A Level Psychology Memory Introduction 2024 PDF

A level psychology! Welcome :) The full course…. Introductory Topics in Psychology Memory Social psychology Psychopathology Biopsychology, Development and Research Methods 1...

A level psychology! Welcome :) The full course…. Introductory Topics in Psychology Memory Social psychology Psychopathology Biopsychology, Development and Research Methods 1 Biopsychology Cognitive development Research methods 1: Methods, Scientific processes, Data handling and analysis Advanced Topics and Research Methods 2 Psychology of sleep Schizophrenia Research methods 2: Methods, Scientific processes, Data handling and analysis Approaches and Application Scientific approaches in psychology Issues and debates in psychology Applied psychology: work and the individual The year ahead! The year ahead! Expectations! The next five weeks…. 3.1.1 Memory The multi-store model of memory: sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory. Features of each memory store: coding, capacity and duration. The working memory model: central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad and episodic buffer. Features of the model: coding and capacity. Types of long-term memory: episodic, semantic and procedural. Factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony including leading questions and post-event discussion. The cognitive interview as a way of enhancing eyewitness accuracy. An important link! The full specification for your course: International AS and A-level Psychology (9685) | OxfordAQA International Qualifications Memory Over the next 5 weeks, we will be referring to pages 1-35 in your textbook. Of course, we will use other resources too! You will be tested on the memory topic in the week beginning 7th October. We shall review and revise together the week before that. Be ready by reading ahead! Memory Paper 1 Memory “What is Memory?”  To Start.. Imagine and discuss… 🞇 How have you used your memory today? 🞇 What would happen if you had no memory? 🞇 What different kinds of things do you remember? 🞇 What techniques do you use to improve your memory?  What is Memory? Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychologists believe that human behaviour can best be explained if we first understand the mental processes that underlie behaviour. It is therefore the study of how people learn, structure, store and use knowledge – essentially how people think about the world around them.  What is Memory? Cognitive Psychology 🞇 Based on computer metaphor i.e. we try to understand the mind by comparing it to a computer: Input Processing Output Storage  What is Memory? Definition: Human memory can most broadly be defined as the process by which we retain information about events that have happened in the past.  What is Memory? Short Term Memory Information that we process and recall straight away is usually stored in our short term memory. It stores the information we are currently aware of. When we take in new information to store, we must process it from sensory input. We take in information from the senses and transform it into a memory trace (coding: the format in which the information is stored in memory). When we experience sensory information, it stays there just long enough to decide if we should process it further. If we don’t attend to or rehearse it then we forget it. If we do ‘rehearse’ it, it will transfer to our short term memory! This is the limited capacity store!  What is Memory? Task : 1) What is your earliest memory? How old were you? How does it make you feel? 1) How vividly can you remember it? It is a complete picture?  What is Memory? Memories from the past are stored in your Long Term Memory 🞇 Long term memory (LTM): The permanent memory store! 🞇 Continual storage of information which is largely outside of our awareness, but can be recalled when needed. If you attend long enough to information in your short term memory, it can be transferred to you long term memory. 🞇 Coding in this memory store is ‘semantic’ – e.g. for meaning! 🞇 Long term memory has a potentially unlimited capacity and can hold information for years until we want to retrieve it!  What is Memory? Two key terms… How much water can I fit in How long will it take me to this jug? fill this jug? Capacity – the amount of Duration – The length of information held in a memory time information can be store held in memory.  What is Memory? Two new key terms… Capacity Duration STM: Limited, STM: Between 18-30 between 5-9 items on seconds. average. LTM: A potential LTM: Potentially lifetime. Unlimited. A study to help... 🞇 We can conduct an experiment looking at the concept of duration in STM... Memory  You are now in a lab experiment Please do not talk. Instructions 0 You will be shown a series of 20 words. 0 You will be asked to write them down in any order (free recall) after all 20 words have been shown. 0 Please do not write or talk while the words are being presented to you on screen. 0 You will have a 3 second countdown before the first word appears and each word will remain on the screen for 3 seconds. 0 Please do not interrupt the experiment until the end. 0 You may choose not to take park but please remain silent until the complete end. bag carrot zero maple jump chair plant stamp pillow frame shoe apple slow crust staple month internet stairs french power  End of list Write down as many words as you can remember in any order.  You are now in a lab experiment Please do not talk. Instructions 0 You will be shown a series of 20 words. 0 You will be asked to complete a task before being asked to write them down in any order (free recall). 0 Please do not write or talk while the words are being presented to you on screen. 0 You will have a 3 second countdown before the first word appears and each word will remain on the screen for 3 seconds. 0 Please do not interrupt the experiment until the end. 0 You may choose not to take park but please remain silent until the complete end. clean stress pump step office post art gang eye drum stone baby well lamp straw pause sweet read snail brush  End of list Write down the lyrics to ‘happy birthday’ continuously Now write down as many words as you can remember from the list.  