2nd Periodical Exam - Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Reviewer PDF

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS PROVINCE BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRAT...

Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS PROVINCE BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL 2nd Periodical Examination in Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Reviewer MODULE 1 – HUMAN FREEDOM Act or course of action to which a person is morally or legally bound. Human Freedom - social concept that recognizes the Responsibility - Something that you are expected to do dignity of individuals and is defined here as negative State/fact of having a duty to deal with liberty or the absence of coercive constraints. something or of having control over someone. Making choices with regards to determining what is the right thing to do in situations and “I believe that every right implies a responsibility, circumstances in his own life. every opportunity, an obligation; every possession a duty.” - John D. Rockefeller, Jr. THE EXISTENTIALIST VIEW OF HUMAN FREEDOM 1. Man is free because God gives him that freedom - freedom of choice THREE KINDS OF FREEDOM 2. Freedom as such is good, but sometimes it is 1. Freedom from physical constraints- bad manifested by beast, infants and intellectual 3. There is no absolute freedom since freedom is disability God’s gift to men’s humanity. 2. Freedom as one pleases- exercised by ruffians 4. Man is free to do anything he wants to do but he (violent), anarchist (lawless) and immature is not free from consequences of his actions. individuals 3. Authentic freedom- an attunement with what is Rational Choice Theory - states the use of divinely required rational calculations to make rational choices. Natural Law - human being possesses intrinsic HUMAN ACTION VS ACTS OF MAN values that govern their reasoning and behavior. ❖ Human Acts - Actions which performs knowingly, freely and voluntarily that can be positive or negative. REMEMBER THAT: Ex: Explaining one’s point of view “Nobody should decide on the kind of life we Listening want to live. It is up to us to decide on it, for we’re Using pedestrian lane in crossing the only one responsible for our own actions” ❖ Acts Of Man - Actions beyond one’s consciousness Done without knowledge CONSEQUENCES Instinctive Consequences - A result/effect of an action or Not within the control of the will condition Involuntary, unintentional Ex: Blood Circulation Sleeping HUMAN FREEDOM AND OBLIGATION Breathing Freedom and obligation are two indispensable conditions for morality to occur. REMEMBER THAT: “The real freedom of any individual can always be measured by the amount of responsibility which he must assume for his own welfare and security.” OBLIGATION VS RESPONSIBILITY Obligation - something you must do because of legal requirement Something that you have to do 1  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS PROVINCE BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL DIFFERENCE AND SIMILARITY OF HUMAN ACT AND INTELLECTUAL CHOICE VS PRACTICAL CHOICE ACTS OF MAN Choices - act of selecting or making a decision when faced with two or more possibilities. Ex: The choice between good and evil 1. Intellectual Choice - selected based on moral standpoint. 2. Practical Choice - borne out of psychological and emotional considerations. “We are our choices.” - J.P. Sartre “Deciding Not to Decide Is a Decision at Its Own.” - Kagiso Moses "In the long run, we shape our lives, and we shape ourselves. The process never ends until we die. And the choices we make are ultimately our own responsibility. - Eleanor Roosevelt MODULE 2 – INTERSUBJECTIVITY ETYMOLOGY OF INTERSUBJECTIVITY Inter - among and between ARISTOTLE’S DISTINCTION OF VOLUNTARY AND Subject - conscious being INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS 1. Voluntary Actions - acts originating from individual performing the act using knowledge DEFINITION OF INTERSUBJECTIVITY about the situations of the act. Intersubjectivity - Sharing of subjective states by two or more individuals CLASSIFICATION OF VOLUNTARY ACTIONS concept that each person is influenced by his 1. Voluntary - actions are performed from will and or her family, friends, acquaintances, and reason culture 2. Related To Compulsion - mixed of voluntary and involuntary action. Voluntary if desire/choice has been performed and REMEMBER THAT WE INTERSUBJECTIVE involuntary if considered preferences or SHARES: alternative. 