21st Century Literature Q2 Reviewer PDF

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE The point of view is critical in formalist analysis as it shapes the reader's perception of events and Q2 REVIEWER characters,...

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE The point of view is critical in formalist analysis as it shapes the reader's perception of events and Q2 REVIEWER characters, influencing how meaning is ASIAN LITERATURE constructed.  refers to the body of written, oral, and 5. How do the literary devices function within the visual works that originate from various text? countries and cultures within the continent Metaphors, similes, symbols, imagery and other of Asia. literary devices play important roles in conveying LITERARY CRITICISM meaning  is a method used to examine and evaluate 6. What is the significance of the language used? literature by analyzing various aspects of a Word choice, syntax, and tone affect the reader's text. understanding and emotional response.  functions to give the reader a complex understanding of a literary work. 7. Are there recurring themes or motifs? FORMALIST CRITICISM Exploring themes allows for a deeper understanding of the text's meaning, particularly  is a literary critique/approach that focuses how various elements work together to convey on analyzing a text's structure, language, those themes. and literary devices to interpret its meaning. 8. How does the form of the text (e.g., genre, style)  independent of external factors like influence its content? historical context or author's background. In what ways does the genre shape the Key Aspects of Formalist Criticism: expectations and interpretations of the reader? Text as a completely isolated unit 9. How do the text's parts relate to the whole? Study elements of a literary work, including In what ways do individual elements contribute to its form and structure the unity and coherence of the overall work? Pays no attention to either the authors or readers of the texts MORALIST CRITICISM No consideration to social and historical  is a type of literary critique/approach that contexts judges the value of the literature based on NEW CRITICISM its moral lessons or ethical teachings.  A type of formalism that focuses on the What is a MORAL? elements of fiction and emphasizes how A lesson or guide for living that you can these elements contribute to a single, apply to your own life coherent meaning. It can usually be seen through what the Some Questions to Consider When characters learn Approaching a Text with Formalist Criticism: Major Tenets of Moralist Criticism 1. Who are the characters in the story?  Investigate the effects literature has on Identifying characters is essential for readers as moral beings understanding how their actions, relationships, and  Based on what improves and enriches development contribute to the overall meaning of human lives the text.  Concerned with human character and behavior 2. Where is the story set?  Looks at texts as combinations of various Analyzing the setting helps examine how it moral qualities influences the characters' behaviors and the story's  Views the work through a particular atmosphere, which are crucial for interpreting the philosophy or discerns a work in the text's themes and conflicts. "philosophy" on which it is based 3. What conflicts or tensions exist in the text? Aspects of Moralist Criticism Understanding the conflict is vital for analyzing 1. Literature that is ethically sound is praised. how it drives the narrative and how the characters' interactions reflect broader themes. 2. Literature that misguides and/or corrupts is condemned. 4. What perspective is the story told from or How do the narrative techniques shape the story? Some Questions to Consider When expectations for different genders. Are characters Approaching a Text with Moral Criticism conforming to or rebelling against these norms? Is the author and his/her treatment of the 4. EXPLORE THEMES OF IDENTITY – Investigate subject (both character and theme) mature, how characters' identities are shaped by their sincere, honest, sensitive, or courageous? gender, and how they navigate their personal and How so, and how does knowing this help us societal identities. approach the text in a meaningful way? 5. CONNECT TO FEMINIST IDEA – Relate your Does the text seek to corrupt or negatively findings to broader feminist theories or movements. influence the reader? How so and/or why? How do the characters' experiences reflect or What moral lesson or ethical teaching is the challenge feminist ideals? author presenting in the text/or through character, plot, or theme? FEMINIST LITERARY CRITICISM How do characters and plot events represent moral or ethical principles? ★ It focuses on how literature reflects or Does the work in question pose a moral challenges the roles, experiences, and lesson or philosophical idea? representation of women in society. ★ It seeks to understand gender inequalities, Formalist Approach Moralist Approach stereotypes, and power dynamics within focuses on analyzing emphasizes ethical and texts. the text's structure, moral themes, ★ Feminist critics often analyze how women style, and literary examining characters' are portrayed, how female characters devices, exploring how motivations and actions challenge or conform to societal these elements interact while considering the to form a cohesive author's intent to expectations, and how gender roles are whole. It treats the text convey moral lessons constructed. as an independent work that resonate with the WHAT MAKES PEOPLE DO WHAT THEY DO? – of art, separate from reader's own life and MOTIVATIONS, EMOTIONS, COGNITION, and external contexts. choices. BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS PSYCHOLOGY FEMINISM ★ It is the scientific study of the mind and ★ advocates for women’s rights and equality. It behavior. influences literature and literary criticism. ★ Psychologists are actively