UNIT-I-Notes.pdf

Fundamental of Computer  Introduction:- Computer comes from the word “Compute” which means to calculator.  Definition of Computer:- Computer is a digital electronic machine. Which accept data process it and gives information as a output. Computer is a machine that perform task...

Fundamental of Computer  Introduction:- Computer comes from the word “Compute” which means to calculator.  Definition of Computer:- Computer is a digital electronic machine. Which accept data process it and gives information as a output. Computer is a machine that perform task or calculator according to set of your instruction. Full Form of Computer:- C - Common O - Operating M - Machine P - Particular/Process U - Use of T - Technical/Trade E - Education R - Research/Resource History of Computer Mechanical Era Electrical Era In a computer history there are two era arises. 1. Mechanical Era (Before 1945) 2. Electrical Era (After 1945 to till date)  Mechanical Era:-  Abacus:- ( +, X) 500 year ago it was in wanted by the Chinese named “Lee Kaie Chain”. They discover the year form of beads and were country machine called abacus. It is use to performed addition and multification of the value.  Napeer Bones Calculator:- (X,÷ , Jermany) In 1614 this machine was developed it could performed multification and division of value.   Pascal Adding Machine (+,-,1642 , Franch) Sir bleise pascal French mathmetical invented a machine in 1642 call4ed pascal adding machine. IT could adding computer adding and subtraction.  Lebnize Calculator:- Gottfriend liebnize are jeerman mathemation mader a new machine improving upon the pascal machine IN 1671. This perform multiplication and division along with the square root.  Baggage Difference Engine:- Charles Babbage a professor of math developed new machine in 1822 called “Babbage Difference Engine”.  Babbage Analitical Engine:- In the year 1833 charles Babbage develop a new calculating device called “Analitical Engine”. The structure of Analitical Engine was very much semiler with today computer like it have input unit output unit processing unit storage unit. Computer Generation:- Computer gereration means change in the hardware and the computer designing technology change and new technology introduce it bring the generation of computer. Types of Computer Generation:- There are five generation of computer. 1. 1st Generation of computer (1945-1955) Vaccume Tube (William Shoclay) 2. 2end Genaration of Computer (1956-1965) Transister (John Barden) 3. 3rd Generation of Computer(1966-1975) IC 4. 4Th Generation of Computer(1975-Present) Microprocessor 5. 5th Generation of Computer(Till and Date)  1St Generation:- In a 1st generation computer “Vaccume Tube” technology were used for designing the computer. In a singal computer there were 18000. Vaccume tubes used. Due to this the computer size becomes very b “Bulk”. There were 10x40 sq/fit a singal computer size and also it was very havy in the weight about 30 tonse.  ENIAC:- (Electronic Numerical Intergrater and Computer) It is the 1st electronic computer made by “john Mauchly and J. Professor in 1946.  EDSAC:- Electronic Delay storage Automatic calculation was an early British computer. It was invented by “Maurice Wilkes in 1949.”  ADVAC:- Electronic Discreate Variable Automatic Computer was invented by “John Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly” in 1950.  UNIAC:- (Universal Automatic Computer) It is the 1st commerceilly successful computer based on “Sensor”. It is most commonly recognized as the 1st morden computer.  IBM:-(International Business Machine)  2end Generation:- 1956-1965 “Register named as transister. Made by “Bell John” water brellen and William Shocplay in 1948. In a second generation computer transistor technology were used in the place of vaccume tube. In the laboratory of “Bell John , Water Brellen , William Shocelay” discover the transistor register in 1948. Later labeled the transistor. In 1946 it won the “Nobil Prize”. Example:- IBM 70-90 , IBM 70-94 , IBM 70-80 , IBM 70-70 , IBM 70-72 , IBM 70-74 , IBM 70-30 , IBM 70-10 , IBM 14-10 , IBM 14-40 , IBM 19-20, IBM 16-30 UNIVAC 3 RD , UNIAC 1007, UNIAC SOLID STATE, DC-POP-I , DC-PDP-6, DC-PDP-8 , CDC6600, CDC7600, CDC3600, CDC 1604, CDC160.  