Family, Marriage & Kinship PDF

Tracing Kinship Ties and Social Networks FAMILY FAMILY – simply defined as the smallest unit of the society. Ferraro and Andreatta (2010) defined family as “Social and economic unit that consists of one or more parents and their children.” According to Ingiabuna and Obaro (2009) famil...

Tracing Kinship Ties and Social Networks FAMILY FAMILY – simply defined as the smallest unit of the society. Ferraro and Andreatta (2010) defined family as “Social and economic unit that consists of one or more parents and their children.” According to Ingiabuna and Obaro (2009) families are categorized based on the number and generations of people involved in the family groups and the leadership or power/authority holders in the group. 1. Nuclear family – refers to a couple along with any dependent, unmarried children who share a residence and form a social unit. In other words, it is made up of a husband, wife, and dependent children living together in a single dwelling. 2. One or Single Parent Family – this consists of one parent and his or her children. One parent families may be formed through widowhood, divorce, or separation. They may also be formed when an unmarried person, usually a woman, raises children on her own. 3. Extended Family – units larger than the nuclear family are usually known as the extended families; they are extended nuclear units 4. Blended families – this is a family made up of a couple and children either or both raised in an earlier marriage, and children they raised together. 5. Compound Family – this form of family organization can be seen as an overlapping set of nuclear families, each with the same man as family head. A unit consisting of three or more spouses and their children; it may be produced in monogamous societies by a second marriage giving rise to step-relationships. Affinity- in law and in cultural anthropology, affinity is the kinship relationship created or that exists between two people as a result of someone's marriage. Consanguinity – relationship by blood; kinship.  AnIndividual is the starting point from which all degrees of relationship are calculated.  Under the Degrees of Consanguinity, where Spouse is indicated, the relationship of the spouse is in the same degree as that of the person related by consanguinity, but the spouse is related only by affinity. Consanguinity  First degree – Father or Mother, Son or Daughter  Second degree – Grandparents, Grandchildren & Spouse, Uncle or Aunt & Spouse, First Cousin (& Spouse), Nephew or Niece (& Spouse), Brother and Sister (& Spouse)  Third degree – Great Grandparents, Great Grandchildren (& Spouse), Great Uncle or Aunt (& Spouse), Children of Great Uncle or Aunt (&Spouse), Second Cousin & Spouse, Children of first Cousin (& Spouse), Grand Nephew or Niece (& Spouse) Affinity  First degree – Husband and Wife, Father or Mother, Son or Daughter  Second degree – Grandparents, Grandchildren, Uncle or Aunt, First Cousin, Nephew or Niece, Brother or Sister  Third degree – Great Grandparents, Great Grandchildren, Great Uncle or Aunt, Children of Great Uncle or Aunt, Second Cousin, Children of first Cousin, Grand Nephew or Niece What is the meaning of family to Filipinos? ○Filipinos are often described as family-oriented (Lanuza and Raymundo, 2016). ○Families teach or socialize children’s practice of Filipino values such as filial piety (respect, obedience, caring for one’s parents and elderly members) and utang-na-loob (“debt of gratitude” commonly associated with the kind of care and support that individuals—particularly children—give to their parents or guardians as an obligation for effort in raising them). ○The Filipino individual’s family-centeredness provides a basic sense of belongingness, stability, and security. Most Filipinos draw their sense of self-identity from their families as well (Lanuza and Raymundo, 2016). Socialization in the Family  Infants born into families are totally dependent on the care of others. Family members, especially parents, provide a safe environment and protection to an infant or child as they grow up. Family members also consciously or unconsciously teach the child ideas, values, beliefs, and norms (in the process called enculturation). The role of family in socialization Development of language, skills, hobbies and interests, attitudes and behavior, personality, and character; Transmission of culture (religious, social, political, gender norms); Development of sense of belongingness; and Primary relationships responsible for learning and enculturation. Socialization and the Life Course:  Formost of us, the family is present in all stages of our lives: Childhood → Adolescence → Adulthood → Old Age → Death Influence of the Family on the Child’s Personality A family’s social position, including race and social class, shapes a child’s personality (Macionis, 2017) Marriage  The beginning of a legitimate family is marked by a socially and culturally acceptable legal union called marriage.  