Conveying Systems PDF

# Conveying Systems ## The main ways to use a conveyor in general: - Input and output to or from a machine - Moving through a machine - Bridging between machines in line - Mainline conveyance ## Major categories in conveying: - Mining - Screw & Aggregate - Gravity belt - Precision belt - Pla...

# Conveying Systems ## The main ways to use a conveyor in general: - Input and output to or from a machine - Moving through a machine - Bridging between machines in line - Mainline conveyance ## Major categories in conveying: - Mining - Screw & Aggregate - Gravity belt - Precision belt - Plastic chain - Pallet handling ## Beyond standard product movement, the uses of conveyors: - **Product manipulation capabilities**: used to rotate, divert, sort, accumulate, reject, merge, and inspect products. - **Can be equipped with a variety of motor & controller options and accessories.** - **Robotic integration** for maximized automation. ## The variety of reasons to use a conveyor: - **Product movement & Flow** - **Improved efficiencies** - **Labor savings** - **Speed & Throughput** - **Safety & Ergonomics** - **Reducing product handling** - **Food or product safety** - **Protect point of purchase appearance** - **Protect product quality** ## Conveyors are designed to move materials or products to improve efficiency and throughput. Conveyors are used in a variety of industries including: - **Material handling** - **Metal working** - **Industrial** - **Food Processing** - **Distribution** - **Cosmetics** - **Medical & Pharmaceutical** - **Plastics** - **Packaging** - **Automotive** ## Types of Conveying Systems - **Escalators** - An escalator is a moving staircase which carries people between floors of a building. It consists of a motor-driven chain of individually linked steps on a track which cycle on a pair of tracks which keep them horizontal. - Escalators are often used around the world in places where lifts would be impractical, or they can be used in conjunction with them. Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls, airports, transit systems (railway/railroad stations), convention centers, hotels, arenas, stadiums and public buildings. - Escalators have the capacity to move large numbers of people. They can be placed in the same physical space as a staircase. They have no waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic). They can be used to guide people toward main exits or special exhibits. They may be weatherproofed for outdoor use. A non-functional escalator can function as a normal staircase, whereas many other methods of transport become useless when they break down or lose power. - **Design, components, and operation** - **Operation and layout** - Escalators typically rise at an angle of about 30 degrees from the ground. They move at 0.3-0.6 metres (1-2 ft) per second (like moving walkways) and may traverse vertical distances in excess of 18 metres (60 ft). Most modern escalators have single-piece aluminum or stainless steel steps that move on a system of tracks in a continuous loop. - **Lifts** - a device incorporating a moving cable for carrying people, typically skiers, up or down a mountain. - a device (such as a handle or latch) for lifting - an apparatus or machine used for hoisting - **Ramps** - a sloping way or plane: - a sloping floor, walk, or roadway leading from one level to another - a sloping surface connecting two levels; incline. - a short concave slope or bend, as one connecting the higher and lower parts of a staircase railing at a landing. - any extensive sloping walk or passageway. - A ramp is a slope or an incline, a surface that tilts from one level to another. ... There's also the plant called a ramp, also known as wild onion or wild garlic. As a verb, to ramp means to provide with a ramp, but the more common "to ramp up" means "to increase." - **Elevators** - a platform or compartment housed in a shaft for raising and lowering people or things to different floors or levels. - **Walkways** - a passage or path for walking along, especially a raised passageway connecting different sections of a building or a wide path in a park or garden. - **Tracks** - The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which continuously pulls the steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in an endless loop. One track guides the front wheels of the steps (called the step-wheel track) and another guides the back wheels of the steps (called the trailer-wheel track). The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they move out from under the comb plate. - Along the straight section of the truss the tracks are at their maximum distance apart. This configuration forces the back of one step to be at a 90-degree angle relative to the step behind it. This right angle forces the steps into a shape resembling a staircase. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the two tracks converge so that the front and back wheels of the steps are almost in a straight line. This causes the stairs to lay in a flat sheetlike arrangement, one after another, so they can easily travel around the bend in the curved section of track. The tracks carry the steps down along the underside of the truss until they reach the bottom landing, where they pass through another curved section of track before exiting the bottom landing. At this point, the tracks separate and the steps once again assume a staircase configuration. This cycle is repeated continually as the steps are pulled from bottom to top and back to the bottom again. - **Steps** - The steps themselves are solid, one piece, die-cast aluminium or steel. Yellow demarcation lines are sometimes added to indicate their edges. In most escalator models manufactured after 1950, both the riser and the tread of each step is cleated (given a ribbed appearance) with comb-like protrusions that mesh with the comb plates on the top and bottom platforms and the succeeding steps in the chain. Seeberger escalators featured flat treads and smooth risers; other escalator models have cleated treads and smooth risers. The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a closed loop. The front and back edges of the steps each have two wheels, the rear of which are set further apart and fit into the trailer-wheel track while the front set have narrower axles and fit the step-wheel track. - **Parts**: - Drive system: - Step driving - Truss - Step - Tracks - Handrail - Balustrade - Floor plate ## Fire-protection systems are complicated and sophisticated, and are different for just about every building. - Planning for fire protection involves an integrated approach in which system designers need to analyze building components as a total package. In most cases, the analysis needs to go beyond basic code compliance and the owner's minimum legal responsibilities for providing protection. - The design process should be a holistic one for both new construction and retrofits. Building ownership and management, architects, engineers, contractors, and consultants all need to be involved in the planning and design process, and fully understand the issues and concerns of all other parties.