32 Topic range 6.3 Relationships of accessories in the or equipment contract along structure with the factors 32 A, 45 A or higher. Their colour denotes their voltage each topic. 33 Topic 6.4 Role of industry bodies that affect their selection. 34 Exam-style (Note: As current rating questions and suitability for the environment applies to all rating, such as yellow for 110 V, blue for 130 V and red for 400 V three-phase. accessories, these are not mentioned in the table.) Table 3.7 2 Electrical science (Unit 202) Item LO1 Apply mathematical principles Purpose Main reasons for selection Switchgear and 36 ✚Topic Covers1.1a Units of measurement; wide range of items from Topic 1.3 Work with geometry ✚ Function and the number of poles they control. control4gear 39 Topic 1.2 Work distribution with boards equations or formulae controlling ✚ Their names describe how many poles (switches) circuits, isolators used to control are operated by one lever. Four-pole are four parts of an installation or main switches linked to one lever; TP-N is triple pole with Features to help you succeed Check your understanding and progress switches for entire at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes installations. They a removable neutral link; thee-pole, double-pole or are used to control or switch entire SP-N is a single pole with neutral link. installations or parts of installations. ✚ Normally in cupboards or out of sight – aesthetics and finish not a big factor. Switches ✚ Used to control or divert current. ✚ Function as above but also, where lighting is being ✚ Mainly used to control lighting but controlled, switches may be one-way, two-way or could also be used for any item of intermediate. fixed current equipment too (e.g. an ✚ As these devices are normally on show, finish is immersion water heater or boiler). also a major factor in their selection. Socket-outlets ✚ Used to connect mobile or moveable ✚ Finish is one of the main reasons for selecting a equipment to the electrical supply. socket-outlet, as these are one of the most common ✚ Allow easy connection and accessories on show in an electrical installation. disconnection of appliances or ✚ Function is also a major factor where use may be equipment so they can be moved. restricted or the current demand is larger than the Exam tips Exam-style questions standard 13 A outlet. ✚ BS EN 60309 sockets, known as commando sockets, are used to connect equipment of varying current demands, as well as voltage and phases. Expert tips are given throughout the book to Practice exam questions are provided for each topic. ✚ Protection is also a reason for selection, as standard 13 A plugs contain BS 1362 fuses, help you polish your exam technique in order to Use them to consolidate your revision and practise which are intended to protect the appliance and appliance flexible cable. They are commonly rated at 3 A, 5 A and 13 A. maximise your chances in the exam. your exam skills. Fused connection units (FCU) ✚ Used to control and protect fixed appliances, such as hand-dryers ✚ Finish is a major factor as these are generally on show in installations. or other items where they are not ✚ Protection as they contain a fuse to protect the intended to move but still need the appliance and appliance supply cable. Typical mistakes Online fused protection a plug provides. ✚ They can accommodate any BS 1362 fuse ✚ Their maximum rating is 13 A. Fused commonly rated at 3 A, 5 A and 13 A. connection units (or spurs) may be switched or unswitched. 79 The author identifies the typical mistakes that Go online to check your answers to the exam Check your understanding and progress at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes candidates make in exams and explains how you questions at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/ can avoid them. myrevisionnotesdownloads Now test yourself Check your understanding These short, knowledge-based questions provide These questions test your basic understanding of the first step in testing your learning. Answers are the information as you work through the course. available online. Answers are available online. Definitions and key words Exam breakdown Clear, concise definitions of essential key terms are For guidance on how you will be assessed and how provided where they first appear. to prepare for your exam, see the end of this book (page 117). Exam checklist The exam checklists provide a quick-check bullet list for each topic. 