Air Rules & Regulations 2024 PDF

AER100 AIR RULES & REGULATIONS MICHAEL SARTOR REFERENCES: CARS TC AIM FTGU BACKGROUND Why do we need rules and regulations? Who is responsible to know and abide by them? What are the rules and regulations? Where can I find them? How do...

AER100 AIR RULES & REGULATIONS MICHAEL SARTOR REFERENCES: CARS TC AIM FTGU BACKGROUND Why do we need rules and regulations? Who is responsible to know and abide by them? What are the rules and regulations? Where can I find them? How do I use them? TOPIC OUTLINE Aeronautics Act CARs Content CARs Structure Flight Crew Permits and Licenses Operating and Flight Rules Technical Records AIM/AIP content AERONAUTICS ACT An Act of Parliament to authorize the control of aeronautics 1.This Act may be cited as the Aeronautics Act. 2.This Act is binding on Her Majesty in right of Canada or a province *Interesting note: The current version still does say “Her” AERONAUTICS ACT - PURPOSE 3.1 The purpose of this Act is to provide for safe, efficient and environmentally responsible aeronautical activities, by means including (a) promoting and providing for the safety and security of the public and persons who perform aeronautical activities or work in aerodromes or other facilities relating to aeronautics; (b,c,d) (e) ensuring that Canada can meet its international obligations relating to aeronautical activities. CANADIAN AVIATION REGULATIONS - CARS CARs - Document outlining the regulations and rules enacted under the Aeronautics Act for civil aviation in Canada As a pilot, you are expected to be familiar with the rules pertaining to flight Not required to own a copy of the CARs CARs available on the internet https://tc.canada.ca/en/corporate-services/acts-regulations/list-regulations/canadian- aviation-regulations-sor-96-433  Part I – General Provisions Part II – Aircraft Identification and Registration Part III – Aerodromes and Airports Part IV – Personnel Licensing and Training Part V – Airworthiness CANADIAN Part VI – General Operating and Flight Rules AVIATION Part VII – Commercial Air Services REGULATIONS Part VIII – Air Navigation Services Part IX – Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems Part X – Greenhouse Gas Emissions from International Aviation- CORSIA  Should vs Shall TERMINOLOGY CARs are “shall” And vs Or STRUCTURE OF CARS Each part of the CARs is divided into either a ‘Regulation’ or ‘Standard’ or ‘Advisory’ Each part in the CARs is also subdivided into general divisions Each class is divided into individual regulations Ex: 308.08  EXAMPLE: CARS REFERENCE – 303.08 3 – PART III – Aerodromes, Airports and Heliports 0 – Regulation Sartor’s Pro Tip: Top of R resembles a “0” 3 – Subpart – Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting S resembles a reflected “2” 08 – Section – Extinguishing Agents and Aircraft Fire-Fighting Vehicles A resembles a “4” CARs reference – 323.08 2 – Standard R Standards for Extinguishing Agents and Equipment* 2 CARs reference – 343.08 4 – Advisory A The following methodology should be applied CERTIFICATE OF AIRWORTHINESS Aircraft that fully comply with all standards of airworthiness All aircraft must be registered + C of A issued Must conform to conditions in the certificate C of A is continuous Out of force if: failure to take action with Airworthiness Directives, maintenance, service bulletins, inspections, defects etc. Annual Airworthiness Information Report (AAIR) – issued on C of A cert. date All maintenance, hours, damage etc. reported Owner/operator responsibility to ensure proper documentation in journey log to prove standards have been met 401.03 REQUIREMENT TO HOLD A FLIGHT CREW PERMIT, LICENSE OR RATING 401.03 (1) Subject to subsection (2), no person shall act as a flight crew member or exercise the privileges of a flight crew permit, licence or rating unless (a) the person holds the appropriate permit, licence or rating; (b) the permit, licence or rating is valid; (c) the person holds the appropriate medical certificate; and (d) the person can produce the permit, licence or rating, and the certificate, when exercising those privileges. (no photocopies or pics on device will suffice) With respect to mention to subsection (2) 401.26 PRIVATE PILOT PRIVILEGES The holder of a private pilot licence — aeroplane may act as (a) pilot-in-command or co-pilot of an aeroplane of a class and type in respect of which the licence is endorsed with ratings; (b) pilot-in-command of an ultra-light aeroplane; and (c) pilot-in-command or co-pilot of any aircraft for the sole purpose of the holder’s flight training or flight test where (i) in the case of flight training, (A) it is conducted under the direction and supervision of a flight instructor (B) no passenger is carried on board, and (ii) in the case of a flight test, (A) it is conducted in accordance with section 401.15, and (B) no passenger is carried on board.  