1st Final Sem BioSci PDF

I. BIOMOLECULES - insoluble in water due to nonpolar natures(does not interact with water with Biomolecules - fundamental components of exceptions including triglycerides, all organisms...

I. BIOMOLECULES - insoluble in water due to nonpolar natures(does not interact with water with Biomolecules - fundamental components of exceptions including triglycerides, all organisms phospholipids, steroids) - supports all basic functions of life - are macromolecules; made of fatty acids - building blocks of life a. Fatty Acids - based on fatty acid Characteristics: composition(Saturated, Unsaturated or Diverse Composition - varying chemical Trans Fats) structure & properties & performs a range of = Saturated; no double bonds with tightly essential functions packed, straight structures (animal fats & Cellular Processes - involved in critical life plant oils) processes = Unsaturated; one or more double - responsible for energy, cell signaling, & bonds with kinks & bends in molecules (plant- genetic information based oils) Interdependence - works in networks - play specialized roles in maintenance b. Triacylglycerols - known as triaglycerides Terms: - composed of a glycerol backbone with 3 1. Monomer - basic blocks of biomolecules fatty acid chains 2. Polymer - large molecules formed from the - primary form of lipid storage & provides a connection of polymers dense source of energy 3. Dehydration Synthesis - monomer - packed in lipoproteins for transport combination through covalent bonds 4. Hydrolysis - breakdown of monomers c. Phospholipids - components of cell 5. Cellular Pool - sum of all the molecules, membranes that forms a lipid bilayer compounds & ions in a cell - the structural foundation of membranes for molecule movement in and out of cells TYPES: - composed of a glycerol backbone with 2 1. Carbohydrates - energy and structural fatty acid chains & a phosphate-group support (Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen) - possesses fluidity for cellular processes - monomers are monosaccharides determined by the composition of fatty acids - composed of a ratio of Carbon, Hydrogen, - possesses proteins for signaling, transport, Oxygen (1:2:1) & cell-to-cell interactions - primary source of energy & cell signaling - essential for cell respiration, glycosylation, & d. Sterols - used for mebrane structure & cell wall integrity hormone synthesis = Monosaccharides - simplest form of carbohydrate 3. Proteins - catalyst for reactions, material - can be directly converted to energy transport, & structural integrity (Carbon, - Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen) = Disaccharides - composed of two - monomers are amino acids monosaccharides - used for the growth & repair of cells - can be broken down for energy - consists of hormones (body signals), - Ex. Maltose(Glucose+Glucose), muscles (movement), immune system Sucrose(Glucose+Fructose), (protection), & enzymes (chemical reactions) Lactose(Glucose+ Galactose) - Ex. Keratin(skin, hair, fingernails), Pepsin = Polysaccharides - large molecules (enzyme in stomach), Insulin (blood sugar composed of many monosaccharides hormone) - used for storage & structural components Amino Acids - component of proteins - Ex. Starch (storage for plants), Glycogen - different with every amino acid with some (storage for animals), Cellulose (plant liking & some fearing water structure), Chitin(arthropods & fungi) - folds into 3-dimensional structures that determine their functions or jobs - Amylase; animal enzymes for digesting - unfolding causes protein to be unable to - Cellulase; special enzyme for digesting functions cellulose - unfolded proteins are affected by temperature & acidity that causes it to be 2. Lipids - primary components for cell denatured membrane, energy storage, signaling - different shapes; different functions pathways & hormone production (Carbon, - protein shape determines function Hydrogen & Oxygen) - monomers are fats & oils 4. Nucleic Acids - operates all functions for - stores twice as much storage as cell activity (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, carbohydrates Nitrogen & Phosphorus) - helps in insulating