Aviation Safety Fundamentals PDF

30.09.2024 Aviation Safety Fundamentals Safety Management System For this week Aviation Safety Fundamentals ▪ Searc...

30.09.2024 Aviation Safety Fundamentals Safety Management System For this week Aviation Safety Fundamentals ▪ Search about Safety Management System -What is it ?? PLT 221 Leyla Adiloğlu-Yalçınkaya ▪ Search about aircraft accidents statistics ▪ Find Annex 19 and ICAO Doc 9859 1 2 1. Introduction-General 1. Introduction-General Safety Management Systems are not just for aviation-they are found in a wide variety of diverse industries, such as chemical, oil, construction, occupational health, food, highway, electrical and fire protection, among others 3 4 1. Introduction-General 1. Introduction-General 5 6 1  30.09.2024 1. Introduction-General 1. Introduction-General 7 8 1. Introduction-General 1. Introduction-General Signs of safety are all around us Signs of safety are all around us. Speed limits and the types of lines painted on roads are set Maintenance staff put up “wet floor” signs to warn people of slippery according to conditions presented by different stretches of floors. road. Passcodes on phones prevent others from accessing private Fire extinguishers, sprinklers, and exit signs are ubiquitous in information. Online accounts require passwords to access buildings. sensitive areas. Sneeze protectors cover salad bars to promote food safety. Security at airports checks passengers to ensure they are not taking dangerous Cars have antilock brakes and air bags. items onto planes. 9 10 1. Introduction-General 1. Introduction-General For example: No matter what the context at hand is, safety is not Minimum training standards are written for flight attendants to an accident, and it requires constant vigilance. promote the prompt evacuation of passengers during cabin fires. These topics are an integral part of any discussion, especially in the aviation industry. Ramp agents wear reflective vests to reduce the chance of being run over by vehicles. 11 12 2  30.09.2024 1. Introduction-General 1. Introduction-General For example: For example: Fluid quantities Some maintenance procedures require the use of eye are restricted in protection to reduce the chance or puncture injuries. carry-on bags. Pilot callouts help ensure that everyone on the flight deck is aware of emerging problems that may impact safety. 13 14 1. Introduction-General For example: Dangerous Goods Annex 19 Safety Management 15 16 Annex 19 ? Annex 19 ? The ICAO High-level Safety Conference (HLSC) held in Montreal in 2010 provided the impetus for the development of a new Annex dedicated to Safety Management. Why was this New Annex needed? 17 18 3  30.09.2024 Why a New Annex? Annex 19 With air traffic projected to double in the next 15 years, safety risks must be addressed proactively to ensure that this significant capacity expansion is carefully managed and supported through strategic The 1st Edition of Annex 19 was adopted by the Council on 25 February 2013 and regulatory and infrastructure developments. became applicable on 14 November 2013. Published in separate English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, and Spanish editions An Annex dedicated to safety management will re-enforce the role by ICAO. played by the State in managing safety Amendment 1 was adopted by the Council on 2 March 2016. at the State level, stressing the concept 2nd Edition became applicable on 7 November 2019. of overall safety performance in all domains, in coordination with service providers. 19 20 Basis of Annex 19, 2nd edition Annex 19, 2nd edition - Overview CHAPTER 1 – Definitions The transfer of overarching safety management provisions from the following Annexes: Annex 1 — Personnel Licensing; CHAPTER 2 – Applicability Annex 6 — Operation of Aircraft, CHAPTER 3 – State safety management responsibilities ✓ Part I — International Commercial Air Transport — Aeroplanes, CHAPTER 4 – Safety management system (SMS) ✓ Part II — International General Aviation — Aeroplanes and CHAPTER 5 – Safety data and safety information collection, analysis, protection, sharing and exchange ✓ Part III — International Operations — Helicopters; Annex 8 — Airworthiness of Aircraft; APPENDIX 1 –State safety oversight (SSO) system critical elements (CEs) Annex 11 — Air Traffic Services; APPENDIX 2 – Framework for a safety management system (SMS) Annex 13 — Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation; and APPENDIX 3 – Principles for the protection of safety data, safety information and related sources Annex 14 —Aerodromes, Volume I — Aerodrome Design and Operations Note: Independently of the applicability date of Annex 19, th ese SARPS retain their original applicability, dating from 2001 onwards. 21 22 Annex 19, 2nd edition - Annex 19, 2nd edition - Structure Structure CHAPTER 3 – State Safety Management Responsibilities CHAPTER 1 – Definitions This chapter outlines safety management responsibilities directly applicable to the State, including the SMS Includes 23 definitions specific to the management of safety. requirements be implemented by the following service providers* (as described in the relevant Annexes): 1. Approved training organizations; CHAPTER 2 – Applicability 2. Operators of aeroplanes or helicopters authorized to conduct international commercial air transport; The Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) are applicable to safety management 3. Approved maintenance organizations providing services to operators of aeroplanes or helicopters; functions related to, or in direct support of, the safe operation of aircraft 4. Organizations responsible for the type design or manufacture of aircraft, engines or propellers; 5. Air traffic services (ATS) providers, and 6. Operators of certified aerodromes. * For the purposes of Annex 19, the term “service provider” refers to the list above. 