To act as a pilot, there are several requirements To be considered current: 5 year, 2 year, and 6 month requirements 5 year & 2 year requirements for acting as a pilot or 401.05 RECENCY co-pilot REQUIREMENTS 6 month requirement in addition to 5 year & 2 year if carrying passengers RECENCY REQUIREMENTS (1) No holder of a flight crew permit, license or rating shall exercise the privileges of the permit, license or rating unless: a) the holder has acted as pilot-in-command or co-pilot of an aircraft within the five years preceding the flight, or: b) within the 12 months preceding the flight: i) the holder has completed a flight review with a flight instructor ii) the flight instructor certifies in the holder’s log that the holder meets the skill requirements for the issuance of the permit or license iii) the holder has successfully completed the appropriate examination specified in the personal licensing standards RECENCY REQUIREMENTS (2) No holder of a flight crew permit or license shall exercise the privileges of the permit in an aircraft unless the holder: a) has successfully completed a recurrent training program within the 24 months preceding the flight b) where passengers, other than a flight test examiner are carried on board the aircraft, has completed within the 6 months preceding the flight: a) 5 take-offs and landings by day (if passengers are only carried by day) b) 5 take-offs and landings by night (passengers can be carried day or night) PERSONAL LOGS 401.08 (1) Every applicant for, and every holder of, a flight crew permit, licence or rating shall maintain a personal log in accordance with subsection (2) and with the personnel licensing standards for the documentation of (a) experience acquired in respect of the issuance of the flight crew permit, licence or rating; and (b) recency. 103.04 RECORD KEEPING Recording systems, including computer records and microfiche, that do not comprise entries on paper may be used to comply with the record-keeping requirements of these Regulations if (a) measures are taken to ensure that the records contained in the recording systems are protected, by electronic or other means, against inadvertent loss or destruction and against tampering; and (b) a copy of the records contained in the recording systems can be printed on paper and provided to the Minister on reasonable notice given by the Minister. 401.08 PERSONAL LOGS (2) The personal log shall contain the holder’s name and the following information with respect to each flight: a) Date of Flight b) Type of Aircraft & Registration c) Flight Crew Position (Dual, PIC, Co-Pilot) d) Flight Conditions (Day, Night,VFR, IFR) e) Place of departure and arrival f) Flight time What if we make a mistake? a) Single strike-through 605.93 (1) Every person who makes an entry in a technical record shall (a) make the entry accurately, legibly and in a permanent manner; … (4) Every person who brings into use a new volume of an existing technical record shall make the entries relating to the preceding volume that are necessary to ensure that an unbroken chronological record is maintained. 401.26 PPL AEROPLANE  401.28 REIMBURSEMENT OF COSTS (1) No holder of a PPL shall act as the pilot of an aeroplane for hire or reward. (2) The holder of a PPL may receive reimbursement for costs when: a) the holder is the owner/operator of the aircraft b) the holder conducts the flight for purposes other than hire c) the holder carries passengers incidentally to the purpose of the flight  404.03 Requirement to Hold a Medical No person shall exercise or attempt to exercise the privileges of a permit, license or rating unless the DIVISION II - person holds a valid medical certificate of a category MEDICAL that is appropriate for that permit, license or rating, as specified in Section 404.04 or 404.10. CERTIFICATE CAME must conduct a medical exam 404.04 ISSUANCE & RENEWAL OF MEDICAL CONT. (2) An applicant may be required to undergo additional medical tests or examinations to determine if the applicant meets or continues to meet the specified medical fitness requirements. (3) A medical certificate may be refused or suspended if the applicant fails to meet the specified medical fitness requirements. MEDICAL VALIDITY Category 1 for Commercial and ATPL Category 3 at least for a PPL Flight Crew Medical Validity Periods Category 4 at least for a Recreational Class of Medical Under Age 40 Over Age 40 Class1 12 months 12 