3 My Revision Notes: City & Guilds Level 2 Advanced Technical Diploma in Electrical Installation (8202-20) 9781398327344.indb 3 12/06/21 1:51 PM  My Revision Planner My Revision Planner 1 Health and safety and industry practices (Unit 201) LO1 Know what legislation, regulations, laws and guidance documents are associated with the electrical industry 8 Topic 1.1 Statutory and non-statutory; Topic 1.2 Roles and responsibilities LO2 Use equipment on a construction site 13 Topic 2.1 Use access equipment 16 Topic 2.2 Use personal protective equipment (PPE) 17 Topic 2.3 Use power tools LO3 Follow safety procedures, practices and policies on construction sites 18 Topic 3.1 Produce risk assessments and method statements (RAMS) 20 Topic 3.2 Types of accident reporting 21 Topic 3.8 Site safety management 21 Topic 3.3 Principles of fire safety 22 Topic 3.4 Manual handling principles 22 Topic 3.5 Types of signage used on a construction site 24 Topic 3.6 Procedures for common hazardous materials 25 Topic 3.7 Procedures for dealing with asbestos LO4 Carry out electrical safety procedures and practices 25 Topic 4.1 Safe isolation procedure 27 Topic 4.2 Construction site supplies LO5 Understand environmental protection 28 Topic 5.1 Types of waste management and disposal 29 Topic 5.2 Reporting of hazardous waste 30 Topic 5.3 Type of pollution LO6 The structure and roles of individuals and organisations within the construction industry 31 Topic 6.1 Types of site personnel 32 Topic 6.2 Client and representatives 32 Topic 6.3 Relationships in the contract structure 33 Topic 6.4 Role of industry bodies 34 Exam-style questions 2 Electrical science (Unit 202) LO1 Apply mathematical principles 36 Topic 1.1 Units of measurement; Topic 1.3 Work with geometry 4 39 Topic 1.2 Work with equations or formulae Check your understanding and progress at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes 9781398327344.indb 4 12/06/21 1:51 PM  LO2 Understand direct current principles 42 Topic 2.1 Electron theory 42 Topic 2.2 Properties of an electrical circuit My Revision Planner 46 Topic 2.3 Principles of an electrical circuit 51 Topic 2.4 Measurement of electrical circuits LO3 Understand electromagnetic properties 51 Topic 3.1 Principles of magnetism 54 Topic 3.2 Conductors in magnetic fields 55 Topic 3.3 Principles of electrical generation 56 Topic 3.4 Transformer principles LO4 Understand electronic components 59 Topic 4.1 Operating principles of components; Topic 4.2 Applications and uses of components 61 Exam-style questions 3 Electrical installation (Unit 203) LO1 Use tools commonly used in electrical installation practices 63 Topic 1.1 Use tools for electrical installation LO2 Erect cable containment/management systems used in electrical installation 68 Topic 2.1 Selection of systems used in installation work; Topic 2.4 Install systems 73 Topic 2.2 Forming and fabricating containment systems 74 Topic 2.3 Selecting fixings LO3 Install wiring systems and supports used in electrical installation activities 75 Topic 3.1 Factors affecting the selection of wiring systems 75 Topic 3.3 Techniques for installing wiring components; Topic 3.4 Install wiring systems and supports 77 Topic 3.2 Types of support methods and application LO4 Install accessories and terminate using a range of connections 79 Topic 4.1 Factors that affect the selection of accessories; Topic 4.2 Install accessories 81 Topic 4.3 Carry out connections 82 Exam-style questions 4 Electrical technology (Unit 204) LO1 Understand how electricity is supplied and the characteristics of consumer’s equipment 84 Topic 1.1 Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity 88 Topic 1.2 Electrical intake arrangements 89 Topic 1.3 Features of consumer units/distribution boards 5 91 Topic 1.4 Types of earthing arrangements My Revision Notes: City & Guilds Level 2 Advanced Technical Diploma in Electrical Installation (8202-20) 9781398327344.indb 5 12/06/21 1:51 PM  LO2 Understand isolation and protection 93 Topic 2.1 Types of protection devices My Revision Planner 96 Topic 2.2 Purpose of discrimination/selectivity devices 97 Topic 2.3 Purpose of isolation and switching LO3 Understand automatic disconnection of supply 99 Topic 3.1 Principles of basic protection 100 Topic 3.2 Principles of fault protection 101 Topic 3.3 Purpose of earthing and bonding 102 Topic 3.4 Types of conductive parts 102 Topic 3.5 Types of earth fault paths LO4 Understand the principles of final circuits 105 Topic 4.1 Arrangements of final circuits 106 Topic 4.2 Factors that affect load capacity 107 Topic 4.3 Factors and requirements of voltage drop LO5 Understand technical information 108 Topic 5.1 Guidance publications used for electrical installation 109 Topic 5.2 Regulations that apply to electrical systems 110 Topic 5.3 Manufacturers’ information to support planning