23 24 4  30.09.2024 Annex 19, 2nd edition - Annex 19, 2nd edition - Structure Structure CHAPTER 4 – Safety Management System (SMS) CHAPTER 3 – State Safety Management Responsibilities ▪ Outlines the safety management systems applied by service providers, described in Appendix 2 ▪ In particular, this chapter addresses the State safety oversight (SSO) system critical (Framework for a safety management system (SMS)); elements (CEs) found in Appendix 1 which constitute the foundation of State Safety Program (SSP). ▪ Also includes the safety management systems of international general aviation operators, conducting operations of large or turbojet aeroplanes. 25 26 Annex 19, 2nd edition - Structure Benefits of Annex 19 ANNEX 19; CHAPTER 5 – Safety data and safety information collection, analysis, protection, sharing and exchange ▪ Assists States in managing aviation safety risks, ▪ Consolidates material from existing Annexes regarding SSP and safety management systems (SMSs), as well as related elements including the collection and use of safety data and State safety oversight activities, ▪ The objective of this chapter is to ensure the continued availability of safety data and safety information to support safety management activities. ▪ Focuses States’ attention on the importance of integrating their safety management activities, ▪ Complemented by Appendix 3 – Principles for the protection of safety data, safety ▪ Supports the continued evolution of a proactive strategy to improve safety performance, information and related sources. ▪ Facilitates the evolution of safety management provisions, ▪ Further promotes the implementation of SMS and SSP provisions. By this way, the process is established to analyze feedback received regarding Annex 19 and safety management implementation. 27 28 Safety Management Guidance Safety Management Guidance Material Material CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION Safety Management Manual (SMM) forth Edition, Doc CHAPTER 2 - SAFETY MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALS 9859, was published in 2018. CHAPTER 3 - SAFETY CULTURE Evolution of SMM: CHAPTER 4 - SAFETY PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT 1st Edition 2006 CHAPTER 5 - SAFETY DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING SYSTEMS 2nd Edition 2009 CHAPTER 6 - SAFETY ANALYSIS CHAPTER 7 – PROTECTION OF SAFETY DATA, SAFETY INFORMATION AND RELATED SOURCES 3rd Edition 2013 CHAPTER 8 – STATE SAFETY MANAGEMENT 4th Edition 2018 CHAPTER 9 – SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (SMS) 29 30 5  30.09.2024 Safety Management Guidance Material The fourth edition is divided into nine chapters which progressively build the reader’s understanding of safety management. These chapters can be MAIN TOPICS: grouped under the following three themes: 1) Safety management fundamentals – Chapters 1 to 3 build the reader’s understanding of the fundamental principles underpinning safety 1. INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN AVIATION management. 2) Developing safety intelligence – Chapters 4 to 7 build on the 2. AVIATION SAFETY MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALS fundamentals. These chapters comprise four interrelated topics concerned with leveraging safety data and safety information to develop actionable insights which can be used by an organization’s leadership to make data- driven decisions, including those related to the most effective and efficient use of resources. 3) Safety management implementation – Chapters 8 and 9 explain how to apply the concepts from the preceding chapters to institutionalize safety management at the State and service provider level. 31 32 1. Introduction INTRODUCTION TO The air transport industry plays a major role in global economic activity SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN AVIATION and development. One of the key elements maintaining the performance of civil aviation is to ensure safe, secure, efficient and sustainable operations at the global, regional and national levels. 33 34 1. Introduction 1. Introduction ICAO works with the Convention’s 193 Member States and industry groups to reach consensus on international civil aviation Standards United Nations specialized agency, the International Civil Aviation and Recommended Practices (SARPs) and policies in support of a safe, Organization (ICAO) was founded in 1944 by States to manage the efficient, secure, economically sustainable and environmentally administration and governance of the Convention on International Civil responsible civil aviation sector. Aviation (Chicago Convention) and to promote the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation throughout the world. These SARPs and policies are used by ICAO Member States to ensure that their local civil aviation operations and regulations conform to global norms, which in turn permits more than 100,000 daily flights in aviation’s global network to operate safely and reliably in every region of the world. 35 36 6  30.09.2024 1. Introduction 1. Introduction ICAO’s other works in addition to its core work: Improving the safety of the global air transport system is ICAO’s To coordinate assistance and capacity building for States in support guiding and most fundamental Strategic Objective. of numerous aviation development objectives; To produce global plans to coordinate multilateral strategic progress ICAO’s core work is to resolve consensus-driven international SARPs for safety and air navigation; and policies among its Member States and industry, and among To monitor and report on numerous air transport sector many other priorities and programmes. performance metrics; and To audit States’ civil aviation oversight capabilities in the areas of safety and security. 