3rd Generation:- In the third generation computer replaces the transistor with IC known as chip. IC was invented by “Jack Kelly” at texas instrument on 12th Sept 1958. IC is a thin slice of extremely selicon crystal. A simgal IC has many transistor register and capsister. Example:- PDP-8 , PDP-11 , ICI-2900 , IBM-360, IBM-370 , HONEY WELL-200. Ich- International cpmputer.  4th Generation :- In this generation computer were designed by using LSI (Large Scale Intergratation) and VLSI (Vocy Large Scale Intergration ) technology. In the 4 th generation computer “Micro processor technology” were used 1st microprocessor made in 1971 named INTEL 4004. Example:- IBM 4341,DC10 , STAR 1000 , PUP ii APPLE ii. PUP- Potentially Unwanted Programe.  5th Generation:- Fifth generation computer based on “Artificial Intellengence” are still in development in this generation computer in programming well be based on PROLOG (Programming Language) 5th generation computer can understand the natural language like Hindi English…………………………….. After understand the language they will replaced.  Types of Computer Digital Computer Analog Computer Hybrid Computer  Digital Computer:-Digital computer is a type of computer. It work digit(0,1). It work on discontinuous data. 1. Micro Computer:- Micro computer is a type of the digital computer. Micro computer are the smallest computer. It is also called PC In this computer only one person can work at a time. “Due to use of Microsoft processor it is called micro computer”. Example:- Laptop , desktop , tablet , Notebook , Mobile phone etc. 2. Mini Computer:- Mini computer is a type of digital computer. This computer are begger in size as micro computer on a singal computer many person can work at a time because it have many terminal. 3. Main Frame Computer:- Main frame computer is a type of digital computer. mainframe computer refer to as a big icon. Mainframe computer is used by large organization for critical application bulk data processing. Such as census industry and consumer statics big industry mainframe computer use today in every decate sence in inception. A mainframe computer used to processor the large and huge amount of data in “Peta Byte” it control thousand of user if very large and expensive. 4. Super Computer:- Super omputer id a type of digital computer. They are generally used for compare scetify application involving. Complace calculator and large value of data can be process only by super computer with fast speed and large memory. For Example:- PARAM 10000 , PRITHWI ………………….etc.  Analog Computer:- Analog computer is a type of computer its work or signal. It work on continouse data. It is used in calculating temperature seek etc.  Hybrid Computer:- Hybrid computer is the combination of digital and analog computer its work on both digital and signal.  Advantage of Computer:-  Speed  Accuracy  Memory   Vesality  Reality  Speed:- Computer are very much faster as “Human Being”.A computer can perform only task in a mean than that a man take ,many days to perform manual. A modern computer can excute “Million of Instruction” in a second.  Accuracy:- A computer can product 100% accurate result there is no chance of error in the computer result. If some problem occurred. It means you are using a poor quality software.  Memory:- A computer can store the storage capacity of computer is very high.  Realibility:- A Computer is more realible as compare to another machine. The data storage on computer never last without any reason. We can got any time the result from computer.  Component of Computer:- Hardware Software I - Input device System Application P - Processing Device O - Output Device 1. O.S (Operating System)  Singal User Singal Tasking  Singal user Multi tasking  Multiuser Multi Taasking 2. Language Tranlatter  Compiler  Interpreter  Assembler 3. Utilities Programe  Hardware:- Those physical component which we can see and touch and also we can assemble and dissemble is known as hardware. “In a hardware IOP cycle available. I – Input  P – Processing O – Output  Input Device:- Input device is a peace of computer hardware equipment. “Those device which we can enter data into the computer is known as input device”. For Example:- Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner, Joystick, Webcam, camera, Touchpad , Electronic White Board, BCR, OMR, MICR, OCR etc. 1. Mouse:-Mouse is also an input device. 