C++ Programming Fundamentals Lecture 3 PDF

Programming Fundamentals SDLC, Intro to C++ Dr. Mustafa © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.  It is the application of standard business practices to building software applications.  It’s typically divided into six to eight steps: Planning, Requi...

Programming Fundamentals SDLC, Intro to C++ Dr. Mustafa © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.  It is the application of standard business practices to building software applications.  It’s typically divided into six to eight steps: Planning, Requirements, Design, Coding, Document, Test, Deploy, Maintain.  Some project managers will combine, split, or omit steps, depending on the project’s scope.  More details: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_c ycle © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved. © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved. © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved. © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved. © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 of C++ How to Program, 10/e © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.  We now introduce C++ programming, which facilitates a disciplined approach to program development.  Most of the C++ programs you’ll study in this book process data and display results. © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.  Simple program that prints a line of text (Fig. 2.1). © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved. © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.  // indicates that the remainder of each line is a comment. ◦ You insert comments to document your programs and to help other people read and understand them. ◦ Comments are ignored by the C++ compiler and do not cause any machine-language object code to be generated.  A comment beginning with // is called a single-line comment because it terminates at the end of the current line.  You also may use comments containing one or more lines enclosed in. © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved. © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.  A preprocessing directive is a message to the C++ preprocessor.  Lines that begin with # are processed by the preprocessor before the program is compiled.  #include notifies the preprocessor to include in the program the contents of the input/output stream header file. ◦ This header is a file containing information used by the compiler when compiling any program that outputs data to the screen or inputs data from the keyboard using C++- style stream input/output. © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.  You use blank lines, space characters and tab characters (i.e., “tabs”) to make programs easier to read. ◦ Together, these characters are known as white space. ◦ White-space characters are normally ignored by the compiler. © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.  main is a part of every C++ program.  The parentheses after main indicate that main is a program building block called a function.  C++ programs typically consist of one or more functions and classes.  Exactly one function in every program must be named main.  C++ programs begin executing at function main, even if main is not the first function defined in the program.  The keyword int to the left of main indicates that main “returns” an integer (whole number) value. ◦ A keyword is a word in code that is reserved by C++ for a specific use. ◦ For now, simply include the keyword int to the left of main in each of your programs. © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.  A left brace, {, must begin the body of every function.  A corresponding right brace, }, must end each function’s body.  A statement instructs the computer to perform an action.  Together, the quotation marks and the characters between them are called a string, a character string or a string literal.  We refer to characters between double quotation marks simply as strings. ◦ White-space characters in strings are not ignored by the compiler.  Most C++ statements end with a semicolon (;), also known as the statement terminator. ◦ Preprocessing directives (like #include) do not end with a semicolon. © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.  Typically, output and input in C++ are accomplished with streams of data.  When a cout statement executes, it sends a stream of characters to the standard output stream object— std::cout—which is normally “connected” to the screen.  The std:: before cout is required when we use names that we’ve brought into the program by the preprocessing directive #include. ◦ The notation std::cout specifies that we are using a name, in this case cout, that belongs to “namespace” std. ◦ The names cin (the standard input stream) and cerr (the standard error stream) also belong to namespace std. © Copyright 2017 by Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.  In the context of an output statement, the