Cold War History PDF

COLD WAR  1st - Brit writer Geo Orwell 1945 article predict nuclear stalemate btwn “2 or 3 monstrous super-states” possessed of weapon by which mills of people wiped out in seconds end WWII, Allies need Soviets @ Yalta Conference - Feb 1945...

COLD WAR  1st - Brit writer Geo Orwell 1945 article predict nuclear stalemate btwn “2 or 3 monstrous super-states” possessed of weapon by which mills of people wiped out in seconds end WWII, Allies need Soviets @ Yalta Conference - Feb 1945 Stalin pledged declare war on Jap did Aug 8, 1945 need Soviet in Pacific National Security Act – 1947 response perceived threats USSR post-WWII establish Dept of Defense (over army, navy, af) create CIA & NSC (National Security Council) – advise president on security Cold War legislation - set framework for foreign policymaking next 40+ yrs  fear Comm led US aid Chiang Kai Chek’s unpopular gov agst Comm Mao Tse Tung while warn w/o major reforms Nationalists head for defeat  US refuse military intervention Mao won w/ support countryside (85% of pop) Chiang surrender mainland & withdrew to Taiwan 1 Oct 1949 - PRC formally establ’d  fall cause uproar in US – Dems & Truman “party of treason” USSR & PRC allies-Feb 1950 NSC-68 (Apr 1950) top secret 58-page State Dept report threat “hostile design” of USSR & world expansion new defense policy advocate massive expansion military power use military to “contain” anywhere “regardless of intrinsic strategic / econ value of lands in question”  defense spending perm part national budget! drain on tax revs but imp - gov’s contribution econ prosperity Lockheed Martin - aerospace & defense McDonnel Douglas / Boeing General Dynamics – Gulfstream jets, combat vehicles, nuke-powered subs RTX (was Raytheon) – aerospace & defense  Korea Japan colony 1910 end WWII temp occupation agreed upon @ Potsdam 1945 to secure & oversee Japanese removal USSR - N US - S  USSR occupy N Aug 1945 kept bargain & declare war on Japan Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 1948 Stalin - Korea imp Soviet security in Asia - chose Kim Il Sung 1948  train Moscow pre-WWII adopt Stalinist model communism – still in place dictator totalitarian police state expand industrialization forced collectivization of agriculture – state-controlled farms intensification class conflict chairman Soviet-sponsor People’s Committee of N Korea provisional gov over N from 1947-8  Kim Il Sung estab Korean Worker’s party 1945 N’s sole political party primary agency of political power US in S – Sept 1945 Republic of Korea Syngman Rhee won country’s 1st pres election 1948 – b/c anti-Communist elected by National Assembly  Methodist school, English, BA GWU 1907, MA Harvard, PhD Princeton 1910 nationalist & convert Xian lived DC 1939 – US military return to US controlled 1945 strong arm squads & police - no opposition to programs  both set withdraw occupation 1948 - 49 N try reunite by force – June 25, 1950 massive assault 90 k storm 38th  invasion prompt UN Security Council pass resolution condemning authorize member states provide military assistance to S  NSC-68 applied Korea, defense spending $13 b to $45 b / yr! symbolize Truman’s determination win war regardless cost “If we let Korea down, the Soviet[s] will keep right on going & swallow up one [place] after another” became symbol global struggle btwn E & W, good & evil – agst communism itself!  2/3 public approve Truman send MacArthur now war offensive – liberate from Commies!  Truman authorize Mac amphibious land @ Inchon, S Korea Sept 15, 1950 risky 100 m S of 38th victory  risky - close China border - till then, not actively involved Mao interpret as threat national security Mac assure Truman chances intervention slim – Oct 1950  wrong - late Oct 1950 PRC commit 260k troops to combat N Korea misperception of US commitment halt expansion Mao endorsed N ‘s proposal military reunification  Chinese attack & surprise UN forces Mao wanted quickly expel UN troops launch 5 brutal offensives btwn Oct 1950 – Apr 1951  Mac call for bomb & naval blockade coast want use Nationalist forces Taiwan agst PRC Truman commit keeping conflict in Korea “limited war”  Mac call Truman’s tactics “appeasement” & knuckling under to Comms Truman dismissed -insubordination & other unauthorized activities -Apr 11,1951  after 2 yrs negotiations - sign armistice Korea remain divided - July 27, 1953 7 mths after Ike inaugurated 40k US die, 10k+ wound more civilian casualties than WWII & Vietnam still divided & N regime 1 communist govs in world China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam  Ike (Rep, Tx 1953-’61) liberate world from Comms peaceful means took war out public eye increase CIA budget psychological warfare covert ops VP Richard Nixon  Israel 400 yr Ottoman Emp (Islam) control Mid E, defeat WWI Balfour Declaration 1917 Br Foreign Sec Arthur Balfour submit letter of intent supporting estab Jewish homeland in Palestine 1917 transfer rule of mid-E region Palestine to Brit Empire as temp national home for Jewish people Palestine inhabited by immigrants support idea of Zionism (right to return to Holy Land) 1917-1948 also there - Arab-speaking Muslims & Christians occupied for centuries  Jew minority & Arab majority 1922 Balfour Declaration set expire 1948 – Brits no longer rule Palestine ? of what to do w/ Palestine to UN  UN - create new country Israel across holy locations where Old Testament events occur Bible – promised to people by God  Truman 1st world leader recognize 11 min after creation May 14, 1948 proper response after holocaust & reliable ally in unstable region objections State & Defense Depts - more conflict in tumultuous region Arab-Israeli War 1948 Arab states refuse Israel’s right to exist 5 invade region immediately after US & USSR recognize Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon complicate US policy Mid East  Israel repulse, 700k Palestinians displaced to refugee camps UN defines refugees as people “whose normal place of residence was Palestine and who lost both hone and means of livelihood as result of 1948 conflict” Cuba Havana tourist center & US mobs share gambling, prostitution & drug trade w/ US-back dictator Fulgencio Batista peasant-based revolution - Fidel Castro (1953) strength rural districts & mts outside Havana  US’s economic domination began Span-Amer War control all oil production, 90% mines, ½ RRs & sugar, cattle industry  yrs guerilla, rebels take Havana public rejoiced Jan 1, 1959 briefly hero to US – Ike recognizes Ike & CIA oppose land reform program set eg Latin America  Castro didn’t join Party / turn USSR after US withdrew econ aid Premier Nikita Khrushchev began sell sugar USSR nationalize US-own oil cos anti-Amer rhetoric threat interests in W Hem… Ike econ boycott 1960, then sever diplomatic relations  JFK ran Cold War warrior v Richard Nixon (R) 1960 inherit Ike’s plans secret invasion 1200 CIA-train Cuban exiles (no US troops)  amphibious land @ Bay of Pigs (S coast) 1200-man ragtag army counter-revolutionaries led by CiA land Apr 17, 1961 hope spur rebellion overthrow Castro JFK last min decide no air cover  Castro’s army loyal efficient subdue “rebels” surrender Blue Beach Apr 19, 1961 invasion by “Yankee imperialists” solidified support  strengthen standing w/ urban poor & peasants programs universal literacy & med care stifled opposition, intellectuals & professionals fled to US JFK took blame censure by 3rd world delegates to UN CIA Allen Dulles resign (Nov ‘61) Cuban Missile Crisis ask for more military aid from USSR Soviets ship sophisticate weaponry intermediate range nuclear missiles (summer 1962)  JFK TV - announce discovery site demand removal order naval blockade offensive military equip to Cuba Oct 22, 1962 emergency meeting UN Security Council - any missiles launch from Cuba - retaliatory response on USSR Russians blink wks negotiating, JFK announce withdraw missiles & bombers Nov 20, 1962 pledge respect Cuban sovereignty (not invade) peaceful coexistence? JFK “caught up vicious cycle…suspicion breeds suspicion… new weapons beget counter weapons” DC & Moscow set up hot line…direct phone connect instantly in crisis Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty - US, USSR, Brits prohibit above-ground, outer-space & underH2O nukes (Aug 1963) underground testing cont’d…treaty symbolic not substantive McCarthyism / Red Scare JFK career rocky start refuse condemn Sen Joe McCarthy (R, WI), close fly friend 5 yrs rooting out comms & left-wing “loyalty risks” -2k + lost jobs Sen vote censure attack on Army 1954 “reprehensible, vulgar & insulting - conduct unbecoming a senator” kept job, lost power d 1957 @ 48 yrs  USSR & comm collapse Boris Yeltsin elect by pop vote (1991) 20 m Russian immigrants forced to leave C Asia after fall Muslims, once a minority, rose to top b/c/o disorder 6 Islamic states subsequently founded sat huge oil reserves – Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan end Cold War era met Gulf War era