Chemical Bonding and Hybridization PDF

Chemical bonding and hybridization Learning outcomes Types of chemical bonding Hybridization Types of hybridization. Chemical bonding  Atoms interact in such a way that each participating atom acquires a completed outer-shell electron configuration resembling that of t...

Chemical bonding and hybridization Learning outcomes Types of chemical bonding Hybridization Types of hybridization. Chemical bonding  Atoms interact in such a way that each participating atom acquires a completed outer-shell electron configuration resembling that of the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number.  Atoms acquire completed valence shells in two ways: 1. Ionic bond 2. covalent bond ionic bond  Electron is completely transferred from one atom to another of different element forming charged particles called ions. A chemical bond formed by transferred of the electrons is called an ionic bond Ionic bond Ionic bond.. Ne 2, 8 Ar 2, 8, 8 Covalent bond  Anatom may share electrons with one or more other atoms to complete its valence shell. A chemical bond formed by sharing electrons is called a covalent bond. Covalent bond Cl + Cl Cl2 Types of covalent bond A covalent bond can be either polar or nonpolar depending on the electronectivities of the two linked atoms.  Largerdifference in electronectivity of the bonded atoms more polar is bond Coordinate bond  There is yet another way to bond formation , in this case the bonding electrons are provided by one of the two atoms and then shared jointly, this type of bond is called coordinate bond Hybridization Hybridization of orbitals  The Problem:  bonding by 2s and 2p atomic orbitals would give bond angles of approximately 90°  insteadwe observe bond angles of approximately 109.5°, 120°, and 180°  A Solution:  hybridization of atomic orbitals Shapes of 1s and 2s Orbitals Shapes of a Set of 2p Atomic Orbitals Hybridization of orbitals The combination of two or more atomic orbitals forms a new set of atomic orbitals, called hybrid orbitals, a process called hybridization. Types of hybrid orbitals 1. sp3 (one s orbital + three p orbitals) 2. sp2 (one s orbital + two p orbitals) 3. sp (one s orbital + one p orbital) Formation of chemical bond  Overlap of hybrid orbitals can form two types of bonds depending on the geometry of overlap:   bonds are formed by “direct” overlap   bonds are formed by “parallel” overlap sp3  Hybridization of C in CH4  Atomic C : 1s2 2s2 2p2 (2,4) Energy 2P 2P Mi x sp3 2S 2S Ground state Excited state Hybrid orbitals Sp3 orbital sp3 Hybrid Orbitals Shape : tetrahedral sp2  Hybridization of C in CH2 CH2  Atomic C : 1s2 2s2 2p2 (2,4) Energy 2P 2P 2P Mi x sp2 2S 2S Ground state Excited state Hybrid orbitals Sp2 orbital Bonding in Ethylene Bonding in Formaldehyde sp  Hybridization of C in CH CH  Atomic C : 1s2 2s2 2p2 (2,4) Energy 2P 2P 2P Mi x sp 2S 2S Ground state Excited stateHybrid orbitals Sp orbital Bonding in Acetylene, C2H2 Reference  Organic Chemistry SIXTH EDITION, William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric V. Anslyn and Bruce M. Novak.  Introduction to organic chemistry and biochemistry.  Internet.