101 Exam 4 PDF

Books: - Words printed on paper - Allowed ideas to spread - Encouraged the standardisation of language and spelling - Created mass culture Writing originated in the middle east (egypt/mesopotamia) What advantage did writing bring to the table? - Information can be stored. Reading and writing were...

Books: - Words printed on paper - Allowed ideas to spread - Encouraged the standardisation of language and spelling - Created mass culture Writing originated in the middle east (egypt/mesopotamia) What advantage did writing bring to the table? - Information can be stored. Reading and writing were elite skills Timeline: 1. Pictograph 2. Ideograph a. Emojis 3. Phonography 4. Alphabet People wrote on: - Parchment - Paprus - Paper Johannes Gutenburg: - Creation of the printing press - The bible was the most popular thing printed on it Types of control: - Eliminating: eliminating the book from the library - Removing: Removing pages from a book that should be accessable - Refusing: Refusing purchase by a group to make available to the public - Threatening: Threatening to kill an author Censorship: - In the US censorship happens more on a local level than national Jeff Bezos Purchases The Washington Post: - Eliminated monthly subscription fees - Ultimately, Bezos’s ownership led to a growing audience, $ to support tech upgrades, - increased ambitious reporting, gained recognition by bringing in customers from different locations - Investigative journalism increased and served to an audience that looked good online and on mobile devices Legacy media: - The traditional media, often owned b large corporations. These may include newspapers, magazines, book publishers, and television networks News Matters Because: - It satisfies our desire to know things we can not experience personally - Document daily life - Bear witness to ordinary events - Bear witness to extraordinary events Early Development of Newspapers: - Oral: family-to-family, tribe-to-tribe by community leaders and historians - First known printed text originated in China - The Diamond Sutra is known to be the oldest printed book Benjamin and James Franklin: - James Published the New England Courant - The first newspaper to be published without the approval of the British Crown - James goes to jail and benjamin takes over and buys the Pennslyvaniia Gazette - Published first political cartoon “join or die” - Added a weather report THE PENNY PRESS - The New York Sun - Usually independent - Tended to ignore politics - Understood their target audience—“The proceedings of Congress thus far, would not interest our readers.” - Invented the concept and emphasized “news” or “new things” Why did people want to buy newspapers daily? - Human interest stories Penny Papers: - Were innovative - First to assign reporters to cover crime, local news - Shifted from reporting political views as an editorial page to an economic base Music as cultural division: - Masculinity vs. Femininity (Rock & Roll): - Blurring of gender rolls - Elton John, Boy George, Prince, Grace Jones, Marilyn Manson, - Lady Gaga, Harry Styles - The North & South Influence:  - Elvis Presley - Sacred and the Secular: - Little Richard & Jerry Lee Lewis What is public relations? - A strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationships between organizations and their publics Advertising: - Controlled publicity that a company or individual buys Public Relations: - Attempts to secure favorable media publicity- which is more difficult to control- to promote a company or a client - The management function that establishes and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and the publics on whom its success or failure depends Who are the Stakeholders? - PEOPLE WHO HAVE AN INTEREST IN WHAT IS HAPPENING REGARDING A PARTICULAR ISSUE, EVENT, OR OCCURRENCE Press Agents: - First PR Practicioners - Started in the early 19th century - Sought to advance clients images through media exposure (staged stunts) Ivy Ledbetter Lee: - Father of modern PR campaigns - He advised: - Penn Railroad to admit the mistake (railway accident had occurred) - Publicly vow to do better - Let newspapers in on the story Volney Palmer: - Opened the first ad agency in philadelphia Pure Food and Drug Act: - Prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce and laid a foundation for the nation’s first consumer protection agency, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Who Watches over advertising? - The FTC How is content Produced and delivered? - Local broadcast stations - Networks - Cable channels - Streaming services - Social media platforms - Hollywood studios - International production companies Their funding models: - Advertising - Subscription - Pay-per-view - Public support In the US: Television is based on the belief that programming should be available to all viewers and should be paid for through advertising. Philo T. Farnsworth: - Came up with the idea of the electronic tv when he was 14 years old when on a farm - developed all-electronic system of transmitting an image using radio waves - He regretted his invention - “There’s nothing worthwhile on it, and we’re not going to watch it in this household, and I don’t want it in your intellectual diet.” Effect of television: - Restaurants weren’t doing as great because people were spending money on more food and instead rushing home to go watch tv The Ed Sullivan Show: - Beatles - Elvis - Dramas, plays, movies Community Antenna Television - Remote areas could not access - Cable was initially intended to get a clear signal, not additional programming - 1975: FCC started loosening rules to cable companies and new channels were distributed via satellite Public Broadcasting Act of 1967: - Educational Broadcasting Becomes Public Broadcasting  - Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) - Provided funds for noncommercial programs, public service and educational programs - Nonprofit broadcast network is funded by government appropriations, private industry underwriting and support from viewers - PBS: The Great British Baking Show, Downton Abbey, AfroPop Sesame Street: - Raised a generation of children to experience a world beyond their own home - Purpose was to catch kids up with peers when entering school - However, advantaged kids gained as much from show as disadvantaged so differences could not be measured Order of Broadcasting to Streaming 1. Birth of Broadcast TV 2. Network Era 3. Post-network Era 4. Digital Era Color Television: - NBC peacock was created to show viewers what they were missing in color vs. black & white programming Ted Turner: - Named Man of the Year for creating a global village Viewers now have access to: Affiliates of the Big Four broadcast networks (ABC, NBC, CBS, Fox) Independent stations and smaller network affiliates Superstations (WTBS, WGN) Local-access channels Cable networks (MTV, BET, CNN) Premium channels (HBO, Showtime) Pay-per-view channels and streaming (Netflix, Amazon) Audio services