1st mouse was develop by “Douglus C Angalebart” In 1963-1964. It is also an pointing device. It held by “One Hand” and more access a flate software. “It have two or three button. It is guided by arrow shine on the spring called pointer. Work of Mouse  Click  Double Click  Right Click  Drag  Select Types of Mouse:-  Optical Mouse  Wireless Mouse  Mechanical Mouse  Trackball Mouse 2. Keyboard:- Keyboard is also an input device. 1St keyboard was developed by “Christophe Lathem Sholes” in 1875. Used for enter the data into the computer. Keyboard is just like a typewriter.\ “ It have number or row of key on processing the key data into the computer.” Types of Key on Keyboard:- In a keyboard there are three types of button. 1. Alphanumeric Key 2. Punctuation Key 3. Special Key 1. Alphanumeric Key:- In a alphanumeric alpha means “A to Z” and numeric means “0 to 9”. 2. Punctuation Key:- The mathmetical operator available on the keyboard is called punctuation key. Like As:- + , - ,÷ , ”, = , { } , [ ] , ,< > , $ , ( ) etc. 3. Special Key:- special key used on special situation many types of special key.  Arrow Key:- In a keyboard there are 4 arrow key  Up arrow  Down Arrow  Left Arrow  Right Arrow  Num Lock :- Num lock stand for “Number Lock”. Num lock is used for enable or disable the number.  Function Key:- In a keyboard there are 12 function available from “F1 to F12”. It is used in short cut key.  Caps Lock:- If you want to write the letter in capital then we can use caps lock.  Ctrl Key:- Ctrl stand for “Control”. It is used in selection and create short cut key.  Alt Key:- Alt stand for “Alter”. It is also used in short cut key.  Prtscr Key:- Prtscr stand for the “Print Screen”. It is used to print the screen. (Screen Shot)  ESC key:- ESC stand for the : Esc key”. It is used for end the current task.  Shift Key:- Shift key is also known as “Selection” key and if you want to write capitalize each word then we can use shift key.  Spacebar:- If you want to define the space between two text then we can use spacebar. Backspace - (Right to left) Remove Delete - (Left to Right) Delete  Tab Key:- If you want to change the box and give the same space between two text then we can use tab key.  Enter Key:- If you want to change the line then we can use enter key. 3 BCR:- BCR stand for the Bar Code Reader. BCR is also can input device. It can print out the details of the product or long information about the product into a data base. BCR decode the data content in the bar code and send the data into a computer. 4. OMR:- OMR stand for Optical Mark Reader. OMR is the process of capturing human mark data from document from such as serve and task. They are used to read question wise choice examination paper in the from of line or sheded area. “It also an input device”.  5. MICR:- MICR stand for “Magnetic Ink Character Raeder / Recognition”. It is also an input device. MICR known in short as MICR code. MICR is a character recognition technology used mainly by the banking industry to stream line the processing and clearness of check and other document. 6. Scanner:- Scanner is also an input device. It scan the data an electronic machine that can look at record or send image or electronic information. A Scanner is a device that optically scan image , Printed text hand writing it an object and converted it to a digital image. “It may hard copy to soft copy”. Types of Scanner:- There are three types of scanner. (i) Hand Held Scanner (ii) Sheet Fed Scanner (iii) Flat Bed Scanner 7. Touch Pad:-Touch [as id also an input device. A touchpad is a pointing device featuring a “Tertile Sensor” a specialized serface that can translate the motion and position of user figure to a realetive position. 8. Joystick: Joystick is also an input device. A joystick is also known as the “Control Column” A joystick is cursor control device used in computer game and assistire technology. It is also called “Game Controler”. Joystick are after used to control video game and useally have one or more push button. Whose state can also we read by the computer. 9. Electronic White Board:- Electronic white boarde is also an input device. EWB that is found is school and business, It transmit any information writer  it to a computer or multiple computer. They also allow live intraction with digital object on the screen. 10. Webcam:- Webcam is also known as input device. A webcam is a video camera that feed or strem its image in real time to or through a computer to a computer network. 