Methods Of Philosophizing PDF

METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZI NG PHILOSOPHIZI NG - methods or ways of looking at truth and what be considered as mere “opinions” A. Phenomenology: on Consciousness B. Existentialism: On Freedom C. Postmodernism: On Culture D. Analytic Tradition E. Logic and Critical Thinking: Tools in...

METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZI NG PHILOSOPHIZI NG - methods or ways of looking at truth and what be considered as mere “opinions” A. Phenomenology: on Consciousness B. Existentialism: On Freedom C. Postmodernism: On Culture D. Analytic Tradition E. Logic and Critical Thinking: Tools in Reasoning F. Fallacies PHENOMENOLOGY : On Consciousness Phenomenology - is the scientific study of the essential structures of consciousness. Consciousness The state or quality of sentience or awareness of internal or external existence PHENOMENOLOGICAL - special viewpoint achieved by the phenomenologists as they focuses not on the things but by our consciousness of things. PHENOMENOLOGISTS - can distinguish and describe that nature of the intentional acts of consciousness and the intentional object of consciousness - one can describe the content of consciousness without any particular commitment to the actuality or existence of that object. EXISTENTIALISM : On Freedom EXISTENTIALISM is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual FREEDOM. It argues that humans can choose their actions and create meaning in life without any predetermined destiny or external authority. KEY PRINCIPLES  1. FREEDOM Existentialists believe that humans have complete freedom to choose their actions, values and beliefs  2. RESPONSIBILITY With freedom comes responsibility. Individuals must accept the consequences of their choices  3. SUBJECTIVITY Existentialism emphasize the subjective experience and individual perspective 4. EXISTENCE PRECEDES ESSENCE Human exist first, and then through their choices and actions, they create their essence  IMPLICATIONS of EXISTENTIALISM on FREEDOM  1. No external authority Individuals must create their own values and morals  2. Choice and responsibility Freedom implies responsibility for one’s actions.  3. Uncertainty and ambiguity Existentialists acknowledge the uncertainty of life and ambiguity of human existence.  4. Authenticity Embracing one’s freedom and responsibility leads to authenticity POSTMODERNISM : On Culture  Postmodernism has had a significant impact on culture, challenging traditional notions of identity, history, and reality.  KEY ASPECTS of POSTMODERNISM’s INFLUENCE on CULTURE  1.HYPERREALITY Blurring of lines between reality and simulation. (social media, virtual reality)  2. Fragmentation Breaking down of grand narratives (nationalism, religion) into smaller diverse perspective  3. Hybridity Mixing cultures, styles and identities (multiculturalism, postcolonialism) 4. IRONY and PLAYFULNESS Questioning authority and challenging traditional values through humor and irony.  5. DECONSTRUCTION Analyzing and challenging dominant cultural narratives and power structures  IMPACT on IDENTITY AND COMMUNITY 1. Questioning Traditional identities Challenging fixed notions of gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and nationality 2. Fluid identities Embracing multiplicity and hybridity in personal identities. 3. Globalization and cosmopolitanism Celebrating diversity and global connections. 4. Subcultural communities Formation of niche groups around shared and interests and identities. CRITICISMS and CHALLENGES 1. SUPERFICIALITY Accusations of lacking depth and substance in postmodern cultural expressions 2. NIHILISM Concerns about the rejection of universal values and truth the rejection of all religious and moral principles, in the belief that life is meaningless. 3. Inequality and Exclusion Critiques of postmodernism’s neglect of systematic inequalities and marginalization. 4. Commercialization Co-optation of postmodern aesthetics and ideas by mainstream culture  INFLUENCE ON CONTEMPORARY CULTURE 1. SOCIAL MEDIA and ONLINE CULTURE Hyperreality, self curated identities and virtual communities  2. DIVERSITY and REPRESENTATION Increased focus on inclusively and diverse perspective  3. EXPERIMENTAL ART and ENTERTAINMENT Continued pushing of boundaries in art. Literature, music and film.  4. CRITICAL THINKING and REFLEXIVITY Encouragement of critical analysis and self awareness. Postmodernism has profoundly influenced contemporary culture, challenging traditional notions and embracing diversity, complexity, and uncertainty ANALYTIC TRADITION The analytic tradition is a dominant school of thought emphasizing clarity, precision, and logical rigor in philosophical inquiry. It emerged in the 20th century and has significantly influenced contemporary philosophy.  CORE PRINCIPLES * Emphasis on Logic and Language Analytic philosophers focus on analyzing the structure and meaning of language, believing that clear and precise language is essential for accurate philosophical reasoning. * FOCUS ON CONCEPTS They prioritize the examination of fundamental concepts like truth, knowledge, meaning and existence, aiming to understand their logical relations and implications. * METHODOLOGICAL SKEPTICISM Analytic philosophers is often approaching philosophical problems with a degree of skepticism, questioning assumptions and seeking rigorous justification for claims. * EMPHASIS on ARGUMENTATION They value logical arguments and evidence-based reasoning, striving for clarity and persuasiveness in their philosophical claims. INFLUENCE and LEGACY  The analytic has profoundly shaped contemporary philosophy, influencing fields like logic, linguistic and cognitive science. Its emphasis on clarity, and precision has led to significant advancements in our understanding of language, thought, and the world around us.  LOGIC and CRITICAL THINKING Tools in Reasoning * What is logic? Logic is a study of valid reasoning. It provides us with a set of rules and principles for determining whether an argument is sound or not. * Deductive Reasoning This type of reasoning starts with a general statement (premise) and applies it to a specific case to reach a conclusion. If the premise are true, the conclusion must also be true. Example Premise 1: All humans are mortal. Premise 2: Socrates is a human. Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. * Inductive Reasoning This type of reasoning starts with specific observation and uses them to draw a general conclusion. While inductive reasoning can be strong, the conclusion is NOT guaranteed to be true. Example Observation: I’ve seen many swans, and they are all white. Conclusion: Therefore, all swans are white. This conclusion is INCORRECT. Black swans exist  CRITICAL THINKING TOOLS: Enhancing Reasoning * Identifying Assumptions Assumptions are unstated beliefs that underlie our reasoning. Recognizing these assumptions is crucial because they can influence our conclusions. * Recognizing Biases Biases are systematic errors in our thinking that can distort our perceptions and judgments. Identifying and mitigating biases is essential for objective reasoning * Evaluating Evidence Critical thinkers carefully examine the evidence supporting claims, considering its source, reliability, and relevance  * Considering Alternative Perspective Seeking out different viewpoint and perspectives can help us challenge our own assumptions and gain a more comprehensive understanding of an issue. * Asking Question Asking probing questions, such as “Why?” “How?” “What?” “What are the implications?” Can clarify our thinking and uncover hidden assumptions. How these tools work together? (logic and critical thinking) Logic provides the framework for valid reasoning, while critical thinking tools equip us to apply logic effectively.  Logic helps us identify flaws in arguments  Critical thinking tools help us evaluate the quality of evidence  Together, they help us make informed decisions Thanks! CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, and includes icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik  Instructions for use If you have a free account, in order to use this template, you must credit Slidesgo by keeping the Thanks slide. Please refer to the next slide to read the instructions for premium users. As a Free user, you are allowed to: Modify this template. Use it for both personal and commercial projects. You are not allowed to: Sublicense, sell or rent any of Slidesgo Content (or a modified version of Slidesgo Content). Distribute Slidesgo Content unless it has been expressly authorized by Slidesgo. 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