6th Lecture on Anatomy & Embryology PDF

Lecture 6 Prof. Dr. Noha Issa Professor of Anatomy & Embryology  Questions  A 60-year-old male patient came to the emergency room complaining from chest pain, which has a pressure-like character in the center of his chest that radiates to his left arm and j...

Lecture 6 Prof. Dr. Noha Issa Professor of Anatomy & Embryology  Questions  A 60-year-old male patient came to the emergency room complaining from chest pain, which has a pressure-like character in the center of his chest that radiates to his left arm and jaw, the pleura and air passages are free. 1- What is your provisional diagnosis of this case? Angina pectoris 2- Name the affected organ in this case and its blood vessels. Heart and coronary vessels 1- Which vessel of the followings carries the oxygenated blood? 1 2 a- 1 b- 2 c- 3 d- 4 3 2-Which vessel of the followings carries the blood from the lower half of the body? a- 1 b- 2 c- 3 d- 4 4 1- Which site of the followings has no lymphatics? a- Muscles b- Liver c- Cornea d- Heart 2-The pulmonary veins carry blood from which site of the followings? a- Right ventricle b- Lung c- Left ventricle d- Right atrium 3- Compare between arteries and veins. Lymphatic System  Definition of lymph Clear colorless fluid which escapes from capillaries by filtrations into tissue spaces as it becomes tissue fluid. It returns back to blood stream through lymph pathway. Lymphatic vessels Lymph Node Function of lymph nodes: filter the blood from bacteria, and particulate solid matter, and phagocyte them by its phagocytic cells. Sites with no lymphatic: central nervous system – cornea – cartilage – bone marrow – inner ear – epidermis of skin. Lymph aggregations  Function of spleen O 1-Filter out old red blood cells. O 2-Its phagocytes, engulf bacteria and other foreign particles O 3-Serves as a reservoir of blood in cases of emergency.  Function of thymus O It is the site in which T-lymphocytes develop and mature before birth and is most active prior to puberty. O It secretes the hormone thymosin, which promotes the growth of lymphoid tissue throughout the body.  Endocrine system The endocrine system is composed of a group of ductless glands that secrete hormones that reach through the bloodstream to distant target organs. ▪ Hypothalamus: regulates hunger, thirst, sleep and wakefulness. ▪ Pituitary gland: controls all other endocrine glands; influence growth, metabolism and fertility. ▪ Pineal body: plays a role in the sleep-wake cycle. ▪ Thyroid gland: regulates the metabolism and blood calcium level. ▪ Para-thyroids : regulates the blood calcium level with the thyroid gland. ▪ Thymus: controls the maturation of lymphocytes. Undergoes atrophy during adulthood. Adrenals: secretes hormones which help the body react to emergencies, regulates metabolic processes, water balance, blood pressure. Reproductive organs: ovaries in females and testes in males: responsible for sexual characters and functions. Pancreas: produces insulin that regulates blood sugar level. Illustrate by labelled diagrams: 1- Parts of growing long bone 2- Structure of synovial joint