Performance Study of Fluorescent, LED, Tungsten, and Carbon Lamps PDF

**Fluorescent Lamp** **Objective:** To study the starting method, minimum striking voltage, extinguishing voltage and the effect of varying voltage or current of a fluorescent lamp using A.C. supply. **Theory:** Fluorescent lamp is a **low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp** with internal sur...

**Fluorescent Lamp** **Objective:** To study the starting method, minimum striking voltage, extinguishing voltage and the effect of varying voltage or current of a fluorescent lamp using A.C. supply. **Theory:** Fluorescent lamp is a **low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp** with internal surface coating with suitable fluorescent material. This lamp consists of a glass tube provided both ends with caps having pins and oxide coated tungsten filament. Tube contains argon or krypton gas to facilitate starting with small quantity of mercury under low pressure. **Device under test:** **Sl. No.** **Device under test** **Qty** **Type** **Specs** **Make** ------------- ----------------------- --------- ---------- ----------- ---------- 1 Fluorescent Lamp **Instruments required:** **Sl. No.** **Instruments Required** **Qty** **Type** **Range** **Make** ------------- -------------------------- --------- ---------- ----------- ---------- 1 Voltmeter 2 Ammeter 3 Wattmeter 4 Variac 5 Choke 6 Starter **Precautions:** 1. All the meters should be taken in proper range. 2. Before connecting the meter in the circuits check zero setting 3. All joints should be tightly connected. 4. The supply is switched OFF after experiment is over. **Circuit Diagram:** **Procedure:** 1. Circuit is made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Variac in zero voltage position at that time AC supply is switched ON. 3. Applied voltage is gradually increased till the lamp strikes. It is observed that the current of the starter decreases to zero value immediately after striking. The readings of striking voltage and current through the starter before and after striking are noted. 4. Applied voltage is gradually increased till the rated value 210V(max) and reading of the applied voltage, across the lamp & line current are noted in every steps. 5. Applied voltage is gradually decreased till the lamps extinguishes and reading of the applied voltage, across the lamp & line current are noted in steps. 6. The striking voltage, current & extinguishing voltage are also recorded. **Observation Table:** **Striking Voltage(V)** **Extinguishing Voltage (V)** **Current trough Starter** ------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------ **During striking (I)** **After striking (I)** **Applied voltage increasing** **Sl. No.** **Applied Voltage (V)** **Lamp Voltage (V)** **Line Current (I)** **Input Power (W)** **Remarks** ------------- ------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- --------------------- ------------- 1 180 2 190 3 200 4 210 (Max.) **Applied voltage decreasing** **Sl. No.** **Applied Voltage (V)** **Lamp Voltage (V)** **Line Current (I)** **Input Power (W)** **Remarks** ------------- ------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- --------------------- ------------- 1 210 (Max.) 2 200 3 180 4 170 5 160 **Graph plot:** Plot the graph of **Lamp Voltage vs Input Power** for both increasing and decreasing of voltages. **Conclusion:** **LED Lamp** **Objective:** To study the voltage-resistance characteristics of LED lamp. **Theory:** LED bulb produces light by passing the electric current through a semiconducting material, the diode which then emits photons (light) through the principle of electroluminescence. It essentially means that a material (in this case, the diode) casts light when power is applied to it. Electrons jump from one side (an electron-full side) to another (an electron-deficient side) across a junction (the "p-n junction"). When power is applied to the p-n junction, the side lacking in electrons wants to be filled up with the charged electrons from the other side, and when power is applied the electrons get eager to move. During this process, light is created. In contrast, an incandescent light bulb works by passing electricity through a small wire, or filament. The electrical resistance of the filament causes it to get so hot that it glows, producing light. The fact that LED lights do not rely on heat to produce its light means it runs cooler and is much more energy-efficient than an incandescent light bulb. The average LED light bulb lifespan is 25,000 hours. This is much longer than the average incandescent bulb lifespan (1,000 hours) and the average CFL bulb lifespan (10,000 hours). Not only are LED bulbs the most energy efficient design, they're also the most durable and long lasting. While LED bulbs are more expensive to purchase than their incandescent and CFL counterparts, they're actually more cost effective in the long term, as they last longer and consume less energy. **Device under test:** **Sl. No.