Major Minerals PDF

Water And The Major Minerals  Water And The Body Fluids Functions of water: – Transport – Structural support for molecules – Participates in metabolic reactions – Solvent – Lubricant – Body temperature regulation – Maintains blood volume Wate...

Water And The Major Minerals  Water And The Body Fluids Functions of water: – Transport – Structural support for molecules – Participates in metabolic reactions – Solvent – Lubricant – Body temperature regulation – Maintains blood volume Water Recommendations – 1.0 to 1.5 mL/kcal expended for adults – 1.5 mL/kcal expended for infants – ½ cup per 100 kcal expended  Fluid And Electrolyte Balance Dissociation of Salt in Water give positive ions called cations and negative ions called anions. – Ions carry electrical current so they are called electrolytes. – Solutions are called electrolyte solutions. – Milliequivalents is the concentration of electrolytes in a volume of solution. Electrolytes Attract Water – Water molecules are neutral, polar (O- , H+) – This attraction dissolve salt and enables body to move fluids Water Follows Electrolytes – Positive and negative charges inside and outside the cell must be balanced. – Sodium and chloride are primarily outside the cell. – Potassium, magnesium, phosphate and sulfate are primarily inside the cell. – Whenever electrolyte move across the cell membrane water follows. Osmosis is the movement of water across the cell membrane toward the more concentrated solutes. Osmotic pressure is the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a cell membrane.  Fluid And Electrolyte Balance Proteins Regulate Flow of Fluids and Ions – Proteins attract water and regulate fluid balance. – Transport proteins regulate the passage of positive ions. Negative ions follow positive ions, water flows toward the more concentrated solution. (example: Sodium-potassium pump) Regulation of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance – Digestive juices of GI tract contain minerals and these are reabsorbed as needed – Kidneys maintain fluid balance using ADH – Kidneys maintain electrolyte balance using aldosterone  Acid-Base Balance Regulation by the Buffers – First line of defense – Buffer: substance that neutralize acids or bases. – Carbonic acid, bicarbonate and some proteins protect the body against changes in acidity Regulation by the Lungs – Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid in the blood that dissociates to hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. – Respiration speeds up and slows down as needed. Regulation by the Kidneys – Selects which ions to retain and which to excrete – The urine’s acidity level fluctuates to keep the body’s acid-base balance.  The Minerals - An Overview Inorganic elements The body’s handling of Variable bioavailability minerals – Binders Nutrient interactions Phytates Oxalates  Sodium AI: 1500 mg/d (19-50yr) Chief functions in the body – Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance – Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction Deficiency symptoms – Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite Toxicity symptoms – Edema, acute hypertension Significant source – Table salt, soy sauce – Moderate amounts in meats, milks, breads, and vegetables – Large amounts in processed foods  Chloride AI: 2300 mg/d (19-50 yrs) Chief functions in the body – Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance – Part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach Deficiency symptoms – Do not occur under normal circumstances Toxicity symptom – Vomiting Significant sources – Table salt, soy sauce – Moderate amounts in meats, milks, eggs – Large amounts in processed foods  Potassium AI for adult: 2400 mg/d Chief functions in the body – Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance – Facilitates many reactions – Supports cell integrity – Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions Significant sources – All whole foods – Meats, milks, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes Deficiency symptoms – Muscular weakness – Paralysis – Confusion Toxicity symptoms – Muscular weakness – Vomiting – If given into a vein, can stop the heart  Calcium AI: Adults 19-50 years: 1000 mg/day Chief functions in the body – Mineralization of bones and teeth (99% of Ca in bone and teeth) – Involved in muscle contraction and relaxation – Nerve functioning – Blood clotting – Blood pressure Deficiency symptoms – Stunted growth in children – Bone loss (osteoporosis) Toxicity symptoms – Constipation – Increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction – Interference with absorption of other minerals Significant sources – Milk and milk products – Small fish (with bones) – greens (broccoli, chard), legumes Calcium  Phosphorus RDA for adults: 700 mg/day Chief functions in the body – Mineralization of bones and teeth – Part of every cell – Important in genetic material – Part of phospholipids – Used in energy transfer – Acid-base balance (buffer) Deficiency symptoms – Muscular weakness, bone pain Toxicity symptoms – Calcification of nonskeletal tissues, particularly the kidneys Significant sources – All animal tissues (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk)  Magnesium RDA – Men (19-30 years): 400 mg/day – Women (19-30 years): 310 mg/day Chief functions in the body – Bone mineralization, building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, and functioning of immune system Deficiency symptoms – Weakness – Confusion – If extreme, convulsions, bizarre muscle movements (especially of eye and face muscles), hallucinations, and difficulty in swallowing – In children, growth failure Toxicity symptoms – From nonfood sources only – Diarrhea, alkalosis, dehydration Significant sources – Nuts, legumes , whole grains, dark green vegetables, seafood, cocoa ,