Classification Of Drugs LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY PDF

DD-MM-YY TIME At the end of this unit, the students are expected to: ◉ Identify the difference of prescription, OTC and dangerous drugs ◉ Determine the different examples of therapeutic classifications ◉ Discuss special information needed about different drug classifications q Read course and...

DD-MM-YY TIME At the end of this unit, the students are expected to: ◉ Identify the difference of prescription, OTC and dangerous drugs ◉ Determine the different examples of therapeutic classifications ◉ Discuss special information needed about different drug classifications q Read course and unit objectives q Read study guide prior to class attendance q Read required learning resources; refer to unit terminologies for jargons q Proactively participate in discussions q Participate in weekly discussion board (Canvas) q Answer and submit course unit tasks There are different ways to classify drugs. The following are the examples: – Based on the Branding – Based on Prescription Used – Based in Therapeutic Classification (How drugs are discovered and developed? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Gl0gAcW8rw (Understanding Prescription Drug Labels) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaSx4upoI3M 1. GENERIC DRUGS § a medication created to be the same as an existing approved brand-name drug in dosage form, safety, strength, route of administration, quality, and performance characteristics. § A generic medicine works in the same way and provides the same clinical benefit as its brand-name version. § They can cost a lot less money. (It doesn’t have to repeat clinical trials which is very expensive) 2. INNOVATOR DRUGS § is the first drugs created containing its specific active ingredient to receive approval for use. It is usually the product for which efficacy, safety and quality have been fully established. § When a new drug is first made, drug patent usually will be acquired by the founding company. Patents and exclusivities are forms of protection for drug makers that may affect how and when a generic drug is approved and can be sold. New brand-name drugs are usually protected by patents that prohibit others from selling generic versions of the same drug. 3. BRANDED GENERICS § A branded generic is a generic drug that has gone through the ANDA process, and is assigned a name other than the chemical name. § These branded generic drugs may be developed by a generic drug company, or by the original manufacturer after patent expiration. The branded generic name is owned by the company A human drug that is not safe for use except under the supervision of licensed medical practitioner. Examples: § Drugs for Hypertension § Drugs for Anxiety Disorder § Lipid lowering agents § Drugs for diabetes § Antibiotics  CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS OTC drugs are drugs that have been found to be safe and appropriate for use without the supervision of a health care professional such as a physician, and they can be purchased by consumers without a prescription. OTC drugs generally have these characteristics: 1. their benefits outweigh their risks 2. the potential for misuse and abuse is low 3. consumer can use them for self-diagnosed conditions 4. they can be adequately labeled 5. health practitioners are not needed for the safe and effective use of the product Pharmacist-Only medicines § (also known as Restricted medicines) § are a relatively small group of medicines that can be purchased from a pharmacist without a doctor's prescription. § They are not available for self- selection from the pharmacy shelves, and the sale must be made by a pharmacist. § Pharmacist-Only medicines are usually stored behind a counter or in the dispensary, to prevent consumers from buying the medicine for the wrong purpose or without the proper advice. § When selling these medicines, pharmacists must fulfil some special requirements designed to make sure you are properly informed about the safe and correct use of your medicine.  PROHIBITED DRUGS EXAMPLES: OPIUM AND ITS heroin and morphine DERIVATIVES COCA LEAF AND ITS cocaine; alpha and beta DERIVATIVES eucaine HALLUCINOGENIC DRUGS mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) OTHER SUBSTANCES Indian hemp and its PRODUCING SIMILAR derivates EFFECTS REGULATED DRUGS EXAMPLES: self-inducing sedatives secobarbital, phenobarbital, pentobarbital, barbital, amobarbital and any other drug which contains a salt or a derivative of a salt of barbituric acid; isomer or salt of an benzedrine or dexedrine, or any drug isomer, of amphetamine which produces a physiological action similar to amphetamine hypnotic drugs methaqualone or any other compound producing similar physiological effects Pharmacists should ensure that the following requirements are met before dispensing dangerous drugs: §personalized prescription which shall contain the date of prescription, name of patient, name of