Week 11 video 1-slides.pptx

BMD116: week 11- Cancer 1. MAIN FEATURES OF CANCER CELLS AND TISSUE MORPHOLOGY Dr Daniele Bergamaschi Senior Lecturer [email protected] Learning Outcomes 1) Describe the main features of cancer cells 2) Exploring the main types of cancer 3) Understanding how cancers spread 4) Outline some o...

BMD116: week 11- Cancer 1. MAIN FEATURES OF CANCER CELLS AND TISSUE MORPHOLOGY Dr Daniele Bergamaschi Senior Lecturer [email protected] Learning Outcomes 1) Describe the main features of cancer cells 2) Exploring the main types of cancer 3) Understanding how cancers spread 4) Outline some of the main factors causing cancer 5) Exploring current approaches for treating cancer 2 1) Cancer cells features 3 Cancer Cells bypass normal proliferation controls 4 NORMAL CELLS vs CANCER CELLS • Cancer cells form tumours – Nude mice • Anchorage independent growth – Normal cells require a matrix – Cancer cells grow in suspension Adapted from Oncotarget. 2017; 8:61072-61082. • Density dependent inhibition of growth – Normal cells grow in monolayer – Tumour cells continue to divide 5 Anchorage dependent cell growth Cell contact inhibition 6 Loss of cell cycle control They grow when they should not, their metabolism can rely from both mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation as well as from aerobic glycolysis (ATP from glucose uptake) • Disruption to cell cycle -Restriction points (G1 to S-phase) -They go through the cell-division cycle when they should not • Abnormal stress responses, enabling them to survive/continue dividing in conditions of stress that would arrest or kill normal cells • They are less prone than normal cells to commit suicide by apoptosis • They escape replicative cell senescence: do not age 7 Summary of cancer cell features NORMAL CELLS CANCER CELLS Defined pattern of cell growth/division Ability to differentiate Uncontrolled cell growth and division Failure of differentiation Homogenous cell shape/size Change of cell shape/size Anchorage dependence Loss of growth contact inhibition Cell contact inhibition Increased oncogenes expression Lack of oncogenes expression Loss of tumour suppress. genes Expression of tumour suppress. genes Acquired resistance of Apoptosis Sensitivity to Apoptosis Aneuploidy (n. chromosome variation) Euploidy Increased cell motility and ability to invade 8 2) Main types of cancer 9 Incidence/mortality of different types of cancer (worldwide, both sexes, all ages) •In the world the 6 most common cancers are: - lung - breast - colon/rectum - prostate - stomach - liver Worldwide •Total n. of new cancers in 2018: 18 million •Total n. of deaths from cancer in 2018: 9.6 million Data from International Agency for Research on Cancer 2020 10 Main types of cancer • Carcinomas: arise from epithelial cells that cover external and internal body surfaces (skin, lung, breast, prostate, colon cancer) (~80-90%) • Sarcomas: develop from supporting and connective tissue such as bones, cartilages, fat, and muscles (~ 1%) • Lymphomas & leukemias: arise from cells of lymphatic and blood origin, respectively (~ 7%) • Blastomas: arise from the blasts (the precursor cells) of the embryonic tissue (ex. retinoblastoma affecting the eye, nephroblastoma affecting the kidney) 11 Epithelial Skin cancers Basal cell carcinoma, nodular type Squamous cell carcinoma, moderately differentiated Basal cell carcinoma, sclerosing type Superficial spreading malignant melanoma, tumor thickness 1,0 mm 12 •H&E staining of an osteosarcoma Sarcomas non-malignant bone Osteosarcoma Bone tissue From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma •Usually develops in growing bones •Mostly affects teenagers and young adults 13 •Group of solid tumours composed of neoplastic lymphoid cells including multiple myeloma Lymphomas •Normally develop in any organ where lymphoid tissue is present. •Location: enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, tonsil, but also gut or skin. Hodgkin lymphoma •Lymphoma is further categorized into B-cell, T-cell and Hodgkin lymphoma. From http://www.proteinatlas.org 14