Coastal Resource Management PDF

COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this chapter students will be able to: 1. To understand the CRM and its importance 2. To understand the local government involvement and issue identification and basel...

COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this chapter students will be able to: 1. To understand the CRM and its importance 2. To understand the local government involvement and issue identification and baseline assessment LEARNING DISCUSSION THE CRM PROCESS (CRM Process Overview) Coastal resource management (CRM) is a participatory process of planning, implementing, and monitoring sustainable resource use through sound decision-making and collective action. ✓ It is a coherent, multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary process within a legal and institutional framework that assures equitable involvement and participation in the use and management of coastal and marine resources. ✓ It is a dynamic process that combines the bio-physical, socio-economic, cultural and political aspects of the coastal environment to develop and implement a coordinated strategy for the allocation of these resources to achieve the conservation and sustainable multiple use of the coastal zone. Increasing populations, along with rapidly advancing technologies, are making increasing demands on shrinking coastal and marine resources. An estimated 3.5 billion people, or about 63% of the total global population, live in the coastal region. Their sheer number and activities have resulted in increasing impacts on coastal ecosystems, thus impairing the ability of these ecosystems to replenish themselves and provide goods and services vital to sustaining human life. Already, a great number of coastal communities have been reduced to artisanal fishing and other subsistence activities, even as governments pursue development in the coastal zone to provide jobs and earn foreign exchange through mariculture, tourism, industrialization and mineral extraction. Clearly, there is a need to rationalize the use and development of coastal resources to ensure that not only are present human needs provided for, but also that coastal environments and habitats are adequately protected and managed so that development is sustainable and benefits the greatest possible number of people for the longest possible time. This is the primary goal of CRM. The CRM process is facilitated by activities that promote community participation: ⚫ Community OrganizinG ⚫ Information, Education and Communication (IEC) ⚫ Multi-sectoral Collaboration/Partnerships A detailed diagram illustrating the CRM process is shown below: CRM begins with the compilation of a coastal environmental profile for an area. This profile is used as a basis for planning and monitoring CRM interventions. After the profile is completed, the process moves on to a cycle of preparing and maintaining a database, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. CRM involves a host of organizations from different sectors performing various roles, including: WHAT IS COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANNING? Planning at all levels of local government, including barangay, municipal, city, and provincial, is essential in guiding regular and appropriate investments in CRM. Planning is a way of organizing the attention, resources and energy of government agencies, resource user groups, nongovernment organizations (NGOs), and others on the coastal issues that matter most to the community. Municipal or city CRM plans (Table 3) set forth resource issues to be addressed in the territory of municipality or city, establish goals to be achieved, map the management area, indicate a set of management strategies and activities, and define co-management regimes between government, NGOs, and resource user groups for implementation of the management plan. The primary geographic focus of municipal and city CRM plans is the coastal zone and municipal waters. Table 3. Key operational definitions for local CRM planning. Coastal resource management (CRM). CRM is a participatory process of planning, implementing, and monitoring sustainable uses of coastal resources through collective action and sound decision-making. Collaborative management or co-management. Collaborative management or co-management is based on the participation of all individuals and groups that have a stake in the management of the resource. Important elements include (White et al. 1994): ◆ All stakeholders have a say in the management of a resource on which they depend; ◆ The sharing of the management responsibility varies according to conditions of authority between local community organizations and government.  However, in virtually all cases, a level of government continues to assume responsibility for overall policy and coordination functions; and ◆ Social, cultural, and economic objectives are an integral part of the management framework. Particular attention is paid to the needs of those who depend on the resource and to equity and participation. Coastal area/zone The coastal zone is a band of dry land and adjacent ocean space (water and submerged land) in which terrestrial processes and uses directly affect ocean processes and uses, and vice versa; its geographic extent may include areas within a landmark limit of one kilometer from the shoreline at high tide to include mangrove swamps, brackish water ponds, nipa swamps, estuarine rivers, sandy beaches, and other areas within a seaward limit of 200-m isobath to include coral reefs, algal flats, seagrass beds, and other soft-bottom areas (RA 8550). Municipal waters Municipal waters are within the territorial jurisdiction of municipalities to ‘include the streams, lakes, inland bodies of water, and tidal waters within the municipality that are not within protected areas (defined under RA 7568 the National Integrated Protected Areas System, NIPAS, Law), public forest, timber lands, forest reserves or fishery reserves, but also the marine waters included between two lines drawn perpendicular to the general coastline from points where the boundary lines of the municipality touch the sea at low tide and a third line parallel with