37 38 1. Introduction ICAO strives to achieve a balance between assessed risk and the requirements of practical, achievable and effective risk mitigation AVIATION SAFETY strategies. FUNDAMENTALS 39 46 Aviation Safety Fundamentals Aviation Safety Fundamentals Management Management ? Management is the process of deciding what to do and then getting it done through the effective use of resources. It is about what managers do to make things happen. 47 48 7  30.09.2024 Aviation Safety Fundamentals Aviation Safety Fundamentals Management Four Classic Functions of Management Management Functions ? Planning Organizing Leading Controlling 49 50 Aviation Safety Fundamentals Aviation Safety Fundamentals Safety Although safety has often been traditionally defined in many sources as “freedom from the conditions that can cause Safety? death, injury, occupational illness, or damage to or loss of equipment or property», it is generally recognized in the profession that this definition is somewhat UNREALISTIC. 51 52 Aviation Safety Fundamentals Aviation Safety Fundamentals Safety Safety Within the context of aviation, safety is “the state in which risks associated with aviation activities, related to, or in direct support of the The aviation system cannot be completely free of hazards and operation of aircraft, are reduced and controlled to an acceptable level”. associated risks. Human activities or human-built systems cannot be absolutely free from operational errors and their consequences. 53 54 8  30.09.2024 Aviation Safety Fundamentals Aviation Safety Fundamentals Aviation safety is dynamic. Safety New safety hazards and risks continuously emerge and need to be mitigated. As long as safety risks are kept under an appropriate level of control, a system as open and dynamic as aviation can still be managed to It is important to note that acceptable safety performance is often defined and influenced by domestic and international norms and culture. maintain the appropriate balance between production and protection within the context of aviation. 55 56 Aviation Safety Fundamentals Aviation Safety Fundamentals The management dilemma Management levels In any organization engaged in the delivery Resources Resources Management levels of services, production/profitability and The management dilemma safety risks are linked. Resources Resources Protection Production An organization must maintain profitability Protection Production to stay in business by balancing output with acceptable safety risks (and the costs involved in implementing safety risk controls). 57 58 Management levels Aviation Safety Fundamentals Aviation Safety Fundamentals Resources Resources Protection Production The management dilemma The management dilemma Typical safety risk controls include technology, training, processes and procedures. For the State, the safety risk controls are similar, i.e. The allocation of excessive resources to safety risk + Resources ✓ training of personnel, ✓ the appropriate use of technology, controls may result in the Production ✓ effective oversight and activity becoming ✓ the internal processes and procedures supporting oversight. unprofitable, thus Implementing safety risk controls comes at a price – money, time, resources – jeopardizing the viability of Protection and the aim of safety risk controls is usually to improving safety performance, the organization. Bankruptcy not production performance. However, some investments in “protection” can also improve “production” by reducing accidents and incidents and thereby their associated costs. 59 60 9  30.09.2024 Aviation Safety Fundamentals What is safety management? The management dilemma Safety management seeks to proactively mitigate safety risks before they result in aviation accidents and incidents. Excess allocation of resources Through the implementation of safety management, States can manage for production at the expense their safety activities in a more disciplined, integrative and focused of protection can have an manner. impact on the product or Resources + service and can ultimately Protection Possessing a clear understanding of its role and contribution to safe lead to an accident. operations enables a State, and its aviation industry, to prioritize safety Production Catastrophe risks and more effectively manage its resources for the optimal benefit of aviation safety. 61 62 What is safety management? What is safety management? The effectiveness of a State’s safety management activities is The SSP is developed and maintained by each State as a strengthened when implemented in a formal and institutionalized way structured approach to assist in managing its aviation safety through a State Safety Programme (SSP) and through safety management performance. systems (SMSs) for its service providers. A State shall require that an SMS is developed and maintained by A State’s safety programme, combined with the SMSs of its service those service providers under its authority, as identified in Annex providers, systematically addresses safety risks, improves the safety 19 — Safety Management, to continuously improve safety performance of each service provider, and collectively, improves the performance by: State’s safety performance. ✓ identifying hazards, ✓ collecting and analysing data, and ✓ continuously assessing and managing safety risks. 63 64 10