11. Camera:- Camera is also an input device. It is used to captured the image. 12. OCR:-OCR stand for “ Optical Character Reader”. OCR is also an input device. OCR is the recognication of printed or written text. Character bya computer this inwalv photo scanning of the text character by character analysic of the image scan and then translation of the character image.  Processing Device:- Process the Data To convert data into information INTEL (INTEL 4004 1st processor) As the new suggest the processing unit of a computer perform processing. “Processing means a set of data or action to convert the information.” The brain of the computer is the “Central Processing Unit” The CPU perform the processing and calculating function. The processor is the most expensive. INTEL is generally created to create 1st microprocessor in 1971 named INTEL 4004.  CPU Unit:- There are three types unit of CPU. 1. CU (Control Unit) 2. ALU (Arithmetical Logic Unit) 3. MU (Memory Unit) 1. CU:- CU stand for “Control Unit”. The control unit control the operation of all parts of computer. The CU decode the instruction and send singal for the required operation to be perform in ALU. “The CU also excute the data. The CU also control the flow of the data inalla other parts of computer. 2. ALU:-ALU stand for “Arithmetical Logical Unit”. The function of ALU is to help in processing data by perform arithmetical operation and logical operation. Four basic mathmetical Operation are:- I. Substraction (-) II. Addition (+) III. Division ( ÷) IV. Multiplication ( X ) “ALU also perform arithmetical operation like as:- (> , x>y ,≤ , ≥) 3. MU:-MU stand for “Memory Unit”. Memory is a space were we can store our data. Memory Unit (MU) Primary / Internal Memory Secondry / External Memory  RAM ROM CD D RAM S RAM P ROM DVD FDP DRAM EP ROM HDD EDO DRAM EEP ROM Floppy Disk SD DRAM Pendrive DDR DRAM DDR1 / PC1 DDR2 DDR3 DDR4 SG RAM VD RAM RD RAM  Primary Memory:- Primary memory is also known as internal memory. A primary memory where from CPU access the data directly called primary memory.”Primary memory is also known as main memoey”.  Types of Primary Memory:-There are two types of primary memory.  RAM (Read Only Memory)  ROM (Read Only Memory)  RAM:- RAM stand for “Read Access Memory”. When trhe elecrric power is on data stand on RAM and when computer switch off all the data from RAM well be loss. “It is also called temporary memory. In a RAM we can read and write the data. It is also called “Volatile Memory”.  Types of RAM:- There are two types of RAM.  D RAM  S RAM  D RAM:- D RAM stand for “Dynamic Random Access Memory”. DRAM is a type of RAM. A RAM whose cells are implemented using capacitor. A DRAM gradually lost its data unless it is priodecally refresh. It omly store the just “2 Mili Second”.  Types of DRAM:- There are 7 types of DRAM.  FPM DRAM  EDO DRAM  SD DRAM  DDR DRAM R DRAM  VD RAM   SG RAM  FPM DRAM:- FMP DRAM stand for “ Fast Page Mode DRAM”. It is 30 pin RAM and 72 pin RAM. IT can store. It comes in size 256kb , 1MB , 2MB , 4MB , 8MB , 16MB, …………………etc.  EDO DRAM:- EDO DRAM stand for “ Extended Data Out DRAM”. It has 144 pin RAM. It is used in CIMM slot. It can store 1MB , 2 MB , 4 MB ,8 MB, 16MB , 32MB , 64MB , 128MB.  SD DRAM:- SD DRAM stand for “Synchronous DRAM. It is 168 pin RAM. It is very fast data accessing RAM used in DIMM slot. Its comes in size 32MB , 128MB , 256MB.  DDR DRAM:- DDR DRAM stand for “Double Data Rate DRAM”. DDR DRAM much faster access than previous RAM. It has 184 pin RAM and 240 Pin RAM. It is used in DIMM slot.  Types of D RAM:- There are 4 types of DRAM (i) DDR1 / PC1 (ii) DDR2 / PC2 (iii) DDR3 / PC3 (iv) DDR4 / PC4 R DRAM:- R DRAM stand for “Ram bus DRAM. It is divided into three part have pin but 2end have pin less. Its comes is 64 MB ,128 MB, 1GB , ……etc. It is used in RIMM slot. V DRAM:-VDRAM stand for “Video DRAM”. It store the image that is display on the computer screen.  SG DRAM:- SG DRAM stand for “Scchronious Graphics DRAM”. This type of memory used in a “AGP” Acclerated Graphics Port.  S RAM:- S Ram stand for “Static Random Access Memory”. It is a type of RAM. A RAM whose cells are implemented using flip- flop SRAM is a type of semiconductor memory. Its store the data as long as the power supply on. Its lost the data when power supply off.  