Land Resources PDF

LAND RESOURCES TECH 8/ DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY TOPIC OUTLINE A. Land Use/ Land Cover ( World Data and The Philippines) a. Foraging vs Pastoralism b. Intensive Farming vs Extensive...

LAND RESOURCES TECH 8/ DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY TOPIC OUTLINE A. Land Use/ Land Cover ( World Data and The Philippines) a. Foraging vs Pastoralism b. Intensive Farming vs Extensive Farming c. Urban and built-up land d. Forest B. Philippines Agricultural/ Forest Resources C. Advances in Agricultural Machinery and Technologies FORAGING VS. PASTORALISM FORAGING - “ hunting and gathering” - Scavenging - Foraging societies were the most egalitarian in human history PASTORALISM  Pastoralism is a mode of subsistence that involves raising domestic animals in grassland environments using herd and household mobility.  Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, or other products.  Grazing – method in animal husbandry whereby domesticated animals (known as "livestock") - cattle,swine,chicken, camels, goats, yaks, llamas, reindeer, horses and sheep are released onto large vegetated outdoor lands (Pastures)  Pastoral Nomadism - Adapted to dry climates where planting crops is impossible  Primarily done in North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC  Pastoral Farming – ( Livestock Framing/ Animal Husbandry )- ranching, livestock farming or grazing) is aimed at producing livestock, rather than growing crops. Dairy farming is the agricultural technique concerned with the long term production of milk, which is then processed to obtain dairy products such as curd, cheese, yoghurt, butter, cream, etc. It involves the management of dairy animals such as cows/ cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goat Cattle farming – bulls, oxen and cows Poultry farming is concerned with raising and breeding of birds for commercial purposes. Birds like ducks, chickens, geese, pigeons, turkeys, etc. are domesticated for eggs and meat. Swine farming or hog farming or pig farming, consists of raising and breeding domestic pigs mostly for food (pork products, bacon) and also for their skin. Equine farming - horses, mules and donkeys -- mostly for Agritourism Bee farming or apiculture is the practice of maintaining bee colonies by humans in man-made hives. Honey bees are reared on a large scale.   Crop Farming - A crop is a plant or plant product that can be grown and harvested for profit or subsistence. By use, crops fall into six categories: food crops, feed crops, fiber crops, oil crops, ornamental crops, and industrial crops.  Horticulture is the art of cultivating plants in gardens to produce food and medicinal ingredients, or for comfort and ornamental purposes.  Mixed Farming Farming is the activity of growing crops or keeping animals on a farm. Synonyms: agriculture, cultivation, husbandry, land management https://www.fao.org/3/Y0501E/Y0501E00.htm INTENSIVE FARMING VS. EXTENSIVE FARMING INTENSIVE FARMING EXTENSIVE FARMING *income, inputs, or manpower available are the limiting factors *intensification and mechanization of agricultural practices *low-level input, lower yield per area *high-level input and output/yield *Larger land area *Small land area availability *largely dependent on the natural fertility of the soil, the climate, *not all intensive farming has to be unsustainably managed and the terrain *Low environmental impact INTENSIVE ANIMAL AGRICULTURE Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) / factory farming Use of antibiotic or hormones to promote growth and development Abusive animal-management practices, (debeaking and use of small gestation crates) Substitution of free-roaming animal diets with off-farm industrial feed crops Selective breeding & genetic engineering Corporate concentration and consolidation Global supply chains https://straydoginstitute.org/intensive-agriculture/ INTENSIVE CROP AGRICULTURE Monoculture High use of synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, and fungicides Gas-powered heavy machinery for harvesting and mechanized processing lines Genetic modification of plant species through biotechnology to enable crops to withstand the application of highly toxic herbicides and pesticides, or acquire desirable traits/ characteristics (GMOs) Limited or zero crop rotation Lack of attention to building soil health and soil carbon sequestration Corporate concentration and consolidation Global supply chains https://animals.net/monoculture/ URBAN & BUILT-UP LAND  Urban – cities, towns Urban sprawl - the rapid expansion of the geographic extent of cities and towns Built-up land, comprises residential land, industrial land, quarries, pits and mines, commercial land, land used by public services, land of mixed use, land used for transport and communications, for technical infrastructure, recreational and other open land for human activities.