Lecture 12: Agriculture and Food PDF

Lecture 12: Agriculture and Food Dr. Mansoor Hamed AlJahdhami [email protected]  Review question (c) ❑ This part (____) of the world has the nations with highest birth rates. 2 ...

Lecture 12: Agriculture and Food Dr. Mansoor Hamed AlJahdhami [email protected]  Review question (c) ❑ This part (____) of the world has the nations with highest birth rates. 2  Reading materials CHAPTER 7 Food and Agriculture 7.1 Global trends in food and hunger 7.2 How much food do we need? 7.3 What do we eat? 📄 Pages: 154 ‒ 162 3  Learning outcomes Define food security Differentiate nutrition-related terms Acknowledge the relationship between food production and supply and possible impact on human and environment 4  Global trends in food and nutrition Food production Used to be small scale diversified operations Nowadays, large scale operations ❑ Thousands of hectares cultivated ❑ Growing one or two genetically modified crops ❑ With abundant inputs of fuel and fertilizer and other chemicals Changes for what? …But? Unevenly-distributed food supplies and expensive food 5  Global trends in food and nutrition Food production Agriculture: ~38% of the world’s land area 6  Global trends in food and nutrition Food production Agriculture: ~38% of the world’s land area Many environmental effects (USA as example) ❑ More than 1 million km2 treated with commercial fertilizers ❑ More than ¾ million km2 treated with chemicals to control weeds ❑ More than ¼ million km2 treated with chemical insect pesticides Farming creates novel ecological conditions ❑ Agroecosystems 7 Global trends in food and nutrition 8  Global trends in food and nutrition Food security is unevenly distributed Fifty years ago, hunger was one of the world’s most persistent problems. Conditions changed, nevertheless, it has not been eliminated! ❑ Average human population growth has been 1.7 % per year over the past 50 years ❑ Food production has increased by 2.2 % per year Food availability has increased in most countries to well over 9 2200 kilocalories per person per day Global trends in food and nutrition Changes in dietary energy and protein consumption 10 Global trends in food and nutrition Hunger around the world has not been eliminated! 11  Global trends in food and nutrition Changes in number and rate of malnourishment across the world 12  Global trends in food and nutrition Food security is unevenly distributed Food security? ❑ Ability of individuals to obtain sufficient and healthy food on day-to-day basis ❑ Viewed on many dimensions ✔ Economic ? ✔ Environmental ✔ Social © Wiley Visualizing TM and National Geographic Food insecurity? 13  Global trends in food and nutrition Food security is unevenly distributed Food insecurity? ❑ Famines? Large-scale food shortages with widespread starvation, social disruption and economic chaos ❑ Famines usually have social and political roots 14 Global trends in food and nutrition © 2016 Apex Press and Publishing © 2014 Adweek 15  How much food do we need? Human nutritional requirements Amount ❑ 2500 calories per day for average male ❑ 2000 calories per day for average female Balanced nutrition (proper composition) ❑ Proteins: 30% of all calories from daily diet (4 calories per gram) ❑ Carbohydrates: 60% of all calories (4 calories per gram) ❑ fats: ≤ 10% of all calories (9 calories per gram) 16  How much food do we need? The Harvard food pyramid: recommendation for healthy life style and food 17 items  How much food do we need? Nutrition-related terms Undernutrition Malnutrition Overnutrition 18  How much food do we need? Malnutrition Lack of nutritional requirements ❑ Imbalanced diet due to deficiency of certain nutrients ❑ UN-FAO estimates that ~ 3 billion people suffer from vitamin, mineral or protein © Wiley Visualizing TM and National deficiencies Geographic Typical symptoms of kwashiorkor: ✔ Protein deficiency disease bloated belly and discolored hair and skin ❖ Kwashiorkor (< 80% of their normal 19  How much food do we need? Malnutrition Lack of nutritional requirements ❑ Imbalanced diet due to deficiency of certain nutrients ✔ Dietary deficiency diseases Goiter (enlarged ❖ Protein and calorie deficiency 🡺 thyroid gland) Marasmus (child with wizened Marasmus look and dry flaky skin) ❖ Iodine deficiency 🡺 Goiter 20  How much food do we need? Overnutrition or overeating is a growing world problem Not limited to richer countries Overweight or obese due to consumption of highly processed food rich in animal saturated fats, sugar and salt Number overweight > the number underweight Obesity increases risk of 21  How much food do we need? More production doesn’t necessarily reduce hunger © Wiley Visualizing TM and National Geographic Grain production doubled, but grain per person did not 22 increase Questions? 23 Global Trends in Food and Nutrition 1. Food Production Changes: Historically, food production involved small-scale, diversified operations. Modern agriculture is characterized by large-scale operations cultivating thousands of hectares, often focusing on one or two genetically modified crops with heavy inputs of fuel, fertilizers, and chemicals. Despite increased production, food supplies remain unevenly distributed, and food prices can be prohibitively high for many populations. 2. Land Use: Agriculture occupies approximately 38% of the world’s land area. This extensive use has environmental impacts, including the widespread application of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, which alter ecosystems. 3. Food Security: Defined as the ability to obtain sufficient and healthy food on a daily basis, food security has economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Over the last 50 years, food production has grown at an annual rate of 2.2%, outpacing population growth (1.7% annually). This has increased food availability to over 2200 kilocalories per person per day in most countries. However, food insecurity persists in many regions, with hunger and malnutrition still widespread. 4. Food Insecurity and Famines: Food insecurity encompasses hunger and malnutrition and often leads to social and economic disruption. Famines are large-scale food shortages that stem from political, social, or environmental issues. Nutritional Needs and Challenges 1. Human Nutritional Requirements: Average caloric needs are around 2500 calories per day for males and 2000 calories per day for females. A balanced diet should include: Proteins: 30% of daily calories. Carbohydrates: 60%. Fats: ≤10%. 2. Malnutrition Types: Undernutrition: Deficiency in essential nutrients, leading to diseases like: Kwashiorkor: Protein deficiency causing bloated bellies and discolored hair/skin. Marasmus: Severe calorie and protein deficiency resulting in extreme thinness and dry skin. Overnutrition: Overeating highly processed foods leads to obesity, which is linked to various health problems like heart disease and diabetes. 3. Global Malnutrition Statistics: Approximately 3 billion people suffer from deficiencies in vitamins, minerals, or proteins. Conditions such as iodine deficiency (causing goiter) are also prevalent. Challenges in Reducing Hunger 1. Despite advancements in food production, hunger persists: Grain production has doubled, but per capita grain availability has not significantly increased due to population growth and distribution issues. 2. Overnutrition vs. Undernutrition: Globally, the number of overweight individuals now exceeds those who are underweight, highlighting a dual burden of malnutrition. 2 1 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 This summary captures the key points from your material. If you’d like additional insights on a specific section, let me know!  ‫ً‬ ‫مفص> حول موضوع الغذاء والزراعة استنا ًدا إلى ا‪%‬اد‬ ‫شرحا‬ ‫ً‬ ‫إليك‬ ‫ا‪K‬تجاهات العا‪%‬ية في الغذاء والتغذية‬ ‫التغيرات في إنتاج الغذاء‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬ ‫تاريخيًا‪ ،‬كان إنتاج الغذاء يتم عبر عمليات صغيرة ومتنوعة‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اليوم‪ ،‬يتميز ا‪o‬نتاج الزراعي بالعمليات واسعة النطاق‪ ،‬حيث تُزرع آ‪K‬ف الهكتارات‪ ،‬وغالبًا تُركز الزراعة على محصول واحد أو اثن‪ d‬من ا‪%‬حاصيل ا‪%‬عدلة وراثيًا مع استخدام مكثف للوقود وا‪Z‬سمدة وا‪%‬واد الكيميائية‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫على الرغم من زيادة ا‪o‬نتاج‪ K ،‬تزال إمدادات الغذاء موزعة بشكل غير متسا ٍو‪ ،‬وغالبًا ما تكون أسعار الغذاء مرتفعة بالنسبة للكثيرين‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫استخدام ا‪Z‬راضي‪:‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬ ‫الزراعة تشغل حوالي ‪ %38‬من مساحة ا‪Z‬رض في العالم‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫هذا ا‪K‬ستخدام الكبير يؤدي إلى آثار بيئية‪ ،‬بما في ذلك ا‪K‬ستخدام الواسع ل‪x‬سمدة وا‪%‬بيدات الحشرية ومبيدات ا‪Z‬عشاب‪ ،‬مما يغير النظم البيئية‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا‪Z‬من الغذائي‪:‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬ ‫كاف وصحي يوميًا‪ ،‬وله أبعاد اقتصادية وبيئية واجتماعية‪.‬‬‫ٍ‬ ‫عرف ا‪Z‬من الغذائي بأنه قدرة ا‪Z‬فراد على الحصول على غذاء‬ ‫يُ ّ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫خ>ل الخمس‪ d‬عا ًما ا‪%‬اضية‪ ،‬نما إنتاج الغذاء بمعدل ‪ %2.2‬سنويًا‪ ،‬متفو ًقا على معدل نمو السكان )‪ %1.7‬سنويًا(‪.‬ونتيجة لذلك‪ ،‬زادت إتاحة الغذاء لتتجاوز ‪ 2200‬سعر حراري للفرد يوميًا في معظم الدول‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ومع ذلك‪ K ،‬يزال انعدام ا‪Z‬من الغذائي موجو ًدا في العديد من ا‪%‬ناطق‪ ،‬حيث الجوع وسوء التغذية منتشرين‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫انعدام ا‪Z‬من الغذائي وا‪%‬جاعات‪:‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬ ‫يشمل انعدام ا‪Z‬من الغذائي الجوع وسوء التغذية‪ ،‬وغالبًا ما يؤدي إلى اضطرابات اجتماعية واقتصادية‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا‪%‬جاعات هي نقص واسع النطاق في الغذاء‪ ،‬وعادة ما تكون جذورها سياسية أو اجتماعية أو بيئية‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا‪K‬حتياجات الغذائية والتحديات‬ ‫ا‪K‬حتياجات الغذائية البشرية‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬ ‫يحتاج الذكر العادي إلى حوالي ‪ 2500‬سعر حراري يوميًا‪ ،‬بينما تحتاج ا‪Z‬نثى إلى حوالي ‪ 2000‬سعر حراري يوميًا‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫النظام الغذائي ا‪%‬توازن يجب أن يتضمن‪:‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫البروتينات‪ %30 :‬من السعرات اليومية‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫الكربوهيدرات‪.%60 :‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫الدهون‪.%10≥ :‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫أنواع سوء التغذية‪:‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬ ‫سوء التغذية‪ :‬نقص في العناصر الغذائية الضرورية‪ ،‬مما يؤدي إلى أمراض مثل‪:‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫الكواشيوركور‪ :‬نقص البروت‪ ،d‬مما يسبب انتفاخ البطن وتغير لون الشعر والجلد‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ا‪%‬اراسموس‪ :‬نقص حاد في السعرات الحرارية والبروت‪ ،d‬مما يؤدي إلى نحافة شديدة وجفاف الجلد‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫فرط التغذية‪ :‬ا‪o‬فراط في تناول ا‪Z‬طعمة ا‪%‬عالجة يؤدي إلى السمنة‪ ،‬التي ترتبط بالعديد من ا‪%‬شاكل الصحية مثل أمراض القلب والسكري‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫إحصاءات سوء التغذية عا‪ً %‬يا‪:‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬ ‫يعاني حوالي ‪ 3‬مليارات شخص من نقص في الفيتامينات أو ا‪%‬عادن أو البروتينات‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫أمراض مثل نقص اليود )الذي يسبب تضخم الغدة الدرقية( منتشرة ً‬ ‫أيضا‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫التحديات في القضاء على الجوع‬ ‫على الرغم من التقدم في إنتاج الغذاء‪ K ،‬يزال الجوع مشكلة قائمة‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬ ‫كثيرا بسبب النمو السكاني وسوء التوزيع‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫تضاعف إنتاج الحبوب‪ ،‬لكن كمية الحبوب ا‪%‬تاحة للفرد لم تزد‬ ‫ ‬ ‫فرط التغذية مقابل نقص التغذية‪:‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬ ‫مزدوجا من سوء التغذية‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫على مستوى العالم‪ ،‬عدد ا‪Z‬شخاص الذين يعانون من زيادة الوزن يفوق ا‹ن عدد الذين يعانون من نقص الوزن‪ ،‬مما يعكس عبئ ًا‬ ‫ ‬ ‫إذا كنت بحاجة إلى تفاصيل إضافية حول أي جزء‪ ،‬أخبرني بذلك!‬