of electrical activities 111 Topic 5.4 Drawings used to plan electrical activities 111 Topic 5.5 Symbols and scales used in electrical documents LO6 Understand requirements for obtaining and providing client information 113 Topic 6.1 Types of financial information 114 Topic 6.2 Types of handover information 115 Exam-style questions 117 Exam breakdown 122 Glossary 6 Check your understanding and progress at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes 9781398327344.indb 6 12/06/21 1:51 PM  Countdown to my exams Countdown to my exams 6–8 weeks to go One week to go ✚ Start by looking at the specification — make sure you ✚ Try to fit in at least one more timed practice of an know exactly what material you need to revise and the entire past paper and seek feedback from your style of the examination. Use the revision planner on teacher, comparing your work closely with the mark pages 4–6 to familiarise yourself with the topics. scheme. ✚ Organise your notes, making sure you have covered ✚ Check the revision planner to make sure you haven’t everything on the specification. The revision planner missed out any topics. Brush up on any areas of will help you to group your notes into topics. difficulty by talking them over with a friend or getting ✚ Work out a realistic revision plan that will allow you help from your teacher. time for relaxation. Set aside days and times for all ✚ Attend any revision classes put on by your teacher. the subjects that you need to study and stick to your Remember, he or she is an expert at preparing people timetable. for examinations. ✚ Set yourself sensible targets. Break your revision down into focused sessions of around 40 minutes, divided by breaks. These Revision Notes organise the basic facts into short, memorable sections to make revising easier. The day before the examination ✚ Flick through these Revision Notes for useful reminders, for example, the exam tips, typical mistakes and key terms. 2–6 weeks to go ✚ Check the time and place of your examination. ✚ Make sure you have everything you need – extra pens ✚ Read through the relevant sections of this book and and pencils, tissues, a watch, bottled water, sweets. refer to the exam tips, summaries, typical mistakes ✚ Allow some time to relax and have an early night to and key terms. Tick off the topics as you feel ensure you are fresh and alert for the examinations. confident about them. Highlight those topics you find difficult and look at them again in detail. ✚ Test your understanding of each topic by working through the ‘Now test yourself’ questions in the book. My exams Look up the answers online. ✚ Make a note of any problem areas as you revise, and 8202-20: Advanced Diploma in Electrical ask your teacher to go over these in class. Installation ✚ Look at past papers. They are one of the best ways to revise and practise your exam skills. Write or Date:.................................................................... prepare planned answers to the exam practice Time:.................................................................... questions provided in this book. Check your answers online at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/ Location:.............................................................. myrevisionnotesdownloads ✚ Track your progress using the revision planner and give yourself a reward when you have achieved your target. 7 My Revision Notes: City & Guilds Level 2 Advanced Technical Diploma in Electrical Installation (8202-20) 9781398327344.indb 7 12/06/21 1:51 PM  1 Health and safety and industry practices (Unit 201) Each year, many deaths and thousands of injuries occur in the workplace, Hazard Something that with a large proportion occurring in the construction and building service is dangerous and could industries. A positive approach to health and safety legislation and an cause harm (e.g. working at understanding of the hazards, risks and risk reduction methods will go height). a long way to reducing those figures. Risk How likely a hazard This chapter revisits the legislation, procedures and practices that will help is to cause harm and how you in your future career, as well as your forthcoming exam. We will also take much harm it could cause. another look at environmental protection requirements, practices, and the structure and roles within the construction industry. LO1 Know what legislation, regulations, laws and guidance documents are associated with the electrical industry The construction industry is regulated by many statutory and non-statutory documents. While you do not need to know them all inside out, you do need to know they are there. Topic 