** **Device under test** **Qty** **Type** **Range** **Make** ------------- ----------------------- --------- ---------- ----------- ---------- 1 **LED lamp** **Instruments required:** **Sl. No.** **Instruments Required** **Qty** **Type** **Range** **Make** ------------- -------------------------- --------- ---------- ----------- ---------- 1 Voltmeter 2 Ammeter 3 Wattmeter 4 Variac **Precautions:** 1. All the meters should be taken in proper range. 2. Before connecting the meter in the circuits check there zero setting. 3. The current, voltage are noted when values settle to a study value. 4. All joints should be tightly connected. 5. The supply is switched OFF after experiment is over. **Circuit Diagram:**  **Procedure:** 1. The circuit is made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Variac in zero voltage position, the AC supply is switched ON. 3. The applied voltage is varied using the variac & corresponding value of voltage, current and power are noted. 4. The change of the brightness of the lamp with variation of voltage is observed. 5. The reading of various voltages are tabulated till the rated voltage(210V) of the lamp is reached. **Observation Table:** **Sl. No.** **Voltage (V)** **Current (I)** **Power (W)** **Resistance (Ω) (R=V/I)** **Remarks** ------------- ----------------- ----------------- --------------- ---------------------------- ------------- **1** **30** **2** **80** **3** **120** **4** **160** **5** **190** **6** **210** **Graph plot:** 1. **Voltage vs Resistance** 2. **Voltage vs Power** **Conclusion:** **Tungsten and Carbon filament Lamps** **Objective:** To study the characteristics voltage-current, resistance- voltage & voltage-power of tungsten and carbon filament lamps. **Theory:** Resistance of any material varies with temperature. The resistance of a conductor is dependent on collision processes within the wire. The resistance is expected to increase with temperature since there will be more collisions. For the temperature range that is not too great, this variation can be represented approximately as a linear function, R~T~ = R~0~\[1+α(T-T~0~)\] The temperature co-efficient of Tungsten and Carbon are + 0.0045 & - 0.0005 respectively. **Device under test:** **Sl. No.** **Device under test** **Qty** **Type** **Range** **Make** ------------- ---------------------------- --------- ---------- ----------- ---------- 1 **Tungsten filament lamp** 2 **Carbon filament lamp** **Instruments required:** **Sl. No.** **Instruments Required** **Qty** **Type** **Range** **Make** ------------- -------------------------- --------- ---------- ----------- ---------- 1 Voltmeter 2 Ammeter 3 Wattmeter 4 Variac **Precautions:** 1. All the meters should be taken in proper range. 2. Before connecting the meter in the circuits check zero setting. 3. The current, voltage are noted when values settle to a steady value. 4. All joints should be tightly connected. 5. Supply is switched OFF after the experiment is over. **Circuit Diagram:** **Procedure:** 1. The circuit is made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. With the Tungsten lamp/ Carbon lamp in the circuit and the variac in zero voltage position, the AC supply is switched ON. 3. The applied voltage is varied using the variac & corresponding value of voltage, current and power are noted. 4. The change of the brightness of the lamp with variation of voltage is observed. 5. The reading of various voltages are tabulated till the rated voltage(210V) of the lamp is reached. 6. The steps above (2 to 5) are repeated replacing the Tungsten lamp by the Carbon lamp. **Observation Table:** **for Tungsten filament lamp** **Sl. No.** **Voltage (V)** **Current (I)** **Power (W)** **Resistance (Ω) (R=V/I)** **Remarks** ------------- ----------------- ----------------- --------------- ---------------------------- ------------- **1** **40** **2** **80** **3** **120** **4** **160** **5** **190** **6** **210** **for Carbon filament lamp** **Sl. No.** **Voltage (V)** **Current (I)** **Power (W)** **Resistance (Ω) (R=V/I)** **Remarks** ------------- ----------------- ----------------- --------------- ---------------------------- ------------- **1** **80** **2** **120** **3** **160** **4** **190** **5** **210** **Graph plot:** **For both lamps** 1. **Voltage vs Current** 2. **Voltage vs Resistance** 3. **Voltage vs Power** **Conclusion:**