Cache Memory:- Cache memory abberiabuited as cache. Cache memory is an externally soft memory. Fast memory type that act as a buffer between. “RAM and CPU”. It hold frequently request data and instruction. Show that they are immediately availevel to the CPU where needed. Cache memory is used to reduced the average time to access data from the main memory.” Cache memory is very fast and small memory. That is between CPU and RAM (Main Memory).  Types of Cache Memory:- There are three types of cache memory.  L1 (Level1)  L2 (Level2)  L3 (Level3)  L1 (Level1):- L1 stand for “Level1”. It is build in microprocessor. It is the fast cache in the computer. It is also called primary or internal cache. Its comes in size 8KB to 64 KB.  L2 (Level2):- It is also found in microprocessor. Its comes size 64 KB to 2 Mb.  L3 (Level3):- L3 stand for “Level3”. L3 cache memory is place between CPU and RAM. It size in 2MB to 8 MB.  ROM:- Rom stand for “Read Only Memory”. As the name suggested this memory can only read the data nothing can be written in this memory. It is also called “Non Volatile” memory means the dta store in ROM never can be erased either power is on or off.  Types of ROM:- There are three types of ROM.  P ROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)  EP ROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)  EEP ROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)  P ROM:- P Rom stand for “Programmable ROM”. It one time programmable ROM. If is the best example of ROM. Its data only be can read.  EP ROM:- EP ROM stand for Erasable Programmable ROM. It instruction can be delete exploring the flow of UV ( Ultra Violet) Rays.  EEP ROM:- EEP ROM stand for “Electronically Erasable Programmable ROM”. EEP ROM can be erased a program though the application of electrical charge.  Secondary Memory:- Secondary memory is a type of memory. Where from CPU can not access data directly. It is store data permanently. AS:- CD , DVD , Floppy Disk , Hard Disk , Pendrive.  CD:-CD stand for “Compact Disk”. It can store Audio, Video, Software Image…….etc. It can store maximum 700 MB Data.  DVD:- DVD stand for “Digital Video / Versatile Disk”. It can store maximum data 4.7 GB.  Structure of CD/DVD:- The structure of CD/ DVD is bell an spiral in this spiral all the information are store CD prepared with the help of high power  laser beam. That the micro hole. The hole made by a laser are called “Pit” denoted as “0” and land represented”1”.  Floppy Disk:- Floppy disk is simple none as floppy. 1st floppy disk create by “Alan Shugart in 1967”. 1st floppy disk was 8 inch die meter and store data underside out of 100 kb. It is an external storage device. It is a magnetic round disk include in plastic jacket.  Type of Floppy Disk:- There are three types of floppy disk.  8 Inch  5.25 ( ) Inch  3.5 ( ) Inch  8 Inch:- It can store 100 kb to 200 kb data.  5.25 Inch:- It can store 1.22 mb data.  3.5 Inch:- It can store 1.44 mb data. It is called standard floppy disk.  Hard Disk:- 1st hard disk is made by “IBM” team lead “Ray Johnson”. It is secondary storage device store permanently. It can store much more data compare to an other device. A hard disk is a multiple disk pack system. A hard disk consists or more platters to which data is written using a magnetic field. It is also called “Magnetic Disk”. A hard disk is a multiple disk pack system. Hard disk memory store information one or more circular plates called platters. Which are continuously spinning. Information is store in band called track and track is divided into many part called sector.  Pen Drive:- Pen drive is a secondary storage device that can used to store the data permanently. It si very easy to used because it can be connected in any USB port.  Out Put Device:- Output device is any pice of computer hardware equipment. Which convert information into human readable form. AS:- Monitor , Printer , Projector , Speaker , Plotter……………….etc.   VDU Monitor:- Monitor is also an output device. 1st monitor was developed by “Allen B Mont” in 1920. It is similar to television comes in different size. AS:- 9 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 32, etc. It size measured in diagonal  Types of Monitor:- There are three types of computer:- (Old Technology) 1. Monochrome ( Color & Black) 2. Gray Scale ( Back & White) 3. Color Monitor ( Color) RGB Monitor comes with many technologies (New Technology) 1. CRT (Cathode Rays Tube) 2. TFT (Thin Film Transistor) 3. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) 4. LED (Light Emitting Diode)  Printer:- Printer as also an output device. It is used to print the data soft copy to print hard copy. Printer printing speed measured in PPM and printing quality in DPI. Types of Printer:  Types of Printer Impact Printer Non Impact Line Printer Character Printer Inkjet Printer Laser Printer Drum Printer Chain Printer Thermal Printer Dot Matrix Letter Quality/ Electromagnetic Daisywheel Printer 1. Impact Printer:- Impact printer is a type of printer. Impact printer are those pr inter which have a mechanical connection between print head and paper. Types of Impact Printer:- There are three types of impact printer. (i) Line Printer (ii) Character Printer (i) Line Printer:- Line printer is a type of impact printer. A line printer print are line of text at a time printing speed is 300 to 3000 line per minute. Types of line Printer:- There are t two types of line printer. (a) Drum Printer (b) Chain Printer (a) Drum Printer:- Drum printer is a type of line printer. A drum printer is a consist of a cylindrical drum on which character are embossed. If noice level is very high and speed various from 200 to 2000 line per minute. It is on expensive printer. (b) Chain Printer:- Chain printer is a type of line printer. A chain printer is use a “Rapidly” rotate ling chain. Which is called print chain the noise level of printer is high and speed range from 400 to 2400 line per minute. (ii) Character Printer:- Character printyer is a type of impact printer. Character printer print are character of text at a time. Its printing speed range of 30 to 600 character per second. They are low speed printer. Types of Character Printer:- There are two types of character printer. (A) Dot Matrix Printer (B) Letter Quality / daisywheel Printer (A) Dot Matrix Printer:- Dot matrix printer is the most popular serial character printer. Dot Matrix printyer print one line of text from left to right and right to left. Dot matrix printer department and administrative service purpose. “Dot matrix printer made dot defore print”. (B) Letter Quality Printer:- Letter quality printer is a type of character printer. Letter quality printer print full charter. Which means that a character is not made of dot. “This type of printer is daisywheel printer”.  Non Impact Printer:- Non impact printer is a type of printer. None impact printer print any data with out any mechanical connection. It print the data either throw the ink or laser ( Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). Type of None Impact Printer:- There are four types of none impact printer. 1. Inkjet Printer 2. Laser jet Printer 3. Thermal Printer 4. Electromagnetic Printer 1. Inkjet Printer:- Inkjet Printer is a type of none impact printer. Inkjet printer print data though ink. Inkjet printer use a continuous strum of a dropped to print character on paper. 2. Laser Jet Printer:- Laser jet printer is a type of non impact printer. A printer produced good quality printed material by using a laser to for a electro statically charge. This printer are expansive and require periodic maintenance low speed laser printer print 10 pages or more pages per minutes. But high speed laser printer produced 30 to 40 pages per minutes. 3. Thermal Printer:- Thermal printer is a type of non impact printer. A printer in which fine heated pin from character or heat sensitive paper. Thermal printer is a digital printing process which produced a printed image by selected heated coated b ”Thermo chroming” paper. 4.   Output Device:- 1 Speaker:- Speaker also an output device., A computer speaker is a hardware device. That is used to connect computer and generate the sound. 2 Projector:- Projector is also an output device “ Projector is an optical device that project on image an to a surface”. Commonly known as Projection screen projector an project the image directly by using a small transparent lance through laser. 3.Plotter Machine:- Plotter is also an output device. A plotter is a printer that interpreter command from a computer to make line drawing and paper.  Software:- Computer software or simply software is a collection of data. or computer instruction that till the computer how to work. “ Software is a collection of program it flow inside the wire which can not physical seen and touch only its effect can be field.” “Software is a set of program which is design to perform a well define function. A program is a sequence of instruction written to solve a particular problem. Types of Software:- There are two types of Software. 