1.1 Statutory and non-statutory; Topic 1.2 Roles and responsibilities There are many statutory and non-statutory regulations, guides and laws Statutory The regulations that control or regulate site-based activities. The tables below show each of are law and must be these documents, their legal status, what they regulate and who they apply to. followed. Many of the statutory regulations are maintained and enforced by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Non-statutory Not law but following them is Tables 1.1 to 1.16 show the statutory legislation and regulations that you considered as best practice. must know. Health and Safety Table 1.1 Executive (HSE) The The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act UK body responsible for shaping and reviewing Legal status and who Statutory health- and safety-related maintains it: regulations, producing UK parliament and enforced by HSE research and statistics, and What does it cover? ✚ It is known as an enabling act – it gives powers to the enforcing the law. HSE to produce detailed regulations that are specific to work-related tasks. ✚ It provides general legislation, covering occupational health and safety and voluntary work (hence the ‘etc.’ in the title). Exam tip Who does it apply to? It sets out the general duties that: ✚ employers have towards employees and others such as The Health and Safety members of the public at Work etc. Act can be ✚ employees have to themselves, as well as co-workers abbreviated in exams to 8 ✚ it also applies to self-employed persons in the same way. HSWA or HASWA. Check your understanding and progress at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes 9781398327344.indb 8 12/06/21 1:51 PM  Table 1.2 The Electricity at Work Regulations Legal status and who Statutory 1 Health and safety and industry practices (Unit 201) maintains it: HSE What does it cover? Most of the regulations are directed at building electrical installations. Installations must: ✚ be of proper construction ✚ have conductors which are properly insulated (or other precautions taken) ✚ have a means of cutting off the power for electrical isolation. There are also some regulations stating principles of safe working practice (e.g. Regulation 14, which covers live working, is very important). There are also regulations specific to hazardous locations such as mines. Who does it apply to? ✚ All persons working on or near electrical systems (anyone at work). ✚ A building or facility must appoint a duty holder who is responsible for ensuring electrical safety is maintained. ✚ Persons working on electrical systems have a duty to protect themselves and others. Table 1.3 The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations Legal status and who Statutory maintains it: HSE What does it cover? It requires employers to: ✚ carry out risk assessments ✚ then to make arrangements to implement safety measures based on the assessment ✚ appoint competent people ✚ arrange for appropriate information and training relating to safety Who does it apply to? Employers and self-employed persons. Table 1.4 Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations Legal status and who Statutory maintains it: HSE What does it cover? A wide range of basic health, safety and welfare issues such as ventilation, heating, lighting, workstations, seating and welfare facilities. Who does it apply to? ✚ Employers who provide facilities for employees. ✚ Includes a section relating to temporary work sites. Table 1.5 Check your Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations understanding Legal status and who Statutory maintains it: 1 What is the document HSE number that is the What does it cover? Persons must assess the risks from hazardous substances Approved Code of and take appropriate precautions. Practice for the COSHH Who does it apply to? ✚ Employers and self-employed have a duty to make the regulations? (You can assessment. have a look on the HSE ✚ Employees must follow precautions. website.) 