months* (6 months) * For a Commercial or ATPL pilot, validity drops to 6 months if applicant Class 3 60 months 24 months is older than 40 years of age and is engaged in single-pilot operations Class 4 60 months 60 months with passengers, or over 60 years of age 404.06 EXERCISE OF PRIVILEGES (PROHIBITION) The holder of a permit, license or rating shall not exercise the privileges of the rating if: a) the holder suffers from an illness, injury or disability b) the holder is taking drugs c) the holder is receiving medical treatment d) the holder has been involved in an accident e) the holder has entered the 30th week of pregnancy f) the holder has given birth in the preceding 6 weeks g) the holder has not renewed the medical certificate prior to expiration 602.19 RIGHT OF WAY (a) the pilot-in-command of an aircraft that has the right of way shall, if there is any risk of collision, take such action as is necessary to avoid collision; and (b) where the pilot-in-command of an aircraft is aware that another aircraft is in an emergency situation, the pilot-in-command shall give way to that other aircraft. RIGHT OF WAY (2) When two aircraft are converging at approximately the same altitude, the pilot-in-command of the aircraft that has the other on its right shall give way, except as follows: (a) a power-driven, heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way to airships, gliders and balloons; (b) an airship shall give way to gliders and balloons; (c) a glider shall give way to balloons; and (d) a power-driven aircraft shall give way to aircraft that are seen to be towing gliders or other objects or carrying a slung load. RIGHT OF WAY (5) Where two aircraft are approaching head- on or approximately so and there is a risk of collision, the pilot-in- command of each aircraft shall alter its heading to the right. RIGHT OF WAY (6) An aircraft that is being overtaken has the right of way and the pilot-in-command of the overtaking aircraft, whether climbing, descending or in level flight, shall give way to the other aircraft by altering the heading of the overtaking aircraft to the right RIGHT OF WAY (7) Where an aircraft is in flight or manoeuvring on the surface, the pilot-in-command of the aircraft shall give way to an aircraft that is landing or about to land. How does this relate to airmanship? What does an “immediate-takeoff” entail? RIGHT OF WAY (8) The pilot-in-command of an aircraft that is approaching an aerodrome for the purpose of landing shall give way to any aircraft at a lower altitude that is also approaching the aerodrome for the purpose of landing. (9) The pilot-in-command of an aircraft at a lower altitude, as described in subsection (8), shall not overtake or cut in front of an aircraft at a higher altitude that is in the final stages of an approach to land. RIGHT OF WAY (10) No person shall conduct or attempt to conduct a take-off or landing in an aircraft until there is no apparent risk of collision with any aircraft, person, vessel, vehicle or structure in the take-off or landing path. What if we can’t continue with an approach/landing? 602.21 No person shall operate an aircraft in such COLLISION proximity to another aircraft as to create a risk of AVOIDANCE collision.  No person shall operate an aeroplane that is 602.22 TOWING towing an object unless the aeroplane is equipped with a tow hook and release control mechanism. 602.23 No person shall create a hazard to persons or DROPPING OF property on the surface by dropping an object OBJECTS from an aircraft in flight. 602.14 MINIMUM ALTITUDES AND DISTANCES Except where conducting a take-off, approach or landing or where permitted, no person shall operate an aircraft  Except at an airport, heliport or military aerodrome, no person shall conduct a take-off, approach or landing 602.12 in an aircraft over a built-up area or over an open-air OVERFLIGHT OF assembly of persons, in a manner that is likely to BUILT-UP AREAS create a hazard to persons or property. 