Pharmacology PDF Study Notes

## Pharmacology ### Introduction: The Pharmacology: - Study of how drugs interact with the body and how the body responds to the drugs. ### Drugs: - Agents (compounds) that affect living processes and used to treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of diseases. ### Factors that affect drug reac...

## Pharmacology ### Introduction: The Pharmacology: - Study of how drugs interact with the body and how the body responds to the drugs. ### Drugs: - Agents (compounds) that affect living processes and used to treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of diseases. ### Factors that affect drug reach to site of action: - The rate of absorption - The rate of distribution - The rate of metabolism - The rate of elimination ### Introduction into the Nervous System: The nervous system is divided into two anatomical divisions: - **Central Nervous System (CNS):** Composed of the brain and spinal cord. - **Peripheral Nervous System:** Includes neurons located outside the brain and spinal cord. ### Introduction to Peripheral Nervous System: The peripheral nervous system is divided into: - **Efferent neurons:** Carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to peripheral tissues. - **Afferent neurons:** Bring information from the periphery to the CNS. ### Efferent neurons: - **Somatic System:** Perform functions such as contraction of skeletal muscles, essential for voluntary motion. - **Autonomic System:** Perform functions such as innervate smooth muscle of the viscera, cardiac muscle, vasculature and exocrine glands, thereby controlling digestion, cardiac output, blood flow, and glandular secretion. ### Efferent Autonomic System: - **Sympathetic Nervous System:** - **Parasympathetic Nervous System:** - **Enteric neurons:** ### The Sympathetic Nervous System: - **Effects:** - Increase heart rate and blood pressure. - Mobilize energy stores to the body. - Increase blood flow to skeletal muscles and the heart. ### Introduction in Nervous System: - **Sympathetic Nervous System:** The dilation of the pupils and the bronchioles also affects gastrointestinal motility and function of the bladder and sexual organs. - **"Fight or Flight" Response:** Changes experienced by the body during emergencies. ### Enteric neurons: - Collection of nerve fibers that innervate the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and gallbladder. - Function independently of CNS. - Control the motility, exocrine and endocrine secretions and microcirculation of the gastrointestinal tract. ### Nervous System - **Peripheral nervous system** - **Efferent Division**: - **Autonomic System**: - **Enteric** - **Parasympathetic** - **Sympathetic** - **Central nervous system** - **Afferent Division**: - **Somatic System** ### The Gastrointestinal (GIT) and antiemetic drugs: - **Peptic ulcer Disease:** - **Causative factors:** - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use: - Aspirin - Ibuprofen - Ketoprofen - Diclofenac - Meloxicam - Renamol - Infection with gram-negative Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) - Increase hydrochloric acid secretion. - Inadequate mucosal defense against gastric acid. ### Treatment of Peptic Ulcer: - Eradication of Helicobacter infection. - Reducing secretion of gastric acid with the use of H2-receptor antagonists or (PPI). - Providing agents that protect the gastric mucosa from damage. ### Drugs Used to treat Peptic Ulcer Disease: - **Antimicrobial agents:** - Amoxicillin - Clarithromycin - Metronidazole - Tetracycline - Bismuth Compound - **H2-Histamine receptor blockers:** - Simetidine - Famotidine - Nizatidine - Ranitidine ### Drugs used to treat Peptic Ulcer Drugs: - **Inhibitors of PP:** - Esomeprazole - Lansoprazole - Omeprazole - Pantoprazole - Rabeprazole - **Anti-acid Agents:** - Aluminum hydroxide - Calcium carbonate - Magnesium hydroxide - Sodium bicarbonate - **Antimuscarinic agents:** - Dicyelamine - **Mucosal protective agents:** - Bismuth subsalicylate - **Prostaglandins:** - Misoprostol