Itis a union between man and woman such that children born to the woman are recognized as legitimate offspring of both parents. However, Okodudu(2010) asserts that the idea of marriage has changed in recent times. Marriage  In much of the Western European countries, marriage has been conceptualized as a union between two consenting adults irrespective of their sexes with or without approval from their parents or family: hence, same sex marriages are being contracted today without the possibility of having children, except that it is a relationship between two consenting adults that has been recognized by law. Marriage  TheFamily Code of the Philippines (Executive Order 209 s. July 6, 1987) defines marriage as a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life. Forms of mate selection  In selecting a marriage partner, certain social dimensions are considered: a. Endogamy: This is a marriage practice of selecting mates only from within one’s own social group, especially from one’s own ethnic group. b. Exogamy: This is mate selection outside one’s social group or ethnic group. c. Homogamy: Mate selection based on similar characteristics between couple such as educational, religious, and race affiliation. Types of Marriages  1.Monogamy: This is a form of marriage between one man and a woman. This implies that a man can have only one wife.  Should any reason arise for the man to marry another wife, the first marriage must be dissolved through divorce or death of a spouse. Types of Marriages  2. Polygamy is a form of marriage in which a person has more than one mate.  Polygamy has two-subdivisions: a. Polygyny – which has to do a man having more than one wife. Most traditional Nigerian societies practice this kind of marriage or the Muslim community. b. Polyandry –which involves a woman having more than one husband. This practice was dominant in parts of India and Tibet. Types of Marriages  3.Levirate Marriage: This is a type of marriage where a widow is expected to marry her late husband’s brother. The brother is then expected to extend all support to her as if she was his in the first place.  Theterm levirate refers to the legal case in Deuteronomy 25:5–10, where the brother-in-law lived in an undivided inheritance with the deceased husband of the widow.  4. Sororate and Sororal Polygyny: Sororate marriage is culturally opposite to levirate marriage. According to Gluckman (1975), in sororate, the sister of the dead wife is culturally required to marry the late sister’s husband. Kinship  Isthe bond of  Refersto the “web of social people created relationships” that humans through blood or form as part of a family, marriage. which is the smallest unit of the society. Kinship chart  isa diagram that shows the history of one’s family.  It shows relations using symbols that indicate marriages, children, siblings, descents, and even deceased relatives. Four principles of Kinship  a. Blood or consanguinity – connected by blood relationship  b. Marriage or affinity – person who are related to each other because of marriage, such as parents-in-law, brother-in-law, and the like.  c. Adoption – relationship ensued from the process assuming the parenting of a child, transferring permanently at the rights and responsibilities of the biological parents to the adopting parents.  d.Ritual or fiction- not related by blood or marriage. Examples: Godfather, a very close friend, etc.,  Descent systems  Descent group which is closely related to kinship are kin groups who are lineal descendants of a common ancestor.  Descent groups may be lineages or clan who traces genealogy to one or apical ancestor (a common ancestor from whom a lineage or clan may trace its descent) who stands at the apex of the common genealogy. (Kottak 2004)  EGO – the person to whom all kinship relationships are referred. Two Categories of Descent systems  1. Unilinieal Descent – a lineage of relationship is traced only with single line of ancestors either through the father/mother. 2 types: a. Matrilineal Descent System – this descent system also known as “Matriclan” individuals trace their genealogy through their mother’s ancestry. b. Patrilineal Descent System – known as “Patriclan” people automatically have a lifetime membership in the father’s group.  Anindividual traces his or her genealogy through male ancestry (i.e. from father, to grandfather, to the great grandfather, to great great-grandfather and then to other very great ancestors.)  2.Cognate descent system – where an individual traces his/her descent from more than one ancestor. Types of Unilineal Descent Groups  1. Lineage – A unilineal kinship group descended from one (1) common ancestor or founder who lived four (4) to six (6) generations ago, and in which relationships among members can be stated genealogically.  2. Clan – An extended unilineal kinship group, often consisting of several lineages, whose members claim common descent from a common ancestor.  Marital Residence Pattern  Patterns of residence among newly married couple are very important in perpetuating the structure of the particular group’s descent system. Different marital residence patterns are adopted by different societies and communities depending on the needs and social organization of such societies.  1. Patrilocal Residence: In this form of marital residence, married couples are required to live in or near the husband’s family or lineage. 2. Matrilocal: This is a residence system where married couples are expected to live with or near the wife’s family. 3. Bilocal Residence: In this kind of residence, couples can reside either with the man’s relatives or the wife’s relatives. 4. Neolocal Residence: This is a system of residence where married couples leave home for an independent residence after marriage.