Gender and Society PDF

Gender and Society 5 Types of society 1. Hunting and Gathering Society - It is the type of society that relies heavily on hunting wild animals and gathering food for its survival. 2. Agrarian Society - Society whose economy is focused on growing and maintaining crops and farmland...

Gender and Society 5 Types of society 1. Hunting and Gathering Society - It is the type of society that relies heavily on hunting wild animals and gathering food for its survival. 2. Agrarian Society - Society whose economy is focused on growing and maintaining crops and farmland is considered an agrarian society, often known as an agricultural society. 3. Industrial Society - An industrial society is a system in which large number of labor and machinery is involved in production of goods and services. 4. Information Society - An information society is one in which the production and consumption of products and services are primarily made easier by electronic information technology. 5. Super Smart Society - Super smart society uses digital technology to its fullest potential to address social problems and pursue wealth. Society derived from the Latin word “socius” which means companionship or friendship. In Sociology, it refers NOT to a group of people but to the complex pattern of the norms of interaction that arise among them. “Society is a web of social relationship.” ---Robert MacIver “Society is not a group of people, it is the system of relationship that exists between the individual of the group.” ---Wright Mills Nature of Society Likeness - It is an essential prerequisite of society. Difference - But the sense of likeness does not eliminate diversity or variation. Interdependence - Family- biological inter-dependence of the sexes. None of the two sexes is complete by itself and, therefore, each seeks fulfillment by the aid of the other. Co-operation - Without cooperation no society can exist. Origin of Society Origin 1 - Individual and Social Theories A. Social Contract - “People live together in society in accordance with an agreement that establishes moral and political rules of behavior.” B. Organic Theory - “Society is like a living organism that as population grow, it would need more land and resources to support the population” Origin 2 - Group Mind Theory -This theory was developed by Gabriel Tarde and expounded by Emile Durkheim. It expounded with the term, collective conscience wherein it explains that individuals have a shared understanding of behavior norms. What is the difference between Gender and Sex? SEX Biological characteristics of being a female or male. Physical attributes pertaining to person’s body contours, features, hormones, genes, chromosomes and reproductive organs. It is generally permanent. Universal Attributes are equally valued. Primary Sex Characteristics - Primary changes taking places that prepares male and female body for procreation. Sex Role A function in which a male or a female assumes role because of the basic physiological or anatomical difference between the sexes. A role which can be performed by only one of the sexes. What is something that only male can do? Ovum Fertilization Produces spermatozoa which determines the sex of the child. What is something that only female can do? Lactation Gestation GENDER Sexual Orientation Person’s predisposition or inclination regarding sexual behavior, emotional attachment or physical attraction to one or both sexes. 1. Homosexual - Refers to the person whose sexual orientation is towards another of the same sex. A. Lesbian - a woman whose sexual and romantic attraction is toward a women. B. Gay - a man whose sexual and romantic attraction is toward a men. 2. Heterosexual - Refers to the person whose sexual orientation is towards others of opposite sex. 3. Bisexual - Refers to the person who may be sexually oriented to both men and women. 4. Pansexual - A new sexual orientation of persons who are usually attracted to people regardless of their sex and gender identity. “pan” is a Greek word which means “for all or every”. Also called as “gender blind” 5. Transgender - Transexual denotes an individual who seeks or has undergone a social transition from male to female or female to male which involved a somatic transition by cross-sex hormone and genital surgery. Gender Roles - Learned behavior in given society or community of social groups. Influenced by perceptions and expectations. Factors that influence it includes: a. Cultural b. Economic c. Environmental d. Social e. Religious GNED 04 HISTORY Kasaysayan - Pag aaral ng mga nakaraan, galing sa salitang griyego “historia - kaalaman na natutunan sa pamamagitan ng pag-aaral at pagsisiyasat. Primaryang Batis - Pinagmulan o pangunahing pinagkukunan ng impormasyon o kaalaman ukol sa partikular na pangyayari, tao, o kaganapan sa kasaysayan. Historiography (kasaysayan ng kasaysayan) - Tumutukoy sa pag aaral at pagsusuri ng mga paraan at pamamaraan ng pagsulat ng kasaysayan. Positibismo/Positivism - Pilosopikal na pananaw o pagsasagawa ng pananaliksik na nag aangkin na ang tunay na kaalaman ay dapat batay sa ebidensya o datos na siyasatin ng siyentipikong paraan. Postcolonialism - Isang teorya o pananaw sa larangan ng sosyal na agham, kultura na pag-aaral at panitikan na tumutukoy sa mga ugnayan, epekto at reaksyon pagkatapos ng kolonyalismo. Challenges and issue of History A. May kinikilingan na subjektibidad B. Kakulangan sa Primaryang batis C. Interpretasyon D. Pagbabago ng kasaysayan E. Etikal na Dilemma F. Pag access sa archives G. Historical Erasures H. Global Perspective I. Relevance Historical Methodology - ay tumutukoy sa sistematikong paraan at set ng pamamaraan na ginagamit ng mga makasaysayang siyasatin, suriin at unawain ang nakaraan. Historical Sources Primaryang Batis - Ito ay mga orihinal na sanggunian na nilikha noong panahon ng pangyayari. Sekundaryang Batis - Ito ay mga sangguniang binuo ng mga sumusunod na henerasyon matapos ang pangyayari. Tertiary Source - Tertiary sources compile and summarize mostly secondary sources. Examples might include reference publications such as encyclopedias, bibliographies or handbooks. 