involved in Feminist Movement studying and understanding mental processes, brain functions, and behavior. a) First Wave: Suffrage b) Second Wave: Liberation SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) c) Third Wave: Diversity ★ He was an Australian neurologist usually d) Fourth Wave: Empowerment credited with creating psychoanalytic FEMINIST LITERARY CRITICISM theory and, by extension, psychiatric therapy. ★ seeks to analyze how texts represent ★ Freud believed that UNCONSCIOUS drives gender, particularly women's experiences were the basis for all human behavior and and identities. that DREAMS were an important indicator ★ It questions the portrayal of female for understanding human behavior. characters, their roles, and how these representations reflect societal attitudes toward gender. VIEWING LITERATURE IN A FEMINIST LENS 1. IDENTIFY GENDER ROLES – Examine how characters are portrayed to traditional gender roles. Who holds power, and who is marginalized? 2. ANALYZE SYMBOLISM – Look for symbols related to feminism and masculinity. Analyze how these symbols contribute to or challenge gender norms. 3. CRITIQUE SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS – Assess how the text portrays societal norms and FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC MODEL 1498-1500, and 1502-04) opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and ★ The dynamic interplay and conflicts among colonization of the Americas. the id, the ego, and the superego shape individual thoughts, feelings, and HENRY THE NAVIGATOR (1394-1460) behaviors. Balance is required among the A Portuguese prince noted for his components for optimal functioning patronage of voyages of discovery among the Madeira Islands and along the western coast of Africa. The epithet Navigator, applied to him by the English (though seldom by Portuguese writers), is a misnomer, as he never embarked on any exploratory voyages. “We Are The World” By Jackson And Richie On January 28, 1985, more than 45 of the PSYCHOANALYTIC LITERARY CRITICISM era's most popular singers and songwriters focuses on the relationship between literature, the gathered to record a song to raise funds for unconscious mind, and our conscious actions and the charity USA for Africa. thoughts. The song released on March 7 that year, PSYCHOANALYTIC LITERARY CRITICISM was an immediate media sensation. It sold focuses on the minds of... an astonishing 800,000 copies in three days AUTHOR, CHARACTERS, AUDIENCE, TEXT and ultimately raised more than $60 million for African famine relief and inspired other VIEWING LITERATURE IN A PSYCHOANALYTIC musician-driven charitable efforts. LENS WAYNE VISSER 1. Which characters exhibit balance? Which characters lack balance in their lives? Dr. Visser is Professor of Integrated Value and Holder of the Chair in Sustainable 2. Which characters are always logical, in control, Innovation at Antwerp Management School. and never lose restraint? He has lectured at more than 50 3. Are any of the characters reckless, spiraling out universities in 20 countries and also holds of control, or giving in to their base instincts? current roles at the University of Cambridge's Institute for Sustainability 4. How do the characters' personalities, flaws, and Leadership (Fellow, Head Tutor, and Visiting strengths lead to the text's climax and resolution? Lecturer) and Sasin School of Management in Thailand (Professor). PSYCHOANALYTIC LITERARY CRITICISM Dr. Wayne Visser is the author of 41 books, ★ It is a critical approach to literature that including non-fiction works like Thriving, The employs psychological theories to examine World Guide to Sustainable Enterprise, aspects of a literary work to better Sustainable Frontiers, CSR 2.0 and The understand both the author's mind and the Age of Responsibility and poetry collections characters, themes, and other elements of like Life in Transit, Seize the Day and I Am the text. An African. ★ Thus, the mind is at the center of our target Colonizer – a country that sends settlers to a place in this criticism. and establishes political control over it Colonized – a country or people controlled by the FERDINAND MAGELLAN colonizers Portuguese Fernão de Magalhães Spanish Fernando de Magallanes, Slavery – a person who is owned by another person and is forced to work for and obey them Born c. 1480, Sabrosa, or Porto?, Port. Died April 27, 1521, Mactan, Phil. Subjection – the action of subjecting a country or Portuguese navigator and explorer. Magellan person to one's control was born to the nobility. Prejudice – an unfair feeling of dislike for a person CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS or group because of race, sex, religion, etc Born 1451, Genoa [Italy] Justice – fair treatment of people Died May 20, 1506, Valladolid, Spain Master navigator and admiral whose four transatlantic voyages (1492-93, 1493-96,  When it says their ideas were "coded in white and black," it implies that westerners views were simplistic and biased, shaped by racial binaries. The poem calls Africa the "continent of light" to highlight its richness, potential, and vibrant culture. However, enemies like Despots, Gangsters, and Traders represent forces that hinder the continent's true potential. Themes of "Shine, Africa, Shine!" I. The dark continent POSTCOLONIAL LITERARY CRITICISM Il. Enemies of the sun Examines literature written in English by III. The day of dawning writers from or in formerly colonized IV. The land of sunshine countries. It may also examine literature produced in V. The shining continent or by nationals of colonizing nations that is concerned with colonies or their inhabitants. Postcolonial refers to the period after Bourgeoisie – owners of the means of European colonialism. The term production in a society. recognizes that the colonial past of a nation Ideology – a belief system continues to impact its state. Proletariat – workers in the society. Examine how writers from colonized