Topographic Terms Lecture Notes PDF

Topographic Terms Lecture Notes #2 Monica N. Gonzales, DVM CVM, PSAU  Plane – a surface, real or imaginary, along which any 2 points can be connected by a straight line ▫ Median plane – divides the head, body or limb longitudinally into equal R and L...

Topographic Terms Lecture Notes #2 Monica N. Gonzales, DVM CVM, PSAU  Plane – a surface, real or imaginary, along which any 2 points can be connected by a straight line ▫ Median plane – divides the head, body or limb longitudinally into equal R and L halves ▫ Sagittal plane – passes through the head, body or limb parallel to the median plane ▫ Transverse plane – cuts across the head, body or limb at a right angle to its long axis of an organ or a part ▫ Dorsal plane – runs at right angles to the median & transverse plane & thus divides the body or head into dorsal and ventral portions Directional Terms Cont. Proximal: nearer to attachment of limb to trunk, nearer to origin Distal: farther away from attachment of limb to trunk, farther away from origin Superficial: toward or on surface of body Deep: away from surface of body  Dorsal – toward or relatively near the back & corresponding surface of the head, neck & tail; on the limbs it applies to the upper or front surface of the carpus, tarsus, metap0dium and digits Ventral - toward or relatively near the belly & the corresponding surface of the neck & tail Medial – toward or relatively near the median plane Lateral – away from or relatively farther from the median plane  Cranial ▫ toward or relatively near the head Caudal ▫ toward or relatively near the tail Rostral ▫ toward or relatively near the nose (applies to the head only)  Internal/Inner vs External/Outer Superficial vs Deep Proximal vs Distal Terms used in the description Radial, Ulnar of organs and appendages Tibial and fibular Palmar vs Plantar Axis Axial vs abaxial Terms used in the various basic movements of the parts of the body Flexion ▫ The movement of one bone in relation to another in such a manner that the angles formed at their joint is reduced Extension ▫ The movement of one bone upon another in such that the angle formed at their joint increases Abduction The movement of a part away from the median plane Adduction The movement toward the median plane Circumduction the movement of a part when outlining a cone Rotation the movement of a part around its long axis  Dorsiflexion ▫ Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint Plantarflexion ▫ Increasing the angle of the ankle joint Elevation ▫ Moving a body part in a superior direction Depression ▫ Moving a body part in a inferior direction  Eversion Rotating the ankle so that the sole of the foot points away from each other Inversion Rotating the ankle so that the sole of the foot points towards each other  Supination Rotation of the appendage so that the palmar or plantar surface of the paw faces medially or dorsally Pronation Rotation of the appendage so that the palmar or plantar surface of the paw faces ventrally  Lateral Rotation Rotating a limb away from the centre line (median line) of the body Medial Rotation Rotating a limb towards the centre line (median line) of the body  Retraction Posterior movement (towards the back of the body) of the arm at the shoulder Protraction Anterior movement (towards the back of the body) of the arm at the shoulder