2 kinds of Criticisms: 1. External Criticism- examines the authenticity of the document or the evidence being used. 2. Internal Criticism- examines the truthfulness and accuracy but also the examination of the primary sources in terms of the context of its production. First Voyage around the world The 5 Ships 1. Santiago Crew: 32 Under the command of Juan Serrano Smallest of the 5 ships Called as a ‘caravel’ First ship that has been lost 2. San Antonio Crew: 60 Under the command of Juan De Cartagena Soon led by Alvarado De Mesquita Largest in the fleet Second ship that has been lost 3. Concepcion Crew: 43 Under the command of Gaspar de Quesada Captain was executed because of mutiny burned Third ship that has been lost 4. Trinidad Crew: 55 Under the command of Ferdinand Magellan The Flagship Was attacked by Portuguese ship Left shipwrecked Fourth ship that has been lost 5. Victoria Crew: 43 Under the command of Luiz Mendoza; soon led by Juan Sebastian Elcano Antonio Pigafetta on board First ship circumnavigated the world Only ship to complete the voyage Out of the 5 ships, only 3 ships reached the Philippines. Pigafetta’s account is the longest and most comprehensive in describing their encounters during the Magallanes-Elcano expedition. The timeline during their stay in the Philipines March 16, 1521 Arrival in samar March 31, 1521 FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES (Held at Mazaua (Limasawa) April 7, 1521 Arrival in zubu (Arrived at the port of Zubu (Cebu), the largest and the most trade island) April 14, 1521 IMAGE OF CHILD JESUS April 27, 1521 BATTLE OF MACTAN April 27, 1521 BATTLE OF MACTAN September 8, 1522 Victoria, the only ship survived, finally arrived at Seville. Thus, ending the Magallanes-Elcano expedition. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (KKK) Several types of Primary Sources A. Written Sources B. Oral Sources C. Object sources D. Audio and Audio visual sources Layunin ng Katipunan Pampulitika Sibika Moral Bonifacio then founded the “Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipuanan ng mga Anak ng Bayan” (KKK) on July 7, 1892 in a house on Azcarraga street (now Claro M. Recto), in Tondo Manila. 3 Ranggo sa KKK 1. Bayani 2. Kawal 3. Katipon The Leaders of the Katipunan: Deodato Arellano -Supremo Ladislao Diwa -Fiscal Teodora Plata -Secretary Valentine Diaz -treasurer Andres Bonifacio -controller Emilio Jacinto (Born: December 15, 1875) - Brain of the Katipunan The proclamation of the Philippine independence Emilio Aguinaldo  Born on March 22, 1869, in Kawit, Cavite, Philippines Led the Philippine Revolution against Spain from 1896 to 1898 Declared the Philippines’ independence from Spain on June 12, 1898 Became the President of the First Philippine Republic on January 23, 1899 Served as President until March 23, 1901, when he was forced to flee to Hong Kong due to the American capture of Manila Later returned to the Philippines and continued to lead the resistance against American occupation Died on February 6, 1964, in Quezon City, Philippines Philippine Revolution - Philippine Revolution, (1896–98), Filipino independence struggle that, after more than 300 years of Spanish colonial rule, exposed the weakness of Spanish administration but failed to evict Spaniards from the islands. The Spanish-American War brought Spain’s rule in the Philippines to a close in 1898 but precipitated the Philippine-American War, a bloody war between Filipino revolutionaries and the U.S. Army. Spanish-American War (1898) - Following the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, which saw Aguinaldo go into exile in Hong Kong, the Spanish-American War erupted in April 1898. Battle of Manila Bay (1898) - On May 1, 1898, at Manila Bay in the Philippines, the U.S. Asiatic Squadron destroyed the Spanish Pacific fleet in the first major battle of the Spanish-American War (April-August 1898). Battle of Alapan - On May 28, 1898, the battle of Alapan between the Filipino revolutionary forces led by General Emilio Aguinaldo and the Spanish naval infantry led by Captain Pedro Castila, was fought in Alapan, Imus, Cavite. Proclamation of the Philippine Independence - On May 28, 1898, the Philippine Flag was unfurled for the first time at the battle of Alapan. Philippine Independence was formally proclaimed on June 12, 1898, when Aguinaldo waved the flag in Kawit, Cavite, and was declared dictator. There, the Philippine National Anthem was also played for the first time. The Proclamation of Philippine Independence was signed by the Filipino revolutionary forces on June 12, 1898, effectively marking the end of the people's struggle against Spanish colonialism and declaring the Philippines an independent sovereign nation. Philippine - American War (1899-1902) POLITICAL CARICATURE OF THE AMERICAN ERA (1900-1941) Author: Alfred McCoy Birth: June 8, 1945. Massachusetts U.S.A Citizenship: United Stated of America Dr. Alfred W. McCoy is a professor of Southeast Asian History at the University of Winson at Madison where he also serves as director of the Center of the SE Asian Studies. He’s spent the past quarter century writing about the politics and history of the opium trade. McCoy has spent the past thirty years writing about southeast Asian history and politics. His publications includes The Philippine Cartoons (1985), Anarchy of Families (1994), The Closer Than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine military (2000) and Lives at Margin (2001). GNED 07 Globalization - the current world events, that is, the continuous evolution and unstable global order. - A phenomenon gave rise to the interconnectedness of human society. - A complex web of social processes that - intensify and expand worldwide economic, cultural, political, and technological exchanges and connections. - The process by which business or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. - The worldwide movement toward economic, financial, trade and communications.  - It is LIBERALIZATION, a process removing state imposed restrictions on movements between countries in order to create an “open”, “borderless” world economy. - a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependence and exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant. Forces and Drivers of Globalization - Environment - Politics - Cultures - Individuals and Institution - Economics - Technology Qualities and Characteristics of Globalization - Creation and Multiplication - Expansion and Stretching - Intensification and Acceleration - Consciousness and Awareness Westernization - The political, economic, and technological prowess of the United States and European countries are best described in the idea of Westernization. Nationalism (Kearney 1995) - Stressing his personal analysis, the string of events worldwide is part of the global tone ‘transnationalism’. Nationalism refers only to territorial, social and cultural aspects of the nation. It occurs when people, groups, or organizations transcend from one nation to the next which usually involve only two or more nations. Bretton Woods System - The Bretton Woods agreement is the landmark system for monetary and exchange rate management. - established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia and Japan in the mid 20th century - Inaugurated 1944 during the United Nations monetary - 44 countries The World Bank - The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. World Bank Purpose and Function - Overcome poverty by spurring growth, especially in Africa. - Help reconstruct countries emerging from war, the biggest cause of extreme poverty. - Provide a customized solution to help middle-income countries remain out of poverty. - Spur governments to prevent climate change. The goal of word bank - The World Bank Group has two ambitious goals: End extreme poverty within a generation and boost shared prosperity. Importance of World Bank - The World Bank promotes long-term economic development and poverty reduction by providing technical and financial support. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) - An organization of 190 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. - Original members" (Article II, Section 1), which signed the Articles of Agreement by December 31, 1945. Costa Rica, Poland, Brazil, Uruguay, and Cuba. International Monetary Fund purpose - The International Monetary Fund, or IMF, promotes international financial stability and monetary cooperation.It also facilitates international trade, promotes employment and sustainable economic growth, and helps to reduce global poverty. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)  Legal agreement between many countries, whose overall purpose was to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas. Signed on October 30, 1947, by 23 countries, was a legal agreement minimizing barriers to international trade by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs, and subsidies while preserving significant regulations. The GATT is an international trade agreement whose objectives are: - to help raise standards of living. - to achieve full employment; - to develop the world's resources; - to expand production and exchange of goods; - to promote economic development. World Trade Organization - The WTO has over 160 members representing 98 percent of world trade. Economics Globalization In General, Globalization Decreases The Cost Of Manufacturing. This Means That Companies Can Offer Goods At A Lower Price To Consumers. The Average Cost Of Goods Is A Key Aspect That Contributes To Increases In The Standard Of Living. Consumers Also Have Access To A Wider Variety Of Goods. Advantages of Globalization - Transfer of Technology Vertical Transfer Refers To Transfer Of Technology From Basic Research To Applied Research To Development And Then To Production. Horizontal Transfer Refers To The Movement And Use Of Technology Used In One Place, Organisation, Or Context To Another Place, Organisation, Or Context. - Better Services It Means Showing The Customer How Important He Or She Is To You And The Business By Interacting With He Or She In A Friendly- Helpful And Positive Way. The Idea Is To Leave A Lasting Impression On Customers By Working With Them And Assisting Them In The Best Way Possible. - Standardization of Living Refers to wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities of certain classes in certain areas or more objective characteristics whereas quality of life is more subjective and intangible, such as personal liberty or environmental quality. - Economic Growth An increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head of the population over a period of time. - Affordable Products It means its price is low enough that you (or most people) have enough money to buy it. - Development of Infrastructure Is the construction of basic foundational services in order to stimulate economic growth and quality of life improvement. - Foreign Exchange Reserves Are Assets Such As Foreign Currencies, Gold Reserves, Treasury Bills, Etc Retained By A Central Bank Or Other Monetary Authority That Checks The Balance Payments And Influences The Foreign Exchange Rate Of Its Currency And Maintains. - Contribution to World GDP GDP can be calculated as the sum of its different components. - Growth Rate is the percentage change in the value of all of the goods and services produced in a nation during a specific period of time. Growth rates refer to the percentage change of a specific variable within a specific time period. Growth rates can be positive or negative, depending on whether the size of the variable is increasing or decreasing over time.