Upper Limb Anatomy PDF

UPPER LIMB By: Dr. Rana Aldahlawi BONES OF UPPER LIMB The bones of the upper limbs or extremities are divided into the following main groups: Shoulder girdle Arm Forearm Hand 01 Shoulder Girdle SCAPULA Lateral border Medial...

UPPER LIMB By: Dr. Rana Aldahlawi BONES OF UPPER LIMB The bones of the upper limbs or extremities are divided into the following main groups: Shoulder girdle Arm Forearm Hand 01 Shoulder Girdle SCAPULA Lateral border Medial border Posterior view Anterior view SCAPULA LATERAL  Shoulder Joint The glenohumeral The acromio- joint (shoulder) clavicular joint Articulation between the Articulation between the lateral humeral head and the Glenoid end of the clavicle (higher) and fossa of the scapula the Acromion process of the The glenohumeral joint is a ball- scapula and-socket joint that allows for The clavicle carries the the arm to move in a circular scapula with it through any rotation as well as movement of movement, so fracture of the the arm towards and away from clavicle lead to shoulder drop the body ACROMIO-CALVICULAR (AC) JOINT CLAVICLE STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE SHOULDER 02 Upper limbs  Upper limbs Each upper limb (arm) = 30 bones Humerus within the arm (1) Ulna & Radius within the forearm (2) Carpal bones within the wrist (8) Metacarpal bones within the palm (5) Phalanges in the fingers (14) Joints Shoulder, elbow, wrist Radioulnar Joints Intercarpal Joints Carpometacarpal Joints Metacarpophalangeal Joints Interphalangeal Joints Humerus Proximal HUMERUS The arm has one bone called Just below the head is the narrow, The lesser tubercle is situated on the humerus, which consists of constricted anatomic neck the anterior surface of the bone a body and two articular ends immediately below the anatomic neck The greater tubercle is located on the The proximal end of the The constriction of the body just lateral surface of the bone just below humerus contains below the tubercles is called the anatomic neck and is separated the head, which is large, the surgical neck, which is the from the lesser tubercle by a deep smooth, and rounded site of many fractures depression called the intertubercular groove Humerus Head of the humerus Rounded capitulum articulate with the articulates with radius glenoid fossa of the Trochlea articulates with scapula to form shoulder ulna joint above anatomical neck Olecranon fossa holds Olecranon process of ulna when straightening the arm Muscles attach to greater & lesser tubercles and deltoid Forearm muscles attach tuberosity to medial & lateral epicondyle  Distal HUMERUS The relatively small radial The distal humerus is broad and The medial and lateral fossa, which receives the radial flattened and presents numerous epicondyles are superior to the head when the elbow is flexed, is processes and depressions condyle and easily palpated located lateral to the coronoid fossa and proximal to the capitellum The entire distal end of the humerus is called the humeral On the anterior surface superior The olecranon fossa is a deep condyle and includes two smooth to the trochlea, a shallow depression found immediately behind elevations for articulation with the depression called the coronoid the coronoid fossa on the posterior bones of the forearm: fossa receives the coronoid surface and accommodates the the trochlea on the medial process when the elbow is flexed olecranon process when the elbow is the capitellum on the lateral side extended ELBOW  Forearm The radius is located on The forearm contains Similar to other long the lateral side of the two bones that lie bones, they have a forearm, and the ulna is parallel to each other— body and two located on the medial the radius and ulna articular extremities side RADIUS and ULNA ULNA The proximal process, or olecranon The body of the ulna is process, concaves anteriorly The distal end of the ulna long and slender and slightly inferiorly and forms includes a rounded process the proximal portion of on its lateral side called inferiorly the trochlear notch the head and a narrower conic projection on the posteromedial side called The upper portion of the The more distal coronoid the ulnar styloid process. An ulna is large and presents process projects anteriorly articular disk separates the two beaklike processes from the anterior surface of the head of the ulna from the and concave depressions body and curves slightly wrist joint superiorly. The process is triangular and forms the lower portion of the trochlear notch. A depression called the radial notch is located on the lateral aspect of the coronoid process  Ulna and Radius (Forearm) Proximal Radioulnar Distal Radioulnar Formed by Radial head and radial notch of the ulna Formed by distal end of Radial (Allows Pronation/ supination) and ulnar (slight movements) In pronation the radius turns medially and cross the ulna at its upper third DISTAL RADIUS ULNA Hand The hand consists of 27 bones, which are subdivided into the following groups: Carpals: Metacarpals: Phalanges: Bones of the Bones of the Bones of the wrist palm digits (fingers and thumb) HAND BONES WRIST The wrist has eight carpal bones, which The proximal row of carpals, which is are fitted closely together and arranged nearest to the forearm, contains the in two horizontal rows scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform The carpals are classified as short bones and are composed largely of The distal row includes the cancellous tissue with an outer layer trapezium, trapezoid, Capitate, of compact bony tissue and hamate WRIST CARPAL BONES IN HANDS CARPALS proximal Beginning at the proximal row of Triquetrum is roughly pyramidal and carpals on the lateral side, articulates anteriorly with the hamate the scaphoid, the largest bone in the proximal carpal row, near the base of the thumb, shaped like a boat Pisiform is a pea-shaped bone Lunate articulates with the radius situated anterior to the proximally and is easy to recognize triquetrum and is easily palpated because of its crescent shape CARPALS distal Trapezium sits between the scaphoid Capitate is the largest carpal bone and the base of the first metacarpal located at the center of the wrist bone Hamate, named form the Latin Trapezoid is the smallest carpal bone word hamulus, which means “a and is located between the trapezium little hook”. Found in the medial and the capitate side of the wrist. It articulates with the 4th and 5th metacarpals  METACARPALS Five metacarpals, The area below the head A single sesamoid is which are cylindrical in is the neck where often seen at this same shape and form the palm fractures often occur level on the second of the hand metacarpal They are long bones The first metacarpal The metacarpals are also consisting of a body and two contains two numbered 1 to 5, articular ends small sesamoid bones on beginning from the the head distally and its palmar aspect below lateral side of the hand the base proximally the neck SESAMOID BONES IN HAND DIGITS The five digits are described by numbers and names; description by number is the more correct practice. Beginning at the lateral, the numbers and names are as follows: 01 02 03 First digit Second digit Third digit (thumb) (index finger) (middle finger) 04 05 Fourth digit (ring Fifth digit finger) (small finger) PHALYNX Each phalanx has a head, body, and base The other digits have three The digits contain phalanges—the proximal, 14 phalanges (phalanx, sing middle, and distal ular), which are long bones that consist of a cylindrical body and articular ends The proximal phalanges are the closest to the palm, and the distal phalanges are the farthest from the palm The first digit has two phalanges— the proximal and distal Thank you any questions?