Emotions and Cognition PDF

EMOTIONS AND COGNITION MGR. JURAJ MARTONYIK, PHD.  Introduction General definition of cognitive theories of emotion psychological perspective that suggests that emotions are influenced by thoughts, beliefs, and interpretations of situations. not just the events that...

EMOTIONS AND COGNITION MGR. JURAJ MARTONYIK, PHD.  Introduction General definition of cognitive theories of emotion psychological perspective that suggests that emotions are influenced by thoughts, beliefs, and interpretations of situations. not just the events that cause emotions, but how those events are perceived and evaluated emotional responses are shaped by the interpretation of the meaning of that situation. Cognitive theories of emotions emphasize the role of mental processes, such as perception, memory, and reasoning, in shaping our emotional experiences and responses Emphasize the importance of understanding emotions and their cognitive aspect HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Overview of early theories (e.g. James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory) Transition to cognitive theories (e.g. Schachter-Singer two-factor theory) JAMES-LANGE THEORY OF THE ORIGIN OF EMOTIONS one of the first theories, which attempted to explain the relationship between emotions and physiological responses developed independently by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange in the late 19th century Theory suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events in the environment First to experience is physiological arousal, and then comes the interpretation of this arousal as a specific emotion  Perception of Emotional Physiological Emotional Physiological Stimulus Arousal Experience Responses 1. Emotional Stimulus 1. when a stimulus is encountered in the environment, body reacts with a pattern of physiological responses. E. g., encountering a bear in the woods might trigger a rapid heartbeat, sweating, and trembling.  Physiological Arousal 2. autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the endocrine system prepare the body for action. Physiological changes, such as increased heart rate, changes in blood pressure, and the release of stress hormones like adrenaline, occur as a result of this arousal.  Perception of Physiological Responses 3. brain recognizes and interprets these physiological changes. The specific pattern of physiological arousal is associated with a particular emotion. For instance, rapid heartbeat and trembling might be interpreted as fear  Emotional Experience 4. Once the brain interprets the physiological responses as a specific emotion (e.g., fear), we consciously experience that emotion. In other words, our emotional experience is a result of our interpretation of our own physiological state SUMMARY James-Lange theory suggests that emotions are a direct result of physiological responses to external stimuli. the importance of bodily sensations in the experience of emotions and challenges the common belief that emotions are purely cognitive or mental states. emotions are now understood to involve a combination of physiological, cognitive, and subjective components, with feedback loops between these elements. CANNON-BARDOVA TEÓRIA An alternative perspective to the James-Lange theory. Emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously and independently in response to a stimulus. Cannon-Bard theory suggests that both emotional experiences and physiological reactions happen simultaneously but independently  Emotional Responses Emotional Emotional stimulus Experience Physiological responses 1. Emotional stimulus 1. processed by the brain, particularly the thalamus, which is involved in sensory processing 2. Simultaneous Activation of Physiological and Emotional Responses 1. thalamus simultaneously sends signals to two different places in the brain: 1. Cortex: responsible for the conscious experience of emotion. This results in the feeling of the emotion (e.g., fear or anger). 2. Autonomic nervous system: triggering physiological responses (increased heart rate, changes in blood pressure, release of stress hormones) 3. emotional experience and the physiological response are independent of each other. 4. individual experiences both the emotion and the physiological changes simultaneously LAZARUS THEORY OF EMOTIONS Emotions are determined by appraisal of a situation. proposed in the 1960 by psychologist Richard Lazarus Emotions are not directly caused by situations themselves but rather by interpretations and evaluations of those situations. > the primacy of the cognitive response over the emotional and physiological response  1. Cognitive Appraisal: When a stimulus is encountered, first cognitive process involves primary appraisal. > Evaluation whether the situation is relevant to individual goals. 2. Secondary Appraisal: Evaluation of an individuals ability to cope with the situation (resources, past experiences, coping strategies, etc.). Result is whether the situation is controllable or uncontrollable. 3. Emotional Response: Based on the primary and secondary appraisals, an emotional response is created. If the situation is: favorable, irrelevant, controllable > positive emotions. Harmful, threatening, uncontrollable > negative emotions SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY OF EMOTIONS Emotions are the result of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. In other words, emotions are not only based on physiological reactions to a stimulus but also on the interpretation and labeling of physiological responses within the context of an certain environment. SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY OF EMOTIONS 1. Physiological Arousal: Stimulating event > body experiences a physiological response (increased heart rate, sweaty palms, and other autonomic nervous system reactions). These physiological changes are similar for different emotions and are not enough to differentiate between specific emotional states. 2. Cognitive Interpretation: Interpretation of the physiological arousal is a crucial factor in determining the specific emotion experienced. External cues are helping individuals to interpret the cause of the physiological arousal. These cues can include the environment, events, or other people's reactions.  3. Cognitive Labeling: Once the arousal is interpreted through external cues, emotions are labeled based on cognitive interpretation. 4. Misattribution of Arousal: People can misattribute their arousal to the wrong source. The Schachter-Singer Theory highlights the role of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation in the experience of emotions. It suggests that emotional experiences are shaped not only by bodily responses but also by how the sense is made of these responses in specific situations. COGNITIVE PROCESSES IN EMOTIONS AND DERIVED CONCEPTS Selective attention Emotional stimuli Linking memory and emotions Emotional intelligence ability to perceive, comprehend, act on, and manage emotional information from yourself and others Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) uses cognitive restructuring techniques  WHERE TO GO NEXT? PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPININGS OF (SYSTEMICKEJ) PSYCHOTHERAPY Social Demand- Identity and Solution-based Therapy Hamburg School Narrative approach systems and oriented its building their blocks interactions Steve De Shazer David Epston Kurt Ludewig  Language is central to the human experience Objectivity does not exist, subjectivity is inavoidable, since everything we create in our minds has a relevance to us Not trying to objectivize Therapist is in this manner rather a manager of dialogue than an expert, keeper of the knowledge Therapist and client are no longer in subserved relations, but partners in dialogue Relapses can occur, need to manage them  Psychotherapy is a speech its main activity, regardless of school, is speech, a dialog, and a reaction to it. All of the change, for which we are hoping for in pst, stems from our ability to speak, listen, construct (and de-construct) meaning, react to it Dialogue is the main driving force behind change.  BASIC PRINCIPLES Focusing on competences Exceptions Dont understand too fast, „play dumb“, refuse labels Trust in the patient/client Dont fix whats not broken Iniciative has to come from client Stay positive Psychotherapy is a process ideally guided and managed by therapist, not controlled by him Aim of the systemic therapist is to Not having a symptoms of a disease is not the same as having enjoyable life METHODS USED: Example: Miracle question „Imagine if the problem you came up with ceased to exist overnight. What your next day would look like?“ (skrátená verzia) Scaling Externalization The problem does not define the patient/client, but limits him/her The patient needs to get the problem out of his self-concept in order for it to be manageable for him/her  Chylová M, Peštová L. Psychológia v medicíne. Skriptá LF UPJŠ, Košice, 2019. Heretik, A. Heretik, A. Jr. Klinická psychológia. Psychoprof. 2007 Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional Intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185-211 Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46(8), 819–834 Cannon, W. B. (1927). The James-Lange Theory of Emotions: A Critical Examination and an Alternative Theory. The American Journal of Psychology, 39(1/4), 106–124 Dror, O. E. (2017). Deconstructing the “two factors”: The historical origins of the Schachter–Singer theory of emotions. Emotion Review, 9(1), 7-16.