Method & Procedure: What did you just do? 1. It was a lab experiment – under controlled conditions and run and manipulated by the experimenter (me). 1. In the first condition (test), participants were shown … and then were asked to… 1. In the second condition, participants were shown … and then...  Method & Procedure: What did you just do? It was a lab experiment – under controlled conditions and run and manipulated by the experimenter (me). In the first condition (test), participants were shown a series of words and then were asked to immediately recall them. In the second condition, participants were shown a series of words and then were delayed by being asked to write down the words to happy birthday before recall. Collate the results (in a table) Immediate recall (cond 1) Delayed recall (cond 2) Analyse the results (in a line graph) **Plot condition 1 then condition 2** Class Serial Position Effect Experiment Number of Participants who correctly So what is the serial recalled the word. position effect? Explain the results What did you find and why? 0 Position of words on the list 20  Aim: What was the point of this? The aim of the experiment is to… test whether a person’s memory is affected by time and space. For us: to use this study to support the idea of unitary stores in the MSM, hence providing supporting evidence for the structure of the model To start.... On your whiteboard.... SR STM LTM Duration Capacity Encoding To start.... On your whiteboard.... Write the definitions you know for: Storage Retrieval To start.... On your whiteboard.... STORAGE Holding information in memory so that it can be retrieved later RETRIEVAL Locating and bringing back information to mind, and being able to use it.  Memory The Multi-store Model What is a model? Not an exact copy, but a representation of something. Helps us understand how something works. Is this an accurate representation of London? What is a ‘model’? An accurate representation Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) The MSM is the first model of memory and is therefore very influential It suggests memory is made up of three separate and distinct stores (The sensory register, STM, LTM) Each of the stores differs in coding, capacity and duration It is a linear, sequential model which means information passes through the stores in order Information passes from store to store if certain conditions are met Information can be lost in each memory store Sensory register Sensory memory is modality specific: information is stored in the modality by which it entered. Less than one-hundredth of the information which touches the human senses reaches the short-term memory. These stores constantly receive information but most of this receives no attention and remains there for a very brief time. If attention is focused on this information, then it will be transferred to the next store, STM. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed that there are three separate sensory stores to accommodate different kinds of input: 🞇 Iconic store is where visual images are kept for a short period (encoded visually) 🞇 Echoic store is where auditory senses are kept for a short period (encoded acoustically) 🞇 Haptic store in sensory memory retains physical senses of touch and internal muscle tensions  Short term memory Information here will disappear (decay) if it isn’t rehearsed. Information will also disappear if new information enters STM and pushes out the original information due to STM’s limited capacity. This is called displacement. Capacity is 7+/- 2 items Duration is 18-30 seconds (unless rehearsed) Encoded acoustically  Long term memory Information is moved from STM to LTM via elaborative rehearsal Initially, maintenance rehearsal just maintains the information in STM but the more something is rehearsed the longer lasting the memory will be Capacity is potential unlimited Duration is potentially infinite (a lifetime!) Encoded semantically (Baddeley's research) When we want to recall the information we need to retrieve it back to the STM Exam practice – AO2 (apply it) Jamie wanted to contact his doctor. He looked up the number in his telephone directory. Before he dialled the number, he had a short conversation with his friend. Jamie was about to phone his doctor, but he had forgotten the number. Use your knowledge of the multi-store model to explain why Jamie would not remember the doctor’s number. (4 marks) Exam practice – AO2 (apply it) According to the MSM rehearsal is needed to keep information in the STM or transfer it to LTM. The conversation with his friend will prevent Jamie from rehearsing the phone number. Reference to the limited capacity and duration of STM would also be relevant. Candidates may explain one of these in reasonable detail or refer to more than one more briefly. 1 mark for a very brief or muddled explanation e.g. He can’t rehearse it. Further marks for elaboration. Maximum of two marks if the stimulus material was not referred to. Exam practice – AO1 Write the AO1 only (6 marks) for the following essay: Outline and evaluate the multi-store model of memory (12 marks) Mark scheme AO1 = 6 marks Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model of memory (MSM) makes a distinction between the separate stores of sensory, short-term and long-term memory. Likely features include: Structural nature. SM STM and LTM are unitary stores. Information passes from store to store in a linear way. Rehearsal is needed to pass information from STM to LTM. Each store has its own characteristics in terms of encoding, capacity and duration. Credit knowledge of findings from studies Explanations of forgetting are different for each store. Limited credit for diagram only. Reflecting on the MSM A01....Good job! :) Prevent 'next' or 'then'… sounds like a list Order the writing in your head before you start Avoid going out of this order No evaluation at all in AO1 (describe, outline, state) Never say: 'there is no evidence...' How do we know?! Hedging is your friend e.g. potentially... / could be... Use of key words e.g. 'duration' instead of time 'Proposed by' not 'made by' / 'Comprised of' not 'made up of' / Prove / proved / proven are banned!