1. Values 2. Meaning 2. Involuntary Actions - acts under force or 3. Culture coercion and ignorance where doer failed to 4. Relationships understand the effect and feels sorry on result. IN PHILOSOPHY, PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION OF INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS AND ANTHROPOLOGY, INTERSUBJECTIVITY: 1. Under Compulsion - Circumstance beyond the is the relation or intersection between control of agent and contributes none to the people's cognitive perspectives. action. The process and product of sharing Ex: A person was kidnapped, hence impossible experiences, knowledge, understandings, to resist and expectations with others 2. Through Ignorance of Particular Co- existence or being with Circumstances - act originates in agent and It exists where human exist understands the circumstances in which he acts, his acts is voluntary and he is responsible for his consequences WHAT PHILOSOPHERS SAYS ABOUT Ex: A man steals, and ignorant of the law and INTERSUBJECTIVITY arrow or gun by mistake. 1. Confucius (551-479 B.C.E) - One of the human ideas of Confucianism is REN or human heartedness. 2  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS PROVINCE BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL CONFUCIUS AND INTERSUBJECTIVITY WHO WE ARE DETERMINES WHAT WE DO ✓ stresses order and harmony in the world 1. Our ways of thinking and attitude are part of ✓ Aims can be achieved through practical, our talents and abilities i.e, what we do to concrete, particular, perceptual ways ourselves and to others. ✓ Intersubjectivity is practical humanism in 2. The way we view people is determined nature (love the other through actions not by who we are, our personality and character. through thoughts Whatever subjectivity we are going to talk about 2. Martin Buber - Jewish philosopher who is going to be in an intersubjectivity of human beings introduced the I-Thou and I-It relationships to that have a certain nature and have a certain needs embody his philosophy of intersubjectivity. to be met and have to figure out how exactly to do that. - William G. Kline MARTIN BUBER AND INTERSUBJECTIVITY ✓ We have to treat another person as a subject MODULE 3 – HUMAN PERSON AND SOCIETY ✓ They have their own mind and free will, i.e. we have to respect others and ourselves Society - is a group of people living together in a ✓ I Thou - most meaningful relationship in the definite territory, having a sense of belongingness, and realm of humanity mutually independent of each other follow a certain way of life. 3. Karol Wojtyla - known as St. John Paul II Human reality is also being with others i.e. our ETYMOLOGY OF SOCIETY (Latin) actions is directed towards others. A form of Societas - from socius which means action known as “Participation” companion/associate. Human action is foundation of our being SOCIETY REFERS TO… KAROL WOJTYLA AND THE THEORY OF 1. all people, collectively regarded as constituting PARTICIPATION a community of related interdependent ✓ Man’s capacity to share himself to other individuals living in definite place following a ✓ Man acts and exist with others certain mode of life. ✓ He is member of the community of persons- community of “I-You” or We” ✓ His experience with others gives him meaning REMEMBER THAT SOCIETY/IN SOCIETY… and allows him to create meaning with others 1. Human person develops his potential in mutual exchange and service of others. 2. Must have hierarchy of values, subordinating ACCEPTING DIFFERENCES AMONG OTHERS the physical dimensions to the spiritual aspects. A human being becomes whole not in virtue of a relation 3. Man - an “heir” to society, and must be loyal to to himself (only) but rather in virtue of an authentic community and authority relation to another human being(s). 4. Must appeal to man’s inner conversion to - Martin Buber obtain needed social changes WHO WE ARE DETERMINES HOW WE VIEW OTHERS SOCIETY AND AUTHORITY 1. What people see is influenced by who they are. ✓ Authority means the power to make laws, give 2. Due to experiences, we look at a person order and expect obedience. differently from rest. ✓ Foundations for authority lie in human nature itself because the state is necessary for unity and WHO WE ARE DETERMINES HOW WE VIEW LIFE common good 1. We all have personal frame of references that ✓ Authority comes from God, but the choice of consist of our attitudes, assumptions and political structures and leaders come from the expectations concerning ourselves, other people “free decisions of citizen” and life. ✓ Authority acts legitimately when it seeks 