Capitalism – an economic system that is based countries attempt to articulate and even on private ownership of the means of celebrate their cultural identities and reclaim production and the creation of goods or them from the colonizers. services for profit. When Literature is examined, the following are MARXIST CRITICISM core concepts represented: It is a cultural theory that embodies a set of First World country (or a powerful nation/an social, economic and political ideas that its empire) dominates and subjects less followers believe will enable them to interpret powerful Third World countries (or and change their world. territories) to their ruling. It is also interested on how the lower or Colonizers imposed changes in beliefs and working class are oppressed in everyday life practices on the colonized and in literature. Subjection resulted in long years of slavery and rampant abuse of rights. KARL MARX Identity and heritage of the third world are Born: May 5, 1818 - Died: March 14, 1883 threatened. Philosopher, Social Theorist, and Economist Clamor for equality and justice becomes Published the "The Communist Manifesto" prevalent and revolution is foreseen for with Friedrich Engels (1848) subjugation to end. Believed in the labor theory of value to explain Theme of Literature – Life involves struggles the relative difference in market prices against oppressors who dominate weaker groups, Presented a great challenge to lassez-faire impose beliefs, and alter ways of life, ultimately economics in "Das Kapital" (1867) destroying one's identity. Developed theory of historical materialism First World countries dominate and control ALL ABOUT MARXIST CRITICISM Third World nations, subjecting them to their According to Karl Marx and his co-author rule. Friedrich Engels argue that all of history is In the first stanza of "The Dark Continent," about the struggle between the haves and Africa is labeled as "dark" by explorers, have-nots. representing how First World nations viewed It is also according to them, that one day, the weaker territories like Africa. proletariat or the have-nots, will throw off the The line, "Because the candle of their oppression of the bourgeoisie or those with knowledge / Was feeble and flickering," means and power. suggests that these powerful nations approached Africa with limited understanding.  In other words, Marxist Criticism is a careful The Reader reader or viewer who keeps in mind issues of 1. The text remains incomplete without the reader. power and money. It talks about the role in the society. 2. The reader is not the passive recipient of ideas Oppressed - one who is under the control of included in the text by the author. He/she is active an oppressor in giving meaning to the text. Oppressor - uses her/his power to control the oppressed. 3. The reader's life experiences, his/her personality, social and cultural background, education, gender, WHY DO MARXIST CRITICISM and personal taste influence his/her reading of the text 1. To show how money or lack of it affects a story; Limits of Interpretation 2. To show how social class affects a story; 3. To give the poor or invisible a voice in literature; Different interpretations - but not all are valid as long as the reader can provide evidence in the text. 4. And to evaluate whether class and inequality is a driving force in our society. In each text, there are limits to its possible interpretations. MARXIST CRITICISM BEGS THESE QUESTIONS BASIC TENETS OF READER RESPONSE ulit-ulit lng bosit ABOUT THE WORK 1. What is the economic status of the characters? 1. The text remains incomplete without the reader. He/she is active in giving meaning to the text. 2. What happens to them as a result of this status? 2. The reader's life experiences, his/her personality, 3. How do they fare against economic and political social and cultural background, education, gender, odds? and personal taste influence his/her reading of the text. 4. What other conditions stemming from their class does the writer emphasize? 3. It is subjective because it takes into consideration the personality of the reader and the 5. To what extent does the work fail by overlooking ways he contributes to the making of the text. the economic, social, and political implications of its material? 4. Reading reveals more about the reader's personality than about the text. Meaning is partly 6. In what other ways does economic determinism the result of the reader's interaction with and affect the work? interpretation of the text. 7. How should the readers consider this story in PHOTO ESSAY today's developed or underdeveloped world? is a series of photographs that tell a story, READER-RESPONSE convey a message, or explore an idea, focuses on the reader and his role in the often accompanied by captions, text, or other making of a literary work. narrative elements. The text does not exist without the reader. Here's a simplified guide to creating a photo essay: Meaning of literary texts depends upon the reader's engagement and interaction with 1. Choose a theme or topic. them. The reader is an active participant in the 2. Take or gather relevant photos. production of meaning. 3. Write captions or text to explain each photo. Reader-Response was a reaction against the formalist approach that concentrates 4. Arrange photos and text in a logical order. only on the text. Example Structure: It is subjective because it considers the reader's personality and how he contributes I. Introduction to the making of the text. Il. Photo 1 + Caption Ill. Photo 2 + Caption Reading reveals more about the reader's IV. Conclusion personality than about the text. Remember! The Text and Meaning Tell a story or convey a message. Meaning does not solely reside in the text. Use images and text effectively. Texts do not have meaning apart from the Keep it simple and engaging. reader. Meaning is partly the result of the reader's interaction with and interpretation of the text. by heart˚୨୧⋆｡˚