the general coastline including offshore islands and 15 km from such coastline. Where two municipalities are so situated on opposite shores that there is less than 30 km of marine waters between them, the third line shall be equally distant from opposite shore of the respective municipalities’ (RA 8550). Municipal/city CRM plan. A municipal/city CRM plan defines the goals, objectives, policies, and strategies for managing coastal resources over a 5-year or medium-term time horizon consistent with the goals, objectives, and time frame of the National Medium Term Program Development Plan (MTPDP). Essential elements of a municipal CRM plan include: ◆ description of the area ◆ Maps ◆ management issues ◆ goals and objectives ◆ strategies and actions ◆ institutional and legal framework ◆ Timeline ◆ monitoring and evaluation Annual operations and investment plans are prepared in support of the municipal/city CRM plan to describe yearly program activities and provide  budgets. Under certain conditions, such as bays and gulfs, several municipalities may need to join forces in the formulation of a bay-wide CRM plan. The support of communities and involvement of Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils is essential to ensure successful implementation of the plan. Provincial CRM framework plan. A provincial CRM framework plan sets the policy framework and development direction of the province. It contains guidelines on how to implement the different coastal management programs and strategies at the provincial and municipal/city levels. It does not enumerate the details of the activities and projects in each of the strategy. Instead, it provides broad policies and guidelines on how to address issues and problems concerning the province and the municipalities/cities. It could also contain guidelines as to how the municipalities and cities could jointly manage a bay or fishing ground used by two or more contiguous LGUs, or any other management areas. It may also serve as framework for the municipalities and cities in the preparation of their respective plans. The programs and strategies contained in the plan can be directly implemented by the province or by the municipalities or component cities, with technical assistance from the province. The support of the national government, particularly the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, academic institutions, NGOs, private institutions, and the general public is very important to ensure success of the implementation of the plan. The CRM planning process, adapted for Philippine local government, consists of five phases (Table 4). Phase 1 of this process, issue identification and baseline assessment, is an essential first step in any municipal CRM program. During this phase, community involvement ensures that critical issues are identified and prioritized and that coastal resource conditions and uses are described. The identification of key issues are needed to guide CRM plan preparation and adoption in Phase 2. A municipal CRM plan charts the course of future activities and serves as a guide for managers to direct annual and day-to-day activities and to foster informed decision-making. At the municipal or city level, CRM planning involves designing specific management strategies such as zoning municipal water use, regulation (e.g. licenses and permits) of human uses and activities, enforcing existing laws, designing alternative enterprise development programs, establishing marine protected areas, and educating resource user groups. The strategies and actions articulated in the CRM plan are implemented in Phase 3 through specific municipal programs and actions. Monitoring and evaluation is the fourth and very critical phase of the CRM process as adapted for Philippine LGUs. Coastal municipalities having completed Phases 1 to 3, need to monitor the implementation of their CRM plans and programs as a basis for evaluating performance, progress, budgeting, and possible refinements to plans and programs. During the monitoring and evaluation phase, the effectiveness of municipal CRM plans and programs are reviewed and assessed against benchmarks of performance and best practices. Table 4. The five phases in the CRM planning process. Phase 1: Issue identification and baseline assessment Phase 2: CRM plan preparation and adoption Phase 3: Action plan and project implementation Phase 4: Monitoring and evaluation Phase 5: Information management, education and outreach I. WHY IS COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANNING IMPORTANT? CRM planning is a basic service that must be provided by local government as an essential part of the governance process designed to insure that fisheries and the habitats that support them are used in ways that insure their long-term availability to the people of the Philippines, produce the greatest benefits, help reduce risks of coastal hazards, prevent coastal pollution, and reduce conflicts among coastal users. CRM planning defines the process and framework under which issues are prioritized, policies are defined, actions programs implemented, and informed decisions are made by the local government for sustainable use of coastal resources (Table 5). With the primary mandate for managing coastal resources devolved to the local government, CRM planning is essential in reconciling and aligning socioeconomic development and land use plans of local government for sustainable coastal resource use. Table 5. Benefits of CRM planning to LGUs. ◆ Guides local chief executives on priority issues to be addressed ◆ Establishes local legislative agenda for municipal, city, and provincial councils ◆ Provides direction to technical staff on actions to be taken to address priority issues ◆ Provides a framework for making informed decisions about coastal resource use ◆ Provides continuity during changes in political administration ◆ Contributes to long-term sustainability of economic development activities WHO SHOULD CONDUCT COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLANNING? CRM must be employed by local government, in particular, coastal municipalities and cities, to fulfill their mandate under the Local Government Code (LGC) of 1991, Fisheries