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKnAJCSGSdk  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v74_mf2usc0  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UAEKCtl2eis – losing ground  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvHJKqU-mZo- carbon farming  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntJouJhLM48- living soil film urban sprawl Mosaic of images taken by Landsat 5 of the western portion of Las Vegas in 1984 (top), 1999 (middle), and 2009 (bottom). Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon—NASA Earth Observatory/Landsat 5/USGS Global Visualization Viewer https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Built-up_land FOREST https://ourworldindata.org/forest-area FOREST SERVICES Wind breaks and shelter belts Soil erosion check Soil improvement Carbon sequestration Water Filtration Natural habitat This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA FOREST PRODUCTS  Goods and services derived from the forest such as but not limited to timber, lumber, veneer, plywood, fiberboard, pulpwood, firewood, bark, tree top, resin gum, wood oil, honey, beeswax, nipa, rattan, or other forest growth such as grass, shrub and flowering plant, the associated water, fish, game/animals... -DENR PHILIPPINES LAND RESOURCES   The Philippines is an archipelago of 7,107 islands covering 300,000 square kilometers (30 million hectares)  298,170 square kilometers of land  1,830 square kilometers of water This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC FORESTS - Either natural vegetation or plantations of forest crops such as trees, or both, occupying a definable, uninterrupted or contiguous area not less than one hectare in size with the tree crowns covering at least ten percent (10%) of the area (DENR DAO 96-29) Under the Public Land Act (Act 2874, ca. 1919), Lands of the public domain are classified into agricultural, forest or timber, mineral lands and national parks  TYPES OF FOREST  Forest cover is classified into three types: 1. Closed forest - Formation where trees in various storey and undergrowth cover a high proportion (>40 percent) of the ground and do not have a continuous dense grass layer. Currently, it constitutes 28.9 % (2,028, 015 hectares) of the Philippines forest cover (2015 data). (FMB PFAG 2020). 2. Open forest - Formations with discontinuous tree layer with coverage of at least 10% and less than 40%. At present, it constitutes 66.8 % (4, 682, 764 hectares) of the total Philippine forest cover (2015 data). (FMB PFAG 2020). 3. Mangrove forest - Forested wetland growing along tidal mudflats and along shallow water coastal areas extending inland along rivers, streams and their tributaries where the water is generally brackish. It constitutes 4.3 % (303, 373 hectares) of the current Philippine forest cover (2015 data). (FMB PFAG 2020). PHILIPPINE STATISTICS ON AGRICULTURE PHILIPPINE STATISTICS ON AGRICULTURE ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND TECHNOLOGIES 1. AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION Agricultural mechanization is the application of equipment and machinery, as well as the implementation of farm tools to improve the productivity of farm labor and land, in order to maximize outputs and increase agricultural and food production. Ulusoy (2013) defined agricultural mechanization as the use of machines for agricultural production. In a similar manner, Ulger et al. (2011) viewed mechanization as the use of modern agricultural machines in place of traditional tools, equipment, machinery, and facilities.  LAND DEVELOPMENT, TILLAGE AND SEEDBED PREPARATION - Tillage is mechanical modification of soil structure. Tillage tools modify soil structure through a wide range of soil–tool interactions, including: cutting, milling, crushing, beating, and rebound.. TWO-WHEEL TRACTORS Figure credit: Joel Gruver, Western Illinois University. Adapted from Gajri, P. R., V. K. Arora, and S. S. Prihar. 