Energy Resources PDF

# Energy Resources ## Presented By: Group-4 **Energy Resources:** A natural resource that can be converted by humans into forms of energy in order to do useful work! **Figure 1:** Lumber, gasoline, and electricity are all products that come from natural resources. - This pile of lumber is made o...

# Energy Resources ## Presented By: Group-4 **Energy Resources:** A natural resource that can be converted by humans into forms of energy in order to do useful work! **Figure 1:** Lumber, gasoline, and electricity are all products that come from natural resources. - This pile of lumber is made of wood which comes from trees. - The gasoline in this can is made from oil pumped from the Earth's crust. - Electricity generated by these wind turbines ultimately comes from the sun's energy. ## Evaluating Energy Resources - About three-quarters of the world's commercial energy comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels, and the rest comes from nonrenewable nuclear fuel and renewable sources. - Energy resources are classified as: - NONRENEWABLE - RENEWABLE ## Non-Renewable Energy These are energy resources that cannot be replaced after they have been used or need thousands to millions of years to be replaced. ## Coal, Petroleum, and Natural Gas Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered nonrenewable because they cannot be replenished in a short period of time. These are called fossil fuels. ## How Are Oil and Gas Made?? -  Tiny sea plants and animals died and were buried on the ocean floor. Over time, they were covered by layers of silt and sand. - Over millions of years, the remains were buried deeper and deeper. The enormous heat and pressure turned them into oil and gas. - Today, we drill down through layers of sand, silt, and rock to reach the rock formations that contain oil and gas deposits. ## How Is Coal Made?? - Before the dinosaurs, many giant plants died in swamps. - Over millions of years, the plants were buried under water and dirt. - Heat and pressure turned the dead plants into coal. ## Coal Facts - Was formed 255-350 million years ago. - 4 types of coal -Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite, Peat | **Type** | **Coal Description** | |-----------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Peat | Partially decayed plant matter in swamps and bogs; low heat content | | Lignite | Low heat content; low sulfur content; limited supplies in most areas | | Bituminous | Extensively used as a fuel because of its high heat content and large supplies; normally has a high sulfur content | | Anthracite | Highly desirable fuel because of its high heat content and low sulfur content; supplies are limited in most areas | - India has high coal deposits in Bokaro, Jharia, Raniganj, Singrauli, Godavari Valley, Chandrapur. - Coal Is in abundance But Dirty Fuel - Used in electricity production - World's most abundant fossil fuel - U.S. reserves should last about 250 years - Sulfur and particulate pollutants, Mercury and radioactive pollutants ## How Electricity Is Generated From Coal - Heat produced by burning pulverized coal in a furnace boils water to produce steam that spins a turbine to produce electricity. - The steam is cooled, condensed, and returned to the boiler for reuse. - Waste heat can be transferred to the atmosphere or to a nearby source of water. - The largest coal burning power plant in the United States, located in Indiana, burns three 100-car trainloads of coal per day. ## Petroleum or Crude Oil - Also called light oil - Trapped underground or under the ocean with natural gas - Crude oil is the single largest source of commercial energy in the world and U.S. - Proven oil reserves - Can be extracted profitably at today's prices with modern technology. - It's a mixture of hydrocarbons that needs to be purified and refined before use. ## Trade-Offs: Conventional Oil | **Advantages** | **Disadvantages** | |----------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Ample supply for 42-93 years | Need to find substitutes within 50 years | | Low cost | Large government subsidies | | High net energy yield | Environmental costs not included in market price | | Easily transported within and between countries | Artificially low price encourages waste and discourages the search for alternatives | | Low land use | Pollutes air when produced and burned | | Technology is well developed | Releases $CO_2$ when burned | | Efficient distribution system | Can cause water pollution | ## Natural Gas - Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-burning Fossil Fuel - Compressed natural gas - Synthetic natural gas - Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - Less carbon dioxide emitted per unit of energy than with crude oil, tar sand, shale oil. - World supply of conventional natural gas - 62-125 years ## Nuclear Energy - Nuclear fission uses uranium to create energy. - Nuclear energy is a nonrenewable resource because once the uranium is used, it is gone! ## Renewable Energy Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replenished in a short period of time. - Solar - Geothermal - Wind - Biomass - Hydro-power - Tidal energy ## Solar Energy Sustainability mostly depends on solar energy. - **Direct form:** from the Sun - Nuclear fusion reactions occur inside the Sun and release tremendous energy. - 1.4 kilojoules second/m² ## Solar Devices - Solar heat collectors - Solar cells - Solar cooker - Solar water heater - Solar furnace and Solar power plants Sunlight can be converted into electrical energy through solar cells, which can be used in devices such as calculators or installed in a home to provide electrical energy. Some houses allow sunlight into the house through large windows. The sunlight is converted into thermal energy that heats the house naturally. ## Using Solar Energy to Heat Buildings and Water - **Passive solar heating system** - Vent allows hot air to escape in summer. - Superwindow. - Stone floor and wall for heat storage. - **Active solar heating system** - Solar