9 My Revision Notes: City & Guilds Level 2 Advanced Technical Diploma in Electrical Installation (8202-20) 9781398327344.indb 9 12/06/21 1:51 PM  Table 1.6 Working at Height Regulations Legal status and who Statutory 1 Health and safety and industry practices (Unit 201) maintains it: HSE What does it cover? ✚ Preventing death and injury caused by a fall from height. ✚ It also includes requirements on the maintenance and use of access equipment (e.g. ladders and scaffolding). Who does it apply to? ✚ Employers and those in control of any work at height activity must make sure work is properly planned, supervised, and carried out by competent people. ✚ Employees have general legal duties to take care of themselves and others who may be affected by their actions. Table 1.7 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at Work Regulations Exam tip Legal status and who Statutory Always remember when maintains it: HSE choosing methods of risk What does it cover? PPE should be used as a last resort. Wherever there are reduction, PPE is a last risks to health and safety that cannot be controlled in resort. other ways, the Regulations require PPE to be supplied. The Regulations also require that PPE is: ✚ properly assessed before use to make sure it is fit-for- purpose ✚ maintained and stored properly ✚ provided with instructions on how to use it safely ✚ used correctly by employees. Who does it apply to? ✚ Employers should provide PPE and use it correctly. ✚ Self-employed persons. Table 1.8 Manual Handling Operations Regulations Legal status and who Statutory maintains it: HSE What does it cover? These regulations apply to any transporting or supporting of a load (e.g. lifting, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving by hand or bodily force). Who does it apply to? All persons involved in the activity of manual handling – but employers should provide suitable equipment. Table 1.9 Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations Legal status and who Statutory maintains it: HSE What does it cover? These regulations place responsibilities on businesses and organisations whose employees use work equipment – it must be safe, suitable and persons must be suitably trained to use it. Who does it apply to? Employers and self-employed persons. 10 Check your understanding and progress at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes 9781398327344.indb 10 12/06/21 1:51 PM  Table 1.10 Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations Legal status and who Statutory 1 Health and safety and industry practices (Unit 201) maintains it: HSE What does it cover? ✚ Gives minimum standards for protecting employees from risks associated with exposure to asbestos. ✚ Has requirements for certain types of non-licensable work with asbestos, notification of work, designating areas where you are working on asbestos, medical checking and record keeping (such as an asbestos register). Who does it apply to? ✚ Building owners or occupiers and those working on materials containing asbestos. Table 1.11 Environmental Protection Act Legal status and who Statutory maintains it: Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs/ Environment Agency What does it cover? Gives the minimum requirements and responsibilities for waste management and control of emissions into the environment. Who does it apply to? Anyone undertaking waste disposal or emitting polluting substances into the air, land or water. Table 1.12 The Hazardous Waste Regulations Legal status and who Statutory maintains it: Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs/ local authorities What does it cover? Places a ‘duty of care’ on businesses to ensure hazardous waste produced, handled or transported causes no harm. Who does it apply to? Employers and self-employed Table 1.13 Pollution Prevention and Control Act Legal status and who Statutory maintains it: Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs/ local authorities/the Environment Agency What does it cover? ✚ Covers installations that emit pollution. ✚ Places a duty on the operator to eliminate or reduce the pollution to harmless levels. ✚ These installations must be licensed. Who does it apply to? Installation operators Table 1.14 Control of Pollution Act Legal status and who Statutory maintains it: The Environment Agency What does it cover? Allows powers to the Environment Agency to produce regulations on waste disposal, water pollution, noise and atmospheric pollution, as well as public health. Who does it apply to? Anyone involved in acts involving any pollution. 11 My Revision Notes: City & Guilds Level 2 Advanced Technical Diploma in Electrical Installation (8202-20) 9781398327344.indb 11 12/06/21 1:51 PM  Table 1.15 The Control of Noise at Work Regulations Check your Legal status and who Statutory understanding 1 Health and safety and industry practices (Unit 201) maintains it: HSE 2 What two items of PPE What does it cover? Ensure that workers’ hearing is protected from excessive can protect your ears noise at their place of work. from loud noise while at work? Aims to avoid workers losing their hearing and/or suffering from tinnitus (permanent ringing in the ears). Who does it apply to? Anyone at a place of work. Table 1.16 The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Regulations