the body & cushioning - monomers are nucleotides; types are DNA organs & RNA - consists of nitrogenous base, ribose ATP-ADP Cycle - consists of ATP removing a (deoxyribose sugar), phosphate phosphate group to form ADP - transmits genetic information & develops - phosphate group is used as energy for organisms respiration or energy release - ADP is recyled with ATP synthase and Nucleotides - composed of a sugar, added with an inorganic phosphate group to phosphate and nitrogenous base form another ADP DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid - genetic material that stores and transmits Mitochondria - generates ATP through cell hereditary information respiration - double-stranded molecule - contains DNA & Ribosomes RNA - Ribonucleic Acid Cellular Respiration - breakdown of glucose - transcribes & translates genetic information to ATP in DNA - occurs in glycolysis -> pyruvate oxidation - single-stranded molecule -> Krebs cycle -> oxidative phosphorylation a. mRNA(messenger) - template for proteins - carries instructions for polypeptide Glucose + Oxygen -> Water + Carbon Dioxide synthesis from nucleus-ribosome + 38 ATP b. rRNA(ribosomal) - creates ribosomes Glucose - C6H12O6 c. tRNA(transfer) - matches amino acids & Oxygen - O2 mRNA to make proteins Water - H2O - carries amino acids to ribosomes Carbon Dioxide - CO2 DNA: AEROBIC RESPIRATION: Sugar: Deoxyribose 1. Glycolysis - breakdown of glucose into Bases: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine pyruvate Strands: Double-stranded, base pairing - uses 2 ATP to generate 4 ATP Helix: Yes - Energy Investment -> Breakdown -> Production RNA: - occurs in cytoplasm Sugar: Ribose Bases: Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil 2. Kreb’s Cycle - series of chemical reactions Strands:Single-stranded - oxidizes pyruvate to generate ATP & Helix: No electron carriers - Acetyl-CoA -> Citrate Oxidation -> ATP DNA Hydrogen Patterns (Watson & Crick): Production -> Electron Carriers = Adenine-Thymine pair (2 Hydrogen Bonds) - generates ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2 = Guanine-Cytosine pair (3 Hydrogen Bonds) - occurs in mitochondria II. ENERGY TRANSFORMATION 3. Electron Transport Chain - stored energy in electron carriers produce ATP Energy - capacity to do work - uses electrons from NADH & FADH2 to Energy Transformation - conversion of generate proton gradient & synthesizing ATP energy from one form to another - Electron Transfer -> Proton Pumping -> ATP - involves cellular respiration, photosynthesis, Synthesis & ATP utilization & creation - uses Oxygen as an electron acceptor Law of Conversation of Energy - energy - occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed 4. Fermentation - conversion of sugar into acids, gases or alcohol Adenosine Triphosphate - primary energy - an anaerobic respiration carrier - utilizes microorganisms like bacteria & - stores chemical energy from food yeast breakdown = Glycolysis; breakdown to pyruvate - stored in mitochondria = Pyruvate Conversion; converted to lactic - 2 parts; Adenine and Triphosphate acid or ethanol + CO2 connected by a Ribose sugar = Production; dependent on microorganism Photosynthesis - conversion of solar to chemical energy - uses Water & CO2 and produces Glucose & Oxygen - used in growth, production and other processes - uses light energy by chlorophyll - converts light to energy - fuels growth & development USES: - produces Oxygen - primary start of the Food Chain - regulates Climate Chloroplast - absorbs sunlight for energy - chlorophyll; pigments - mesophyll; pigments at the tip of leaves - thylakoid; stacks of chlorophyll CYCLES: 1. Light-Dependent - uses absorbed sunlight to excite electrons - electrons move through proteins (electron transport chain) - generates ATP & NADPH 2. Light-Independent (Calvin Cycle) - uses no direct sunlight - uses CO2 from the atmosphere - generates only ATP for energy = Carbon Fixation; CO2 combines with RuBP, creating six-carbon sugar and splitting into 3-carbon molecules = Reduction; 3-carbon molecules reduced using NADPH & ATP and forms G3P(3- carbon sugar) = RuBP Regeneration; G3P molecules regenerate RuBP and generate ATP