602.63 FLIGHTS OVER WATER No single-engine aeroplane may be flown over open water beyond gliding distance from shore Beyond gliding distance (or 50nm) from land – equipped with approved life jackets for all persons on board Beyond 100nm – equipped with a lift raft(s) for capacity of all persons Water purification tablets, food, flares, signal mirror, first aid kit required More in-depth rules for multi-engine aircraft which you will learn later 602.88 FUEL REQUIREMENTS - VFR Enough fuel to: Fly to destination + additional 30 min at cruise speed (day) Fly to destination + 45 min at cruise speed (night) IFR requirements will be discussed in Instrument Rating course Must consider taxiing, any & all delays, weather, and foreseeable conditions that could delay the aircraft NIGHT REQUIREMENTS Night: means the period beginning one half-hour after sunset and ending one half-hour before sunrise and, in respect of any place where the sun does not rise or set daily, the period during which the center of the sun's disc is more than six degrees below the horizon; Required Equipment: Airspeed indicator, sensitive pressure altimeter, turn and bank indicator, magnetic compass, heading indicator, light to illuminate flight instruments, timepiece, flash-light,  NIGHT LIGHTING Aircraft are required to have navigation lights Steady green on right wingtip Steady red on right wingtip Visible for 2 miles through 110 deg. Steady white on tail Visible for 2 miles through 140 deg. Anti-collision light – high intensity flashing Red or red and white – 360 deg. Projecting 30 deg, above and below horizontal plane Sartor’s Pro Tip: First Officers sit on the right side – normally you are a new “green” pilot Angry Captains sit on the left – red for anger  Any abrupt changes in attitude, abnormal attitude, or abrupt variation in speed Class __ airspace? No person operating an aircraft shall conduct aerobatic maneuvers: AEROBATIC over a built-up area or an open-air assembly of persons MANEUVERS in a control zone (except with special approval) when the flight visibility is less than 3 miles below 2000' AGL (except with special approval) No passengers unless certain experience levels have been met. AVIATION OCCURRENCES Responsibility of the pilot, owner, operator, or any crew member involved to report an occurrence as soon as possible to the TSB Reportable aviation accident: an aviation accident is an occurrence resulting directly from the operation of an aircraft in which a) a person is killed or sustains a serious injury as a result of being on board the aircraft, coming into direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts that have become detached from the aircraft, or being directly exposed to jet blast, rotor down wash or propeller wash; b) the aircraft sustains structural failure or damage that adversely affects the aircraft's structural strength, performance or flight characteristics and would normally require major repair or replacement of any affected component, except for engine failure or damage, when the damage is limited to the engine, its cowlings or accessories, or damage limited to propellers, wing tips, antennae, tires, brakes, fairings or small dents or puncture holes in the aircraft's skin; or c) the aircraft is missing or inaccessible. PROTECTION OF OCCURRENCE SITE All persons who have Must still take Must record evidence control or possession measures to ensure by best means must keep and safety possible preserve evidence  CLEARANCES & INSTRUCTIONS Clearance: authorization from an ATC unit Instruction: directive issued by ATC unit Pilot must be satisfied with clearance – ask for Required to comply provided safety is not clarification if needed, and do not accept if you jeopardized are not satisfied for whatever reason (safety, fuel management, etc.) “Instruct” may not be used Must read back the clearance Follow TCAS & inform ATC as soon as possible Must comply with clearance after accepting it If after accepting you determine you can no Acceptance of a clearance or instruction does longer abide by the clearance – inform ATC not alleviate the pilot of avoiding traffic ASAP CLEARANCE VS. INSTRUCTION Issued by ATC CLEARANCE INSTRUCTION Definition Authorization Directive Language "Clear(ed)" Expectation Acknowledge & Comply* Acknowledge & Comply* Read back VFR – when requested requirement *Deviation Collision Avoidance/Safety/Unable Collision Avoidance/Safety/Unable CAR 602.31 - Compliance with Air Traffic Control Instructions and Clearances  Identification of the aircraft Position Time of passing the reporting point Altitude POSITION Type of flight plan REPORTS Destination May include time to next reporting point “Toronto terminal, FSEV over the Coehill VOR, 1530Z, 4,500ft,VFR, destination Peterborough” Solid: Compulsory Not required for VFR flights but encouraged Outlined: Non-Compulsory 602.73 FLIGHT PLAN REQUIREMENTS No PIC shall operate an aircraft in VFR flight unless a VFR flight plan or itinerary has been filed, except where the flight is conducted within 25 nm of the departure aerodrome. (4) Notwithstanding anything in this Division, no pilot-in-command shall, unless a flight plan has been filed, operate an aircraft between Canada and a foreign state. Detailed information regarding completion of flight plans and flight itineraries, see pages 190 to 198 of AIM. 25 NM RADIUS AROUND