1.Application Software 2. System Software 1. System Software:- By system software a computer work. It is a set of one or more program design to control the operation a computer system. “System software is a type of computer program that is design to run a computer hardware and application program”. System software inside device driver OS saver utility and window system. Types of System Software:- (i) Operating System (ii) Utility Software (i) Operating System:- A software that control the ejaculation of program that provide service. Such as resource allocation Input Output control processor management memory management. “ An OS that enable the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer OS a computer and software program would be useless. Types of Operating System:- There are basically three types of OS. (A) Single User Single Tasking (B) Single User Multi Tasking (C) Multi User Multitasking (A) Single User Single Tasking:- A single user single tasking OS menas one user can perform one tasking at a time. Example:- MS DOS. (B) Single User Multi Tasking:- Single user can perform multiple task at a time. Example:- Window 7, 8 ,8.1 , 10……etc. (C ) Multi User Multi Tasking:- Multi user can perform multiple tasking at a time.  Example:- Linux Window. Function of OS:- There are three types of OS. 1. Manage the Computer:- Resource such as the processing unit memory disk drive printer. 2. Establish a user interface. 3. Execute and provide service for application software.  Language Translator:- We known that computer can only understand 0,1. A program written in HLL is Called as source code to convert the source code into machine code translator are needed. A translator take a program written in source language. As:- Input and convert it into a program in target language as output.  Rule of Translator:- Translator of HLL program input into an equawailen machine language program.  Types of Language Translator:- There are three types of language translator. 1. Compiler ( HLL to LLL)n one line (Check) 2. Interpreter ( HLL to LLL) line by Line (HTML) 3. Assembler ( Assembly) Machine Level 1. Compiler:- Compiler is a the translator which is used to convert program in HLL to LLL. It translator the entire program and also report the error in source program in contorted during the translation. Source Code Compiler Target Program Error Message As:- Programming language like as :- C , C+ ,C++ Java.  2. Interpreter:- Interpreter is a type of language translator which is used to convert in high level language to LLL. “Interpreter translators line by line and report the error once it in contoured during the translator process.” It directly execute the operation specify in the source program. When the input given by the user. It give better error diagnostic than a computer. Source Code Interpreter Output As:- Programming Language like as :- Python , Basic , Ruby. (BASIC Beginner All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) 3. Assembler:- Assembler is a type of language translator an assembly is a program that take basic computer instruction and convert them into a pattern of bets. It converts assembly language into 0 and 1.  Utility Software:- Utility program are those program that assize the computer by performing the house keeping function. As:- Backup Text Editor , Antivirus Scanning Cleaning Virus. 1. Backup:- The utility program facilities back of disk backup means duplicating of data. 2. Compression:- By using this we can describe the storage size of the large file. There are two types of compression. (A) Lousy less (B) Lousy 3. Antivirus:- It protect the computer from virus As:- NPAV , A vast , Quick heal. 4. Text Editor:- Text editor are used creating editing text file. As:- Notepad.  Disk Defragmentation:-This perform attempt to minimize the fragmentation on your disk. Disk defragmentation speed up access by rearranging the file and give free space on your system. 