Legal status and who Statutory maintains it: The Environment Agency What does it cover? ✚ Gives requirements for the recovery, reuse, recycling and treatment of most forms of electrical and electronic waste (any equipment that has a plug, power supply or battery). ✚ All manufacturers and distributors of electrical products to establish an infrastructure where all households have a facility for returning those goods. ✚ Figure 1.1 shows the WEEE symbol, which is displayed on products covered by the Regulations. Figure 1.1 The WEEE symbol Who does it apply to? Anyone disposing of a WEEE-covered product should take found on products covered by it to a suitable recycling centre. the Regulations Tables 1.17 to 1.20 cover the non-statutory legislation and regulations that you must know. Table 1.17 BS 7671: Requirements for Electrical Installations Check your Legal status and who Non-statutory understanding maintains it: The Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET)/British 3 Which IET guidance Standards Institute (BSI) publication are you What does it cover? ✚ Technical requirements for all electrical installation allowed to take into your work in the UK (but not those covered by specific Level 2 exam? legislation, e.g. mines). ✚ Covers design, installation and maintenance (periodical inspections) of electrical systems in buildings and structures up to 100 V AC and 1500 V DC – including the erection of data and signal cables. Who does it apply to? Anyone installing electrical systems in or on buildings, structures or facilities. Table 1.18 IET Guidance Legal status and who Non-statutory maintains it: IET What does it cover? There are eight Guidance Notes (GN) – these detail specific parts of BS 7671, e.g. earthing (GN8), selection and erection (GN1), or inspection and testing (GN3). Who does it apply to? Anyone installing electrical systems in or on buildings, structures or facilities. 12 Check your understanding and progress at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes 9781398327344.indb 12 12/06/21 1:51 PM  Table 1.19 HSE Guidance Publications Legal status and who Non-statutory 1 Health and safety and industry practices (Unit 201) maintains it: HSE What does it cover? ✚ The HSE produces many guidance documents and publications to simplify statutory regulations. ✚ The documents are coded depending on what they cover (e.g. INDG documents are industrial guidance – posters or charts providing easy-to-follow guidance). ✚ Health and safety guidance (HSG) documents give health and safety guidance on specific situations (e.g. Avoiding Danger from Underground Services (HSG47)). ✚ Legal guides (L documents) contain statutory regulations and guidance on how to comply with those legal duties (e.g. L25 covers PPE regulations). Who does it apply to? Anyone who requires guidance on how to comply with statutory duties. Table 1.20 Approved Codes of Practice (ACOP) and Codes of Practice (CoP) Legal status and who Non-statutory, but following the guidance will lead to maintains it: compliance with statutory documents. CoP are maintained by either the HSE or institutes responsible for sectors of industry such as the IET. What does it cover? ✚ The HSE produce a wide variety of ACOPS. ✚ Many industry bodies (e.g. the IET) produce codes of practice (CoP), such as the IET CoP for the in-service inspection and testing of electrical equipment. It states how to comply with the Electricity at Work Regulations in relation to electrical appliances. Who does it apply to? Anyone who requires guidance on how to comply with statutory duties. LO2 Use equipment on a construction site Many of the accidents that occur on construction sites, or while carrying out work activities, happen when specialist equipment is being used, such as access equipment or power tools. Topic 2.1 Use access equipment The Working at Height Regulations cover the use of access equipment. HSE guidance, such as INDG455, provides easy-to-follow guidance on how to INDG455 An industry safely use particular types of access equipment. guidance document published by HSE on the Your exam could have questions relating to four items of access equipment. safe use of ladders and These are: stepladders. INDG guides ✚ steps or stepladders are free to view on the HSE ✚ ladders website at https://www.hse. ✚ mobile scaffold towers gov.uk ✚ platforms. Here is some detail for each item relating to pre-use checks, suitability, erection and use. 13 My Revision Notes: City & Guilds Level 2 Advanced Technical Diploma in Electrical Installation (8202-20) 9781398327344.indb 13 12/06/21 1:51 PM  With all access equipment, if any task is being undertaken while using the access equipment, the equipment should be positioned to prevent over- reaching and the user should only ever carry lightweight materials or tools. 