2. No one can make you feel inferior without your common good and uses moral means. consent – Eleanor Roosevelt 3  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS PROVINCE BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL TYPES OF SOCIETY Replacement of practical knowledge to 1. PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY theoretical knowledge. Tribal Society - “primitive or preliterate CHARACTERISTICS OF POST- society” INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY Tribe - a group of peoples living in a Focusing on theoretical and ethical primitive setting under a leader or implications of new technologies chief. A political unit in a certain territory. Development of recent scientific CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIBAL SOCIETY disciplines Small in scales Emphasis on university and polytechnic Bound to their spatial and temporal institutes which produce graduates who range of relations in terms of society, innovate and lead the new law, and politics technologies Possess a moral code, cult, and wide Changing of value and norms which range of belief system reflects the influences on the society Languages are unwritten which provide narrow extent of communication Show self-sustaining structure DIGITAL SOCIETY AND THE INFORMATION AGE Unity and coherence exist in tribal 1. Information Society - has a vital role to values circulation and control of made-up ideas that Feudal Society affects political, economic, social, and cultural Feudalism - economic, political, and aspects social system that prevailed in Europe 2. Digital citizenship - person who is from about the 19th & 15th century. knowledgeable and responsible to effectively use CHARACTERISTICS OF FEUDAL different social platforms on the internet SOCIETY Vassals - lesser nobles granted land and provided protection by kings and WHAT DOES THIS ALL MEAN IN THE DIGITAL AGE? Lords due to the lack of effective ✓ Digital Citizen - requires active participation centralized government. online, not just access and use Peasants – “serfs” were bound to land ✓ If we constitute ourselves as digital citizen, we and subject to the will of their lords. have become subjects of power in cyberspace Medieval world - known for traditional ✓ People seem to be manipulating personalities as land economy and military service they exhibit different behaviors in different and an urban society. Lead to feudal- worlds based social class system trade and ✓ People in the modern technological society commerce based on money or capital. ultimately make no real commitment Merchants, artisans, customers formed the core of society THE DISEMBODIED SUBJECT Manufacture - most important business. 2. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY - Uses advance Dissatisfaction and frustration of the human technology to drive a massive production person with bodily limitations drive person to industry that will support a large population prefer disembodied human relation 3. PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY - Mark by progress People are slowly putting aside their bodies in from a manufacturing-based to a service- relating with others because the technological based economy society offers alternative which apparently Most evident in countries and regions resolves human of an embodied subject that were among the first to experience The kind of human interaction which was still industrial revolution such as U.S, present just two decades ago is obviously Western Europe and Japan. altered now Daniel Bell - American sociologist first Interacting with actual embodied subjects’ fact- coined the term post-industrial in 1973 to- face is becoming more and more difficult Shift from production of goods to today production of services Practice of selfie - another move towards Replacement of manual laborers to disembodied human relations technical and professional workers – Invention of monopod aggravates the condition computer engineers, doctors, and bankers as the direct production of goods is moved elsewhere. 