Bluetooth Reviewer PDF

DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY Mid La Union Campus COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BLUETOOTH Bluetooth is a wireless technology designed fo...

DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY Mid La Union Campus COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BLUETOOTH Bluetooth is a wireless technology designed for short-range communication between devices. It was invented by Dr. Jaap Haartsen and his team at Ericsson in the 1990s. "Bluetooth" comes from a 10th-century Danish king, Harald Bluetooth. I. History 1800s: Origins of Radio – Principles of radio waves laid the groundwork for Bluetooth technology. 1994: The Invention of Bluetooth – Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was formed during this time, uniting major tech companies to establish Bluetooth as a standard and protect its protocols. 1996: Deciding on the Name- Harald Gormsson’s rotting front tooth that had a bluish hue. The Bluetooth logo incorporates the Nordic initials “H” and “B,” representing Harald Bluetooth. II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND A Crowded Spectrum Bluetooth, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi share the 2.4 GHz frequency band. To coexist, they employ different techniques Bluetooth: Uses frequency hopping to minimize interference, ideal for short-range devices like headphones and keyboards. ZigBee: Low-power, low-data-rate protocol, perfect for smart home devices and sensor networks. Wi-Fi: High-speed, high-power technology for internet connectivity and streaming. II. Versions of Bluetooth Version Range Main Development 1.0 (1999) 10 m Provided the first Bluetooth specifications. 1.1 (2001) 10 m Improved encryption, device discoverability and pairing. 1.2 (2003) 10 m Added Synchronous Connections (eSCO) and Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH) 2.0 (2004) 30 m Increased transfer rate with Enhanced Data Ratre (EDR). 2.1 (2007) 30 m Added Simple Secure Pairing (SPP) and Near Field Communication (NFC) support. 3.0 (2009) 30 m Use Wi-Fi for faster data transfer also called as High-Speed Bluetooth (HSB) 4.0 (2010) 60 m Introduced Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), enabling low-power devices and making Bluetooth viable for IoT applications. 4.1 (2013) 60 m Improved co-existence with LTE networks and enabled devices to operate as both central and peripheral roles, improving versatility in device connections. 4.2 (2014) 60 m Added Internet Protocol Support Profile (IPSP), improves loT AND iPv6 connectivity 5.0 (2016) 240 m Doubled the range, quadrupled speed in BLE, and expanded data capacity to support more advanced IoT and smart home devices. 5.1 (2016) 240 m Added direction-finding features, improving location accuracy for indoor navigation and asset tracking. 5.2 (2019) 240 m Introduced LE Audio, which provided higher-quality audio with lower power consumption, and added support for multiple streams for hearing aids. 5.3 (2021) 240 m Improved energy efficiency, enhanced connection reliability, and introduced features for smoother coexistence with Wi-Fi. 5.4 (2023 240 m Added support for Electronic Shelf Labels (ESL), enabling massive IoT deployments with enhanced scalability and reduced interference. IV. Device Inquiry and Pairing One device must run an inquiry to try to discover other device. Paging is the process of forming a connection between two Bluetooth devices. After a device has completed the paging process, it enters the connection state. Inquiry → Paging → Connection Power Class Class Number Max Output Power Max Output Power Max Range (dBm) (mW) Class 1 20 dBm 100 mW 100 m Class 2 4 dBm 2.5 mW 10m Class 3 0 dBm 1mW 10 cm FRIIS Transmission Equation In Bluetooth, this equation provides a way to estimate distance between two devices. GROUP 1| 3B Page 1  Where; PR - Power received by the receiving antenna (dBm) PT - Power transmitted by the transmitting antenna (dBm) GR - Gain of the transmitting antenna (dBi) GT - Gain of the receiving antenna (dBi) R - Distance between the antennas (meters) λ - Wavelength of the signal (meters) What Determines Bluetooth Range? Radion Spectrum- the lower the frequency the longer the range but lower the data rate it can support. PHY- physical layer, a wireless technology defines the modulation scheme. Receiver Sensitivity- measure of the minimum signal strength a receiver can interpret. Transmmit Power- the higher the transmit power, the more likely the signal can be heard at longer distances. Antenna Gain- it’s location, package size, and design can greatly impact how effective the signal is transmitted and received. Path Loss- reduction in signal strength that occurs as a radio wave propagates through the air. Practical Operations and Applications MOBILE DEVICES: Data Transfer and Tethering AUDIO DEVICES: Headphones and Earbuds, Speakers WEARABLE DEVICES: Fitness Trackers, Smartwatches HOME AUTOMATION: Smart Home Devices AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS: Hands-Free Calling and Navigation, Audio Streaming HEALTHCARE: Medical Devices GAMING: Controllers III. STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) Frequency: Operates in the regulated 2.4 GHz band to reduce interference. Technical Standards: Must comply with IEEE 802.15.1 for safety and reliability. Approval and Testing: Devices require NTC approval and compliance testing for safe distribution. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.1: Bluetooth standard for short-range, 2.4 GHz communication. 802.15.2: Solutions for coexistence between Bluetooth and WLAN. 802.15.3 & 802.15.4: Standards for high- and low-rate wireless networks. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Compatibility and Quality (ISO/IEC 29119): Framework for Bluetooth software testing. Security for IoT (ISO/IEC 27001 & 27002): Standards for secure Bluetooth connections. Medical Device Safety (ISO 13485): Ensures safety in Bluetooth-enabled medical devices. Tracking Systems (ISO/IEC 24730): Standards for Bluetooth real-time locating systems. Environmental Management (ISO 14001): Promotes sustainable practices in device production. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Power Limits: Regulates Bluetooth devices in the 2.4 GHz band to avoid interference. Security Tips: Turn off Bluetooth when not in use, unpair from public devices, and use “hidden” mode. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Safety Standards (IEC 62368): Covers safety for audio, video, and IT equipment. Electromagnetic Compatibility (IEC 61000 Series): Addresses interference prevention in electronic environments. Industrial Networks (IEC 61158): Specifications for Bluetooth in industrial communications. Electromagnetic Emissions (IEC TR 61967): Guidelines for emission testing. Laser Safety (IEC 60825): Relevant for Bluetooth devices with laser communication. IV. CHALLENGES Range Limitations Security Risks Interference Device Compatibility Pairing Issues Battery Consumption Data Transfer Limited Profiles Speeds V. FUTURE TRENDS 1.Enhanced Audio Experiences 3. Improved Security and Privacy LE Audio Stronger Encryption Auracast Secure Pairing 2.Expanded IoT Applications 4. Increased Range and Reliability Smart Home Integration Mesh Networking Industrial IoT Power Efficiency GROUP 1| 3B Page 2