PETERBOROUGH 602.75 FLIGHT PLAN OR FLIGHT ITINERARY FLIGHT PLAN FLIGHT ITINERARY Filed with Filed with Air Traffic Control Unit Same as with a Flight Plan PLUS Flight Service Station Responsible Person Community Aerodrome Radio Station  (3) The PIC of an aircraft for which a VFR flight plan/flight itinerary has been filed shall follow the procedure (a) the route of flight; (b) the duration of the flight; or 602.76 CHANGES IN A (c) the destination aerodrome. FLIGHT PLAN (4) A pilot-in-command of an aircraft who intends to make any of the changes in the VFR flight plan/ itinerary … shall notify as soon as practicable an ATC unit, an FSS, a CARS or the responsible person, of the intended change.  Flight partially under VFR rules and others under IFR rules COMPOSITE VFR rules while VFR FLIGHT PLAN IFR rules while IFR Will require a clearance for the IFR portion  (1) Subject to subsection (3), a pilot-in-command of an aircraft who terminates a flight in respect of which a flight plan has been filed pursuant to subsection 602.75(1) shall ensure that an arrival report is filed with an air traffic control unit, a flight service station or a community 602.77 aerodrome radio station as soon as practicable after REQUIREMENT landing but not later than (a) the search and rescue action initiation time specified in TO FILE AN the flight plan; or ARRIVAL (b) where no search and rescue action initiation time is specified in the flight plan, one hour after the last REPORT reported estimated time of arrival. (4) can close with ATC, FSS or CARs prior to landing (but not wise – what if?) (24 hours for a flight itinerary if one is not specified)  Below 10,000’ ASL: no more than 250 KIAS Within 10nm of a controlled airport at an altitude less 602.32 AIRSPEED than 3,000’ AGL: no more than 200 KIAS LIMITATIONS If aircraft minimum safe speed is greater than those specified, the aircraft may be operated at such speed (A380, 747, 777 etc.) WEATHER MINIMA – VFR 602.117 SPECIAL VFR FLIGHT Weather Minima 1-mile flight and ground visibility Clear of cloud Must maintain visual to the surface at all times Pilot must request Approved only if IFR traffic flow permits Pilot responsibility to remain clear of cloud even under radar vectors (ATC directions) 2-way radio Only for landing Why not take-off? 605.14 POWER-DRIVEN AIRCRAFT VFR INSTRUMENTS (a) where the aircraft is operated in uncontrolled airspace, an altimeter; (b) where the aircraft is operated in controlled airspace, a sensitive altimeter adjustable for barometric pressure; (c) an airspeed indicator; (d) a magnetic compass or a magnetic direction indicator that operates independently of the aircraft electrical generating system; (e) a tachometer for each engine and for each propeller or rotor that has limiting speeds established by the manufacturer; (f) an oil pressure indicator for each engine employing an oil pressure system; 605.14 POWER-DRIVEN AIRCRAFT VFR INSTRUMENTS (g) a coolant temperature indicator for each liquid-cooled engine; (h) an oil temperature indicator for each air-cooled engine having a separate oil system; (i) a manifold pressure gauge for each (i) reciprocating engine equipped with a variable-pitch propeller, (ii) reciprocating engine used to power a helicopter, (iii) supercharged engine, and (iv) turbocharged engine; (j) a means for the flight crew, when seated at the flight controls to determine (i) the fuel quantity in each main fuel tank, and (ii) if the aircraft employs retractable landing gear, the position of the landing gear; (k) Radio if in airspace which requires it  (1) No person shall conduct a take-off in a power-driven aircraft for the purpose of VFR OTT flight unless it is equipped with (a) the equipment referred to in paragraphs 605.14(c) to (j); (b) a sensitive altimeter adjustable for barometric pressure; (c) a means of preventing malfunction caused by icing for each airspeed indicating system; (d) a gyroscopic direction indicator or a stabilized magnetic direction indicator; 605.15 VFR (e) an attitude indicator; OVER-THE-TOP (f) subject to subsection (2), a turn and slip indicator or turn OTT coordinator; (g) where the aircraft is to be operated within the Northern Domestic Airspace, a means of establishing direction that is not dependent on a magnetic source; (h) radiocommunication equipment adequate to permit two-way communication on the appropriate frequency; and (i) radio navigation equipment adequate to permit the aircraft to be navigated safely.  