2. Application Software:- Application software is a type of software. “Application software is the software on which be work all the application software run under system software.” Application software is software design to perform a group of coordinated function task , or activity for the benefit of the user. Application software is the program or a group of program design end user, Example of Application Software:- (i) Word Processing Software:- MS Word , Word Star , Perfect etc. (ii) Electronic Spread Sheet:- MS Excel , VisiCalc , Lotus 1,2,3 etc. (iii) Data Management Program Package:- Ms Access , Oracle FoxPro etc. (iv) Desktop Publishing:- Page Maker , Coral Draw , Photoshop , Quark Express etc. (v) Multimedia & Presentation:- Power Point VLC etc.  Unit of Measurement:- A computer system unit of measurement means calculate the size of the file. As:- Bit is the smallest and basic unit information in computing and digital communication. It can have only one of two digit 0,1. 1 Bit = Binary Digit 4 Bit = 1 Nibble 8 Bit = 1 byte ( 2 Nibble)  1024 Byte = 1 KB 1024 KB = 1 MB 1024 MB = 1 GB 1024 GB = 1 TB 1024 TB = 1 PB 1024 PB = 1 EB 1024 EB = 1 ZB 1024 ZB = 1 YB 1024 YB = 1 BB 1024 BB = 1 GB  Number System:- 1. Binary Number System (0,1) 2 Radix 2. Octal Number System (0,7) 8 Radix 3. Decimal Number System (0,9) 10 Radix 4. Hexadecimal Number System (09 , AF) 16 Radix 1. Binary Number System:- In a binary number system there are two digit available 0 and 1. So the base of 2. 2. Octal Number System:- In a octal number system there are 8 digit available from 0 to 7. So the base of 8. 3. Decimal Number System:- In a decimal number system there are 10 digit available from 0 to 9. So the base of 10. 4. Hexadecimal Number System:- In a hexadecimal number system there are 16 digit available from 0 to 9 and A to F. so the base of 16. Conversion:- Decimal to Binary Conversion (Dec2 Bin) (25)10 = (?)2 2 25 2 12 1 2 6 0 2 3 0 2 1 1 0 1 Ans:- (11001)2 (34)10 = (?)2 (68)10 = (?)2 2 34 2 68 2 17 0 2 34 0 2 8 1 2 17 0 2 4 0 2 8 1 2 2 0 2 4 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 0 1 2 1 0 2 0 1 Ans:- 100010 Ans:- (1000100) (110)10 =(?)2 (152)10 = (?)2 2 110 2 152 2 55 0 2 76 0 2 27 1 2 38 0 2 13 1 2 19 0 2 6 1 2 9 1 2 3 0 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 2 0 1 2 1 0 2 0 1 Ans:- (1101110)2 Ans:- (10011000)2  ASCII Code:- ASCII stand for “American Standard Code for Information Interchange”. ASCII pronounced ASCII is the most alphanumeric code used to represent character like as “A , B ,C ………” etc number like as “0,1,2,3,4” and symbol like as “@ , #, $ , * “. Etc. This code allow to manufacture to standardize computer hardware such as “Keyboard , Printer, Mouse, Video Display.” ASCII code use either 7 or 8 bit for data representation. The 7 bit ASCII code format can be represent (X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0) There for X is either 0 or 1. 0 to 9 = 48 - 57 A to Z = 65 - 90 a to z = 97 - 122  EBCDIC:- EBCDIC code stand for “Extended Binary Coded decimal Interface Code.” It is an either bit binary code for numeric and alphanumeric character. It was develop and used by “IBM”.  Virus:- Virus is a computer program or code that is located into your computer without your knowledge is called virus. Virus can perform malicious action. It can self replicate inserting it self into other program a file infection them in the process.  Full form of Virus:- V - Virus I - Information R - Resource U - Under S - Seize  Evolution of Virus:- A brief history of computer virus is the 1st time was made by Pakistani two brother named “Amjed Farooq Alvi & Basit Farook Alvi”. In 1986 at Lahore tired of customer making illegal copy of there software they developed brain.  Types of Virus:- There are three types of Virus. 1. Boot Sector Virus 2. Poly Morphoric Virus 3. Marco Virus 1. Boot Sector Virus:- The boot sector virus copy the virus code into the boot sector of the hard disk. This in source that the virus is always executes and loaded in RAM. When the system start once the memory in effected the virus infect all other file. 2. Polymorphoric Virus:- A person can keep on changing the web. Polymarphoric virus are complex file infector that can create modify version of itself avoided education yet. Written the same basic routine after every infection. A polymorphoric is harmful. 3. Marco Virus:- I computing terminology a macro virus is a virus that is written in a micro language.  A marco virus is a computer virus written in the same marco language used for software program including micro self, Excel , Word