prescribing physician, PTR , S2 License Number, address, telephone number, brand name or generic name of the drug, total number of units to be supplied in words, followed by its equivalent in Roman numerals enclosed in parenthesis; specified direction for use, words “non- repetition”; and signature of the prescriber. §a valid ID should be presented by the buyer. The type of ID used and its number should be written at the back of the prescription along with the full name and address of the buyer. Anesthesia is a drug that numbs part of your body or makes you unconscious so that you don't experience pain during a procedure like surgery. Example: Local- Cocaine, Lidocaine General- Halothane, Nitrous Oxide Also commonly known as antiepileptic drugs or as antiseizure drugs are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Convulsions- Excessive and abnormal electrical discharge in the brain. Example: Phenytoin (Dilantin), Phenobarbital  Pain relieving drugs can Anti-migraine agents are used to be taken as soon as the treat migraine headaches. pain begins and include Migraines are different from other agents in the drug classes headaches because they occur with such as symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, 1. Ergots or sensitivity to light. 2. Triptans (Sumatriptan) 3. NSAID's. § An anti-parkinsons is a type of drug which is intended to treat and relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. § The primary symptoms are muscular rigidity, slowness of movement, a resting tremor, and postural instability Example: Levodopa + Carbidopa (Sinimet) Antipyretics are drugs that reduce elevated body temperature (fever) to normal levels. Example: 1. Ibuprofen (Medicol, Advil) 2. Aspirin 3. Paracetamol (Biogesic, Tempra)  Hypnotics are a class of Sedatives are a class of psychoactive drugs whose psychoactive drugs whose primary function is to induce primary function is to induce sleep and to be used in the calmness. treatment of insomnia (sleeplessness) Example: 1. Diazepam (Valium) 2. Zolpidem 3. Zaleplon An anxiolytic (also anti- panic or antianxiety agent) is a drug used for the treatment of anxiety, and its related psychological and physical symptoms. Anxiolytics have been shown to be useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Example: Benzodiazepenes  This is a centrally acting drug that induces mood elevation, useful in treating mental depression. Symptoms of depression include: Low or irritable mood most of the time A loss of pleasure in usual activities Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much A big change in appetite, often with weight gain or loss Tiredness and lack of energy Feelings of worthlessness, self-hate, and guilt Difficulty concentrating Example: Slow or fast movements Lack of activity and avoiding usual 1. Fluoxetine (Prozac) activities 2. Imipramine (Tofranil) Feeling hopeless or helpless Repeated thoughts of death or suicide AKA: Major Tranquilizers These medications are used to treat the symptoms of mental disorders such as: 1. schizophrenia 2. Depression 3. bipolar disorder (sometimes called manic-depressive illness) Example: 4. anxiety disorders, and 1. Chlorpromazine 5. attention deficit-hyperactivity 2. Haloperidol disorder (ADHD). 3. Lithium Carbonate (Quilonium) Vertigo is a type of dizziness where there is illusion of rotatory movements. Antivertigo drugs are used to suppress dizziness A drug that suppresses motion- induced nausea, vomiting, and vertigo. Example: Meclizine (Bonamine) These drugs are used to alleviate the symptoms of inflammation and to diminish its occurrence by inhibiting the prostaglandin synthesis. (COX inhibition) Example: 1. Ibuprofen 2. Mefenamic Acid (Ponstan) 3. Naproxen (Skelan, Flanax) § An analgesic, or ”painkiller”, is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia — relief from pain. § Drinking alcohol while taking aspirin and ibuprofen can increase the risk of stomach irritation and discomfort. Example: Mild- NSAIDs, Acetaminophen Strong- Morphine, Codeine, Fentanyl These are anti-inflammatory drugs that are used to treat arthritis and rheumatoid disorder Chronic progressive inflammatory disorder of joints of unknown etiology. Inflammation leads to tissue proliferation Examples: 1. NSAIDs 2. Methotrexate A drug that reduces tissue deposits of uric acid in general gout or suppress the intense inflammatory reaction of acute gout. Example: Allopurinol, Cochicine, Indomethacin, Corticosteroids (prednisone) GOUT A metabolic disease marked by a painful inflammation of the joints, deposits of urates in and around the joints, and usually an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood. Uterine stimulants (uterotonics or oxytoxic) are medications given to cause a woman's uterus to contract, or to increase the frequency and intensity of the contractions. Examples: § Oxytocin § Misoprostol (Cytotec) Uterine relaxants (tocolytics) are drug used to suppress premature labor. Examples: § Terbutaline § Isoxuphrine (Duvadilan) § Antacids- Treat hyperacidity § Histamine -2 antagonist- for Peptic Ulcer Disease § Anticholinergic § Spasmolytic- for abdominal cramps § Anti-motility § Laxative- for constipation § Anti-emetic- treat nausea & vomitting A drug that neutralizes excess gastric acid. Used to treat hyperacidity Example: Aluminum Hydroxide + Magnesium Hydroxide + Simethicone (Kremil-S) A drug that inhibits histamine-mediated gastric acid secretion used to treat peptic ulcer and duodenal ulcers Example: Cimetidine These are drugs that inhibit motility of visceral smooth muscles. Example: Scopolamine/Hyoscine (Buscopan) ANTIMOTILITY Drugs that suppresses motility or peristalsis LAXATIVES Drugs that eases defecation § Drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting are called antiemetics. § Many types of antiemetics can decrease the severity of nausea, although most require a medical evaluation and prescription. Medicines available over-the-counter are mainly recommended for use in motion sickness and for cases of mild nausea. Example: Meclizine (Bonamine) Metoclopramide (Plasil) 1) Inotropic agent 2) Anti-angina 3) Anti- arrhythmic 4) Anti-lipidemic Arrhythmia – refers to any change from the normal sequence of High blood Pressure – electrical impulses, causing abnormal persistent elevation of arterial heart rhythms blood pressure. Heart Failure – inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet Hyperlipidemia – Elevation of body’s needs Cholesterol, Phospholipids and Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) – triglycerides. Also known as CAD Lack of oxygen and decreased or no blood flow to the heart due to coronary artery narrowing or obstruction. Inotropic agents, or inotropes, are medicines that change the force of your heart's contractions. 2 TYPES: 1) Positive inotropes strengthen the heart's contractions, so it can pump more blood with fewer heartbeats. Examples: Digoxin (Lanoxin) 2) Negative inotropes weaken the heart's contractions and slow the Antianginal drugs are heart rate. medicines that relieve the Examples: Beta blockers symptoms of angina pectoris ( severe chest pain). A cardiac depressant useful in suppressing rhythm or antihyperlipidemic agents, are irregularities of the heart. a diverse group of pharmaceuticals that are used in the treatment of hyperlipidemias. They are called lipid-lowering drugs. Examples: Statins (Simvastatin) § A drug that kills or inhibits protozoan parasites such as Entamoeba histolytics causative organism of amoebaisis. § Amoebiasis is a type of gastroenteritis (gastro) caused by a tiny parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, which infects the bowel. The most common symptoms of amoebiasis are diarrhea (which may contain blood), stomach cramps and fever). Drugs that is used for the treatment of leprosy Leprosy is an infectious disease that causes severe, disfiguring skin sores and nerve damage in the arms and legs. Examples: 1. Dapsone 2. Clofazamine 3. Rifampicin Anthelmintics are drugs that are used to treat infections with parasitic worms. This includes both flat worms, e.g., flukes and tapeworms and round worms, i.e., nematodes. Helminth is a general term meaning worm. The helminths are invertebrates characterized by elongated, flat or round bodies. Examples: Mebendazole, Albendazole, Pyrantel pamoate A drug that kills or inhibits Drug that inhibits viral pathogenic fungi. infections Fungal skin infections can cause a Examples: variety of different rashes. Often they Aciclovir (Zovirax) cause an itchy, scaly, dry, red patch Amantadine (Symmetrel) of skin that slowly gets bigger. Drugs to prevent or cure malarial infections Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a type of single cell microorganism) of the Plasmodium type. Examples: Chloroquine, Mefloquine Anticoagulants are a type of FIBRINOLYTIC - A drug that anti-clotting medicine used to promotes removal of small prevent harmful blood clots in fibrin clots the body. Examples: Streptokinase Examples: 1. Warfarin 2. Heparin ANTI-FIBRINOLYTIC – 3. Hirudin A drug that promotes homeostasis by inhibiting clot dissolution Example: Tranexamic Acid These drugs are used for the treatment of asthma. They may be useful either in the treatment or prevention of asthma attacks. 1. Reliever medication- treat asthma attacks Ex: Salbutamol 2. Controller medication- prevent the occurrence of asthma attacks. Ex: Fluticasone  A respiratory stimulant is A decongestant or nasal primarily used in addition decongestant is a type to noninvasive ventilation as a of pharmaceutical drug that is means to help increase the used to relieve nasal congestion in urge to breathe. the upper respiratory tract. Example: Caffeine Example: Phenylephrine MIOTIC Drugs that constrict the pupil. Example: Pilocarpine MYDRIATIC Mydriatic agents are medicines that cause the pupil of the eye to dilate. Example: Atropine  Thank you! Any questions? You can find me at: [email protected] #RisetotheTOP