collector. - Pump. - Superwindow. - Hot water tank. - Heat exchanger. ## Wind Energy - Freely available source of energy. - Minimum wind speed required: 15 km/hr. - World's second fastest-growing source of energy. - India's Potential is 20,000 MW. - Vast potential - Land - Offshore - Wind is caused by the Sun's uneven heating of the Earth's surface, which creates currents of air. The kinetic energy of wind can turn the blades of a windmill. Windmills are often used to pump water from the ground. - A wind turbine converts kinetic energy into electrical energy by rotating a generator. ## Hydro Power: Producing Electricity from Flowing Water - The Sun causes water to evaporate and fall again as rain that flows through rivers. The potential energy of water in a reservoir is converted into kinetic energy as the water flows downhill through a dam. - Falling water turns a turbine in a dam, which is connected to a generator that converts kinetic energy into electrical energy. Electrical energy produced from falling water is called hydroelectricity. ## Hydroelectric Power Generation - The larger the height difference is between the upstream and downstream water level, the greater the amount of electricity generated. ## Geothermal Energy - Energy by Tapping the Earth's Internal Heat. - Geothermal heat pumps - Hydrothermal reservoirs - Steam - Hot water - Deep geothermal energy. - New Zealand, U.S.A have successful working plants - Thermal energy resulting from the heating of Earth's crust is called geothermal energy. Ground water that seeps into hot spots near the surface of the Earth can form geysers. ## Tidal Energy - Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into useful forms of power - mainly electricity. - Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. - Tidal stream generators (or TSGs) make use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, in a similar way to wind turbines that use wind to power turbines. ## Ocean Thermal Energy - Desalinated water - Cold-water discharge - Building air-conditioning - Kelp - Phytoplankton. - Zooplankton. - Cold-water refrigeration. - Air-conditioning. - Mariculture - Nori - Abalone - Clams - Oysters - Lobsters - Shrimp - Salmon - Steelhead trout - Electricity - Drinking - Irrigation ## Biomass Energy - Biomass - Wood - Agricultural waste - Plantations - Charcoal - Animal manure - Common in developing countries - Carbon dioxide increase in atmosphere ## Converting Plant Matter to Liquid Biofuel - Biofuels - Ethanol and biodiesel - Crops can be grown in most countries - Sustainability Plants capture and store energy from the Sun. Organic matter, such as plants, wood, and waste, that can be burned to release energy is called biomass. Nonindustrialized countries rely heavily on biomass for energy. Certain plants can also be converted into liquid fuel. For example, corn can be used to make ethanol, which is often mixed with gasoline to make a cleaner-burning fuel for cars. ## Liquid Fuel from Corn - Feedstock handling - Corn Stover - Wastewater Treatment. - Distillation and Ethanol purification - Lignin residue. - Pretreatment - Steam and acid - Enzyme. - Lime - S/L Separation - Liquor - Solids - Conditioning - Saccharification and Fermentation - Burner/Boiler Turbogenerator ## Biogas - Mixture of Methane, Carbon dioxide, hydrogen etc. - Produced by anaerobic degradation of animal waste in the presence of water. - Non polluting, clean, and a low-cost fuel. - Two types of biogas plants - Floating dome type - Fixed dome type ## Biogas Power Generation and Heat Supply System - Cowhouse - Excrement of livestock - Food Processing Company - Raw garbage. - School - Biogas (Methane) - Methane fermentation - Organic wastes are decomposed by methane germ - Gas engine - Electricity - Heat ## Installed Float Type A picture of a biogas generation plant. ## Hydrogen as Fuel - Hydrogen is environmentally friendly. - Thermal dissociation, photolysis, or electrolysis of water. - **Problems:** - Net energy yield is negative. - Fuel is expensive. - Air pollution depends on production method. - Storage ## Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Resources | **Energy Resource** | **Advantages** | **Disadvantages** | |-----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Fossil Fuels | - provide a large amount of thermal energy per unit of mass. - easy to get and easy to transport. - can be used to generate electrical energy and make products such as plastic. | - nonrenewable. - burning produces smog. - burning coal releases substances that can cause acid precipitation. - risk of oil spills. | | Nuclear | - very concentrated form of energy. - power plants do not produce smog. - almost limitless source of energy. - does not produce pollution. | - produces radioactive waste. - radioactive elements are nonrenewable. - expensive to use for large-scale energy production. | | Solar | ** **- renewable. - does not produce air pollution. | - only practical in sunny areas. | | Water | - renewable. - does not produce air pollution. | - dams disrupt a river's ecosystem. - available only in areas that have rivers. | | Wind | - renewable. - relatively inexpensive to generate. - does not produce air pollution. | - only practical in windy areas | | Geothermal | - almost limitless source of energy. - power plants require little land. | - only practical in locations near hot spots. - waste water can damage soil | | Biomass | - renewable. | - requires large areas of farmland. - produces smoke. | ## A Fact Recycling just one aluminum can saves enough energy to run a television set for four hours! ## Reduce, Reuse, Recycle A picture of the recycle symbol. ## Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future? A diagram of a smart electrical and distribution system - Rooftop solar-cell arrays - Residential - Bioenergy power plants - Wind farm - Small solar-cell power plants - Small wind turbine - Fuel cells - Solar-cell rooftop systems - Commercial - Industrial - Microturbines ## Save Energy - This means...... - a hand turning off a light-switch. - THANK YOU