4  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS PROVINCE BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL MODULE 4 – HUMAN PERSON AND DEATH THESE CLINICAL CRITERIA INCLUDE: ✓ Lack of heartbeat and breathing Biogenesis - Law that pertains that life comes ✓ Lack of central nervous system functions from life. ✓ Presence of rigor mortis indicating that body tissues and organs are no longer functioning Death - time when something ends or the (cellular death) permanent end of all life functions. STAGES OF DEATH AND DYING PHENOMENOLOGICAL NOTION OF DEATH 1. Death is certain World is governed by time. We have beginning & end – death. Birth and death are two things we cannot remove from our existence. Whether we like or not, we will die. 2. Death is indefinite Indefinite as to when it will come. Death is impending, it can happen anytime. We do not know exactly when. EVALUATION OF THE STAGE OF DYING We should try to live the best life that These five stages are not all encompassing or we can for we never know the day of our prescriptive. Not everyone will reach these end stages; perhaps only few will reach acceptance. 3. Death is one’s property A patient may demonstrate aspects of all five Death of the person belongs to him stages in one interview or may fluctuate between Nobody can experience his death stages. except himself Moreover, patients may exhibit other coping No proxies or substitutes for a person methods – such as error, humor, or compassion experiencing death. – to offset each stage. 4. Death is non-relational When we die, we die alone No choice but to face it on our own IMMINENT DEATH; SYMPTOMS AND CONCERNS We realize our own individuality and Predicting the exact time of death is usually independence from the world hard. The last hour or days of dying process can 5. Death is not to be outstripped be the most difficult for the patient, family, and Cannot be taken away from a person physician. One cannot make himself live forever Fortunately for a vast majority of patients, the Death in real life is a definite reality last hours or days are spent in comatose state, which appear to comfortable death. DEATH AND AUTHENTICITY Authenticity- one of the important messages of death. CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF SUFFERING OF Authentic Life - as we accept death, we should A DYING PATIENT realize the value of having a true life. 1. Physical Symptoms - symptoms include pain, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, problems with urination, difficulty in swallowing, shortness of CLINICAL DETERMINANTS OF DEATH breath, weakness, dry mouth, change in taste Clinical Determinants of Death - measures of bodily and fever. functions and often judged by a physician, who can sign a 2. Psychological & Existential Symptoms - can legal document - medical death certificate. also a source of sufferings since it can be experienced in an unpleasant, can occur on a frequent and chronic basis, and can be perceived as uncontrollable. May show restlessness, irritability, dysphoric mood, anhedonia, disorientation, memory impairments and disturbance of consciousness. 5  Republic of the Philippines Department of Education REGION IV-A CALABARZON SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS PROVINCE BAUAN TECHNICAL INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL NDE “Near Death Experience” - altered state of References: consciousness usually occurring after traumatic injury Rosalina C. Barte, Q2M1-FREEDOM-AND- and almost invariably involve risk of life RESPONSIBILITY.pptx, 2023 An episode split – off from the patient’s usual life and marked by unusual dream like events Rosalina C. Barte, Q2M2-INTERSUBJECTIVITY.pptx, 2023 Death Agony - Often there are characteristic sign when Rosalina C. Barte, Q2M3-HUMAN-PERSON-AND death is near. Changes in respirations may occur. Slow SOCIETY.pptx, 2023 and fast respirations of long periods without a breath are common in the dying person. Rosalina C. Barte, Q2M4-HUMAN-PERSON-AND Moaning may occur with breaths but does not DEATH.pptx, 2023 mean the person is in pain. Secretions in the throat or the relaxing of the throat muscles can lead to noisy breathing sometimes called the death rattle. Consciousness may decrease Mental confusion or decreased alertness may occur just prior to death. Limbs may become cool and perhaps bluish, mottled and blotchy. Change occurs due to a decrease in oxygen Body circulation slows down. ACCEPTING THE DEATH OF A LOVED ONE 1. When a loved one dies, the family will experience grief 2. Grief is part of life that will pass as we come to accept the death of a loved one 3. It will pass as we come to realize that life must go on or we must move on. Death is not the greatest loss in life. The greatest loss is what dies inside us while we live. - Norman Cousins Prepared by: MARCUS JAHRED A. CARAIG Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Teachers: ROSALINA C. BARTE LAURO A. AGENA JR. CRISTINA G. TEJERO GLADYS B. MANALON VANESSA D. JUSI FRANCIS JOSEPH A. DEL ESPIRITU SANTO RECHELLE M. VELASCO 6