VFR flight with poor weather conditions along route – fly over-top! Certain conditions: Day VFR Departure and climb, Descent and arrival – VFR Cruise: vertical distance of at least 1,000’, and 5-mile visibility VFR OVER-THE- If there are 2 layers: 5,000’ difference between layers TOP Destination weather: Scattered to clear, ground vis. +5 miles, no forecast for precipitation or fog, thunderstorms, blowing snow Valid 1 hour before and 2 hours after if there is an aerodrome forecast Valid for 1 hour before and 3 hours after if using area forecast  We already touched on this in the last lecture! Controlled VFR (CVFR) Clearance is required Radio, radio navigation, Mode C Transponder are all required VFR IN CLASS B If weather falls below VFR minima: leave B airspace by AIRSPACE the shortest means possible Either horizontally or descending, landing in a control zone Flight requires significant precision and attention  Operational and Emergency equipment required Checklists (normal and emergency) & placards 602.60 Current charts and publications REQUIREMENT FOR POWER- Current databases and data DRIVEN Handheld fire extinguisher AIRCRAFT - Time piece EQUIPMENT Flashlight First aid kit  PIC must direct all persons to fasten safety belt while 605.25 GENERAL on the ground, taking off/landing, and when the PIC USE OF SAFETY believes it is required BELTS/RESTRAINTS Flight attendants can inform passengers to fasten safety belt if deemed necessary 605.32 OXYGEN Cabin pressure altitude: 10,000’-13,000’ for more than 30 min, flight crew are required to wear and use oxygen mask +13,000’ each person on board must wear and use oxygen mask for the entire duration Pilot at controls must wear a mask if: Non-quick-donning mask and above FL250 Above FL410 even with quick-donning masks 605.40 ELT ACTIVATION Emergency Locator Transmitter (2) A person may activate an ELT, in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, for the purpose of testing the ELT for a duration of not more than five seconds during the first five minutes of any hour UTC in the case of an ELT that transmits on the 121.5 MHz frequency or an ELT that transmits on both the 406 MHz and the 121.5 MHz frequencies. (3) If an ELT has been inadvertently activated during flight, the pilot-in-command of the aircraft shall ensure, as soon as feasible, that (a) the nearest air traffic control unit, flight service station or community aerodrome radio station is so informed; and (b) the ELT is deactivated. 602.10 STARTING AND GROUND RUNNING OF AIRCRAFT ENGINES (1) No person shall start an engine of an aircraft unless (a) a pilot’s seat is occupied by a person who is competent to control the aircraft; (b) precautions have been taken to prevent the aircraft from moving; or (c) in the case of a seaplane, the aircraft is in a location from which any movement of the aircraft will not endanger persons or property. (2) No person shall leave an engine of an aircraft running unless (a) a pilot’s seat is occupied by a person who is competent to control the aircraft; or (b) where no persons are on board the aircraft, (i) precautions have been taken to prevent the aircraft from moving, and (ii) the aircraft is not left unattended. 602.11 AIRCRAFT ICING THINK BACK TO THEORY CRITICAL SURFACES MUST CRITICAL SURFACE PASSENGERS AND CREW OF FLIGHT – THE BE CLEAR OF ANY INSPECTIONS MEMBERS MUST BE METICULOUSLY DESIGNED FROST/ICE/SNOW ETC. INFORMED IF DE-ICING AIRFOIL WILL BE COMPLETED INTERCEPTION OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT Unidentified aircraft with hostile intent If intercepted: Maintain steady course Follow radio and visual instructions (121.5 or 243.0 MHz) Instructions in the CFS, CARs, & AIM Advise ATC 7700 on transponder SPARSELY SETTLED AREAS Continuously monitor 121.5 MHz Carry an ELT Required to carry survival equipment for given area and conditions 72 hours for each person on board First priority is to find shelter Water, fire, mirror, first aid kit Ensure these devices are secure in flight 602.71 & 602.72 Pre-flight Information Weather Information 602.71 The pilot-in-command of an 602.72 The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall, before commencing a aircraft shall, before commencing a flight, be familiar with the available flight, be familiar with the available information that is appropriate to the weather information that is intended flight. appropriate to the intended flight.  TC AIM AND CARS IT IS THE PILOTS FOR YOUR EXAMS THE STUDY AND WHEN TIME COMES FOR WHEN ACTUALLY RESPONSIBILITY TO BE (SENECA AND TC) YOU REFERENCE GUIDE FOR CPL AND ATPL EXAMS, FLYING, THESE LAWS KEEP FAMILIAR WITH ALL RULES WILL BE EXPECTED TO PPL IS POSTED ON GOING THROUGH ALL YOU OUT OF TROUBLE, AND REGULATIONS REVIEW MATERIALS FROM BLACKBOARD THE AIR LAWS IS PROTECTED… AND PERTAINING TO FLIGHT THE CARS AND AIM CRITICAL ALIVE!