1 Health and safety and industry practices (Unit 201) Pre-user checks: Steps, stepladders and ladders ✚ Check the stiles: ✚ Make sure they are not damaged, as the ladder could collapse. ✚ Check the feet: ✚ If they are missing, worn or damaged, the ladder could slip. Also check ladder feet when moving from soft or dirty ground. Debris on the feet could cause the ladder to slip on a smooth surface. ✚ Check the rungs or treads: ✚ If they are bent, worn, missing or loose, the ladder could fail, causing a fall from height. Check for contamination making them slippery. ✚ Check any locking mechanisms: ✚ Check they are not bent, or if any fixings are worn or damaged, as the ladder could buckle and collapse. Ensure any locking bars are fully engaged. ✚ Check the stepladder platform: ✚ This acts as part of the locking mechanism – if it is split or buckled, the ladder could become unstable or collapse. Some organisations use ladder tags attached to the steps or ladders. These tags show an inspection has been undertaken. If it has, you must still check it before use. Stiles 4m Rung Tread 1m Figure 1.2 Using ladders and stepladders Using stepladders ✚ Check all four feet are in contact with the ground and the ground is level. ✚ Do not stand on the top three steps (including the top step) unless there is a suitable handhold. ✚ Try to position the stepladder so you are facing what you are working on. If this isn’t possible due to space, and you work side on, tie the steps to secure them from tipping. ✚ Always maintain a minimum three points of contact with the stepladder. If using two hands to carry out a task, two feet and the body should be supported by the ladder but this stance should be adopted only for short periods. 14 Check your understanding and progress at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes 9781398327344.indb 14 12/06/21 1:51 PM  Setting up ladders Stand-off A sturdy When setting up ladders, the following should be observed: attachment to a ladder ✚ Ladders should never be rested against soft materials such as guttering. that enables the ladder to Use a stand-off where needed. rest standing off from a 1 Health and safety and industry practices (Unit 201) ✚ Never extend a ladder while standing on a rung. wall around 0.5 m, leaving ✚ Always erect a ladder one unit from the wall for every four units up. the top of the ladder clear ✚ Only stand a ladder on firm ground. from resting against brittle ✚ Always secure a ladder by tying at the top, or the bottom, or by a wall tie surfaces such as gutters or near the base. If it cannot be secured, or during securing at the top, the windows. ladder should be footed by another person. ✚ Where no alternative exists, ladders may be tied part way down around a Exam tip suitable structural support such as an open window. ✚ Ladders used to access platforms should always extend 1 m above the Exam questions may need landing point to give suitable handhold. you to apply trigonometry when working out ladder Now test yourself lengths. You can revise this in Chapter 2 of this book. 1 A ladder needs to reach a vertical distance of 4 m to a landing platform and maintain the correct ratio and handhold requirements. How long should the ladder be? 2 Which HSE guidance document details safe and practical use of ladders? When using ladders for carrying out a task ✚ Maintain three points of contact with the ladder at all times. ✚ Always face the ladder while climbing and descending. ✚ Avoid carrying items; try to use a tool-belt. ✚ Do not work within 6 m of any powerline unless it has been made dead. Erecting and using mobile scaffold towers and other platforms Mobile scaffold towers and platforms are used to perform tasks at height Platforms Defined by where a ladder or steps are unsuitable. This could be due to the duration of the Working at Height the task or because heavier objects are needed, such as tools or materials. Regulations as any surface above ground height used Check your understanding as a place of work or as means of access to a 4 What is an MEWP? place of work and includes scaffold, suspended Rules regarding mobile scaffold towers and work platforms include the scaffold, cradles and mobile following: platforms. ✚ Tower scaffolding and other platforms over 2 m in height from the ground should have a documented inspection carried out on it following installation. ✚ Always erect towers and platforms using the instructions. ✚ Never rest ladders or other access equipment onto a tower or platform. ✚ Never use a tower in strong winds. ✚ Never move a tower which is 4 m or more in height. ✚ Always check for obstructions or potholes on the route before moving equipment. Check your understanding 5 Research the HSE website for information on erecting and using tower scaffolding. Who has a duty to provide instructions for erecting the tower? 