1999. Tillage for sustainable cropping. Food Products Press, Binghampton, NY Harrows four-Wheel Tractors This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under https://eorganic.org/node/2428 CC BY-NC ROTAVATOR/ CULTIVATOR / ROD WEEDER A cultivator is a piece of agricultural equipment used for secondary tillage. One sense of the name refers to frames with teeth that pierce the soil as they are dragged through it linearly. It also refers to machines that use rotary motion of disks or teeth to accomplish a similar result. A Rotavator is a piece of equipment used to churn and aerate the soil prior to the area being seeded or having turf laid. This is an essential step to prepare the land. The Rotavator used a series of blades to twist apart and break up the soil. Rod weeders are used for weed control in open unplanted fields; their working element is a square- section rod that revolves a few inches below the soil surface. Field cultivators, essentially light plows, are equipped with spring teeth, shovels, or sweeps. LAND SHAPING Land shapingImportant for vegetable production systems and fields using conservation practices. Negative effects of tillage Compaction of soil below the depth of tillage (formation of a tillage pan); Crusting of soil when soil pulverization is followed by rain, stimulating weed seed germination and inhibiting crop emergence; Increased susceptibility to water and wind erosion associated with residue removal and soil loosening; Accelerated decomposition of organic matter, which is undesirable from a long-term perspective; Cost of equipment purchase and operation; Energy cost of tillage operations; Alteration of the soil foodweb, shifting populations away from larger, longer-lived organisms to smaller, shorter-lived organisms. 2. CONTROLLED TRAFFIC FARMING Controlled traffic farming (CTF) systems are based on the concept that all field machinery travels on permanently located traffic lanes, while crop production occurs in the untrafficked soil between the wheel tracks. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHbAZivTCLo 3. APPLIED MACHINE VISION Garford RoboCrop 4. UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS (UAS) AND PAYLOAD TECHNOLOGIES FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE Remote sensing (RS) is the science of obtaining information and measuring properties of objects on the Earth’s surface from Drones are uncrewed aerial vehicles (also known as UAVs) a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites; as opposed to proximal sensing, which refers to sensor data acquisition from ground vehicles and handheld devices (Mulla, 2013). Payload technology Imaging sensors Visible Spectrum Imaging Multispectral Imaging Hyperspectral Imaging Non Imaging Sensors (VOCs) A Review of Applications and Communication Technologies for Internet of Things (IoT) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Based Sustainable Smart Farming - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Different-types-of- agricultural-UAVs-Harvesting-UAV-Spraying-UAV-Mapping-UAV-Sensing_fig3_34915847 4. UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS (UAS) AND PAYLOAD TECHNOLOGIES FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE Precision agriculture or precision farming can be defined as the use of spatial and temporal information of crops in order to perform site-specific management. Its main aim is to increase crop yield and farm profitability through a more efficient use of resources. 5. PRECISION LIVESTOCK FARMING TECHNOLOGIES https://www.fancom.com/blog/precision-livestock-farming  6. AGRICULTURAL ROBOTICS AG-ROBOTS: Manipulators UAGVs (Unmanned Agricultural Ground Vehicles) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4XLZEI154U  7. PLANT SENSORS AND IRRIGATION SCHEDULING https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgAyzE7WScs Irrigation was applied when the measured canopy temperature was greater than the predicted canopy temperature for more than three consecutive hours on two consecutive days or depending on the crop requirement. 8. POST-HARVESTING TECHNOLOGY The Solar Bubble Dryer (SBD) 9. INDOOR FARMING/SOIL-LESS/ VERTICAL FARMING/ URBAN FARMING  http://building.jovanarradaza.com/lbfnice/quick-facts-overview-of-the-philippine-agriculture/  https://www.fas.usda.gov/philippines-2020-export-highlights  https://psa.gov.ph/agriculture/aspbi-id/1475  https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1416 GOOGLE SLIDE  Individual multimedia report on Sustainable Technologies and Innovations in Land Resource Management Slide 1: *Problem- Solution (Problem Solved) (Context) (Introduction of the Technology/ Inventor etc) *Technology Profile (How it works) (Impact) Slide 2: *Opportunities (Drawbacks/ Negative Impact/ By-Products/ Etc for Improvement) Remainder: Use Keypoints , Avoid Long paragraphs, use Highlights, Images, provide link of references below