Code (FC) of 1998, and Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) of 1997. Coastal municipalities and cities should initiate and guide CRM planning through a participatory process that involves all stakeholders. The Municipal or City Planning and Development Office (MPDO) may serve as the overall coordinator of CRM planning activities with active involvement and consultation with Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Management Councils (MFARMCs), Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO), Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office (MENRO), Sangguiang Bayan (SB), and all coastal barangays. Consultations with all stakeholders including fisherfolk, commercial fishing operators, tourism operators, and other private sector representatives should be held during CRM planning. Municipalities and cities should solicit technical assistance from the provincial government, national government agencies (NGAs), NGOs, and academe throughout the planning process as well as plan implementation. LGUs must develop and implement plans to manage coastal resource use to sustain food production and economic benefits. Planning provides the framework and process to chart the course of coastal resource rehabilitation and sustainability. Leadership and investment are needed to make difficult decisions that will sustain the benefits derived from coastal resource use. Local Government Involvement In Fisheries/ Institutional Arrangement Plan needs an implementing mechanism. In management, formal arrangements among participating institutions are developed either through legal instruments or traditional customs and sanctions. Responsibilities are assigned an accountability of individuals and organization is assured before implementation commences. Thus the common problems of duplication and fragmentation in fisheries management could be avoided with well-designed institutional arrangements. The implementing structure for a plan and the corresponding protocol governing the structure make up an institutional arrangement. Protocols are influenced by their formal legal structures or normative behavioral codes. Formal legal structures are the more familiar manner and institutional arrangements. Normative bahavioural codes such as the customs and traditions of a fisheries community might be less recognized but may be more effective. In common property resources, institutional arrangements are equated with decision- making arrangements which include laws, regulations, associations, contracts and property rights. In certain instances, they long been in practice but are taken for granted. Thus, formal legal structures are set in place without understanding their impacts and community norms. Objectives of designing institutional arrangements. Integrate development among sector; Establish cooperative working relationship; Share resources; Anticipated and avoid negative impacts; and  Create implementable policies and plans, and projects Types of institutional arrangements and their characteristics Single Single Multiple Single Multiple Multiple Multi Executive Agency Agencies Agencies Agencies Agencies + sectororal + Single + Single Multi- Stakeholders sector sector sectoral Resource Resource users Stakeholders Users Users Less public participation, more government concentrated responsibility More public participation, less government concentrated responsibility Less sharing of responsibility and More sharing of accountability responsibility and accountability Factors to Consider in Selecting Institutional Arrangements Effectiveness of the chosen structure vis-à-vis and the strategy of the program. Size and manageability of the implementing structures. Past lessons with certain implementing structures. Representation of the primary players in the are (sectors/organizations to implement and manage the program. Decision making powers of the representatives of the sector or agency. Commitment of the program and capabilities of the sectors/organizations to implements it. Customs and traditions of the affected coastal communities. Past local experiences that may affect the effectiveness of program. Specific roles of government and non-government groups in coastal management. Local government units (Municipality and City) ◆ Provide overall facilitation and coordination for planning and implementation ◆ Develop a coastal environmental profile with maps for planning ◆ Conduct information, education, and communication and training activities for local oranizations ◆ Develop and adopt 5-year CRM plan ◆ Support CRM plan implementation through appropriate ordinances ◆ Incorporate appropriate CRM best practices in plan ◆ Implement CRM plans through annual investment plan and budget ◆ Enact comprehensive fisheries management ordinance ◆ Maintain a municipal coastal database to facilitate planning and implementation ◆ Support participatory coastal resource assessments for each barangay ◆ Provide budget and dedicated personnel for planning and implementation ◆ Identify and implement alternative or supplemental livelihood for coastal  communities ◆ Support coastal law enforcement units as required ◆ Contract assistance through consultants and NGOs ◆ Support organization and mandate of municipal and barangay FARMCs ◆ Monitor field activities and selected biophysical and socioeconomic indicators ◆ Implement revenue generation mechanisms through licenses, fees and taxes ◆ Network and collaborate with local and international funding institutions for program/project ◆ implementation ◆ Conduct IEC campaigns related to sustainable use of coastal resources ◆ Conduct site-specific research ◆ Collaborate with province, other municipalities or cities and national agencies to develop multimunicipal CRM plans as required for special management areas Local government units (Provincial) ◆ Develop and implement policy and planning framework for CRM in province ◆ Provide technical assistance to municipalities and cities for coastal management planning and ◆ implementation ◆ Monitor and evaluate all coastal management activities and results in province ◆ Establish and maintain a training staff to train LGUs and other stakeholders in CRM ◆ Assist coordination