15 My Revision Notes: City & Guilds Level 2 Advanced Technical Diploma in Electrical Installation (8202-20) 9781398327344.indb 15 12/06/21 1:51 PM  Topic 2.2 Use personal protective equipment (PPE) Table 1.21 shows the most common types of PPE, their purpose and any 1 Health and safety and industry practices (Unit 201) specific variations of each type. Table 1.21 General item Purpose Variants Footwear ✚ To protect toes from falling objects or being crushed. ✚ Steel-toe capped or hardened boots/ ✚ To protect the underside of the foot from hazardous shoes/trainers objects (e.g. nails). ✚ Wellingtons (wellies) ✚ To protect other parts of feet and ankles from ✚ Rigger boots abrasion, oils or chemicals. ✚ To keep feet dry. ✚ To provide good grip. Pads ✚ To protect knees when frequently kneeling down to ✚ Separate pads that attach to knee carry out tasks. ✚ Incorporated into trousers ✚ Elbow pads are sometimes used to protect elbows in ✚ Kneeling cushions tight spaces from bashing against nearby surfaces. Harness ✚ To limit the risk of falling from a height by attaching to ✚ Belt harness a fixed anchor by a fall-arrest lanyard. ✚ Full body harness Suits ✚ To protect the body or clothing from getting wet or ✚ Cloth coverall (boiler suit) damage by oils/chemicals/splashes. ✚ Disposable coveralls ✚ Bib and brace ✚ Waterproofs Gloves ✚ To protect hands against: ✚ Gloves ✚ abrasion ✚ Mitts ✚ cuts ✚ Gauntlets ✚ burns ✚ Rigger ✚ chemicals ✚ contamination ✚ To provide good grip when using tools etc. High visibility ✚ Ensures a person can be easily seen by others who ✚ Vests clothing (hi-vis) may be operating moving machinery, such as cranes ✚ Jackets or vehicles, to avoid accidents. ✚ Trousers ✚ Sashes ✚ Body-warmers Eyewear ✚ To protect eyes from: ✚ Glasses ✚ contamination by dust, dirt, swarf, splashes, ✚ Goggles sprays, etc. ✚ Visors ✚ arcing, such as welding. Respiratory ✚ To prevent or reduce breathing in contaminants or ✚ Dust masks fumes or provide an oxygen supply. ✚ Respirators ✚ Powered air units Ear wear ✚ To prevent or reduce hearing damage from noise. ✚ Ear plugs ✚ Ear defenders Headgear ✚ To protect the head from falling objects or above ✚ Hard hats head/head height hazards. ✚ Bump caps Check your understanding Exam tip 6 Research the internet to see which HSE guidance document provides key Do not confuse PPE with information relating to PPE. items used to protect the fabric of the building such as boot covers. They are there to protect the carpets and floors – not you. 16 Check your understanding and progress at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes 9781398327344.indb 16 12/06/21 1:51 PM  When selecting and using PPE, remember: ✚ PPE is considered the last line of defence. All other risk reduction measures must be taken before PPE is used as a means of protection. ✚ PPE may increase risk. It should be assessed for suitability (e.g. dust masks 1 Health and safety and industry practices (Unit 201) may stop someone from communicating properly). ✚ Items must be compatible (e.g. will a dust mask make eye protection difficult to fit correctly?). Check your understanding 7 Why should gloves be avoided when operating machinery such as a bench drill? Topic 2.3 Use power tools Power tools are risky items that can cause harm, especially when used on Mechanical damage construction sites. This is because it can be a hazardous environment, which Damage such as tears, increases the risk of damage or deterioration due to: cuts, abrasion, crushing (or ✚ mechanical damage to casings, extension leads or flexible cables similar). ✚ chemical damage to leads and cables ✚ failure of connections and cable grips due to stretching and pulling cables Basic protection A ✚ poor functioning of machinery due to contamination or poor maintenance. technical term used in BS 7671 – refers to the One major risk with using power tools that have become damaged is electric insulation around live shock as the casings and cable insulation provide basic protection against parts, or the barriers and electric shock. enclosures housing live Table 1.22 shows the risk from power tools is also dependent on other factors. parts, which prevent users from touching live parts. Table 1.22 Voltage ✚ 110 V power tools are preferred to 230 V versions.