of law enforcement for multi-municipal areas ◆ Establish, maintain, and update an information management system and database ◆ Assist each municipality and city to establish and maintain a municipal coastal database ◆ Provide financial incentives for coastal management based on results of monitoring ◆ Assist the national government in developing and implementing policy and planning framework for CRM in the country Community stakeholders and people’s organizations ◆ Participate in all CRM planning sessions in all levels of local government (barangay/municipality/ ◆ city/province) ◆ Provide members to barangay and municipal FARMCs ◆ Participate in stakeholder management organizations ◆ Volunteer for coastal management implementation activities (i.e. law enforcement, fisheries ◆ monitoring, and sanctuary establishment and management, etc.) ◆ Provide local and traditional knowledge and experience in resource management ◆ Initiate IEC activities in the community ◆ Source funds for community projects Department of Environment and Natural Resources ◆ Formulate, in coordination with BFAR, a national strategic framework for CRM ◆ Assist with management of resources and areas under the mandate of DENR (e.g. mangroves, water ◆ quality, foreshore management, quarrying, and protected areas) ◆ Provide material input assistance in specific projects under DENR's mandate ◆ Provide technical guidance to LGUs in coastal management planning and implementation ◆ Assist in training of LGUs and community stakeholders ◆ Identify and implement alternative or supplemental livelihood for coastal communities ◆ Coordinate with BFAR in the sustainable management of coastal and marine resources ◆ Monitor and evaluate progress in achieving goals and objectives for coastal and marine resources in ◆ the Medium Term Program Development Plan Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources ◆ Formulate a national fisheries management plan as a component of a national strategic framework for ◆ CRM ◆ Assist with management of resources and areas under the mandate of BFAR (e.g. fisheries of all kinds, ◆ fishing techniques, stock assessment, and aquaculture) ◆ Provide material input assistance in specific projects under BFAR's mandate ◆ Provide technical guidance in coastal management planning and implementation ◆ Assist in training of LGUs and community stakeholders ◆ Assist in fishery enforcement ◆ Coordinate with DENR in the sustainable management of coastal and marine  resources ◆ Monitor and evaluate progress in achieving goals and objectives for coastal and marine resources in the Medium Term Program Development Plan Department of the Interior and Local Government ◆ Provide technical guidance and training to LGUs in enhancing the delivery of CRM as a basic service ◆ Provide operational coastal law enforcement units under the PNP Maritime Group ◆ Provide financial assistance in specific projects under DILG's mandate ◆ Monitor and evalute progress in achieving the goals and objectives for coastal and marine resources in the Medium Term Program Development Plan Department of Transportation and Communication ◆ Formulate policies, plans, and regulations involving maritime transportation (MARINA) ◆ Development of ports and harbors (PPA) ◆ Assist in the implementation of laws in the high seas and waters of the Philippines; safeguard marine resources and the environment; prevent, mitigate, and control marine pollution (PCG) Department of Science and Technology ◆ Monitor aquatic and marine research and development projects ◆ Formulate strategies, policies, plans, programs, and projects for aquatic and marine science technology ◆ Generate external funds Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development ◆ Coordinate, plan, monitor, and evaluate research development activities dealing with the country's aquatic resources ◆ Facilitate and program the allocation of government funds earmarked for fisheries and aquatic resources research and development, including coastal management initiatives of academic institutions ◆ Generate resource-based information for the management of the country's marine resources ◆ Act as the government lead agency in the implementation of the National Course on Integrated Coastal Management and the training program on ICM for LGUs ◆ Maintain the National Aquatic Resources Research and Development System and the PhilReefs, the information network on coral reefs and related ecosystems Nongovernment organizations ◆ Provide assistance at the community and barangay level to organize FARMCs  and other resource management organizations ◆ Provide technical services to LGUs for implementing community level interventions ◆ Provide information and education services at the community, municipal, and national levels ◆ Provide legal services for environmental and fisheries law enforcement ◆ Assist with monitoring of biophysical and socioeconomic indicators ◆ Provide a conduit for financial assistance to LGUs for coastal management Academic institutions ◆ Assist in analyzing information for coastal environmental profiles ◆ Assist in designing and implementing a monitoring program for biophysical, socioeconomic and legal-institutional indicators in CRM for LGUs ◆ Assist in integrating existing data and information into ICM plans ◆ Assist in formulating CRM plans and packaging of project proposals ◆ Provide assistance in designing and maintaining a management information system and database for coastal management ◆ Assist in designing coastal management projects for multi-municipal management areas ◆ Assist in training of LGUs and communities ◆ Assist in designing IEC and community development programs and strategies for LGUs, NGOs, and POs Donors (national and international) ◆ Provide financial assistance to national and local governments for CRM projects ◆ Provide financial assistance for building sustainability in CRM through technical assistance in ◆ program design, policy planning and implementation, training, education, monitoring, and other ◆ aspects of coastal management programs ◆ Assist to coordinate multisectoral collaboration and policy support for CRM ◆ Provide international experience in coastal management policy and implementation