AP World History: Unit 1 Review Notes (1200-1450) PDF

Unit 1: The Global Tapestry 1200-1450 1.1: Dev. in East Asia 1200-1450 t ​ Song China (960-1279) ○​ Leading power in ancient world and a continuity throughout history (dynasties) ○​ CE 960 china was split into regions as Tang Dynasty (618-907) weakened ​ Zhoa Kuangy...

Unit 1: The Global Tapestry 1200-1450 1.1: Dev. in East Asia 1200-1450 t ​ Song China (960-1279) ○​ Leading power in ancient world and a continuity throughout history (dynasties) ○​ CE 960 china was split into regions as Tang Dynasty (618-907) weakened ​ Zhoa Kuangyin united the divided regions into Song Dynasty ​ Built off innovations of tang rulers and established chinese state structure that lasted over 1k years ○​ Song State Structure ​ Bureaucracy led by confucianism ​ Meritocracy ​ Mandate of Heaven ​ 6 departments: personnel, finance, rites, army, justice, public works ​ Watched over by censorate ○​ Confucian thought: reality is fundamentally hierarchical and everyone has their place in society ​ Led to revival of civil service exam ​ Shifted power from hereditary to scholarly leaders → Scholar Gentry class ​ Emphasized Filial Piety and a Patriarchal society ​ Respect towards parents, elders, and ancestors ​ Foot binding became a status symbol ​ Painful technique for upper class women that showed they didn’t have to work on their feet ○​ Trade ​ Participated heavily in trade such as silk road across afro eurasia ​ Commercialized chinese society → people began to produce goods for sale exclusively ​ Silk road had places for travelers to rest ​ Production of new goods for the market ​ Cast iron goods ​ Song iron production was so advanced, it rivaled 18th century Europe’s iron production ​ Porcelain (Fine China) ​ Silk ​ Not enough metal to keep minting coins, led to paper money which was overprinted and created inflation → term flying cash  ​ The Grand Canal connected the north and south of China from the Sui to the Yuan Dynasty ○​ Naval Innovations ​ Compass and navigation charts ​ Junk Ships, large ships with lots of cargo and square sails ○​ Gunpowder ​ Discovered by alchemists with saltpeter and charcoal and spread to military ○​ Agricultural Productivity ​ With new technologies such as Metalworking which developed iron plows ​ Led to population growth (25% to 40% of world's population) ​ Japan and Chinese Influence ○​ Heian Japan (794-1185) was contending with chinese influence ​ Wanted to form own identity to stay separate ​ Chinese influence was all over japan ​ Architecture, art, state system ​ Religion in China ○​ Center of trade routes so many religions met in china ​ Buddhism spread to china from India and new forms from trade routes ​ Mahayana Buddhism from Vietnam became very popular in china ​ Added deities and heavens and hells to originally atheistic Buddhism 1.2: Dev. in Dar al Islam 1200-1450 a ​ Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE) ○​ Became leading power after Umayyad’s fall ​ Both were Sunni Islam ​ Fatimid (909-1171) was Shia caliphate ○​ Caliphs were both religious rulers and state rulers ​ Sultan = non arabic ruler but still followed islam ○​ 750: The Golden Age of Islam, lines up w/ the Song’s golden age ​ House of Wisdom became center of learning where they expanded upon advancements of other cultures ​ Preserved ancient Greek Texts and translated to Arabic, adopted papermaking from china ​ Developed Arabic Numerals by studying math from India ​ Adopted papermaking from China ○​ Jizya tax made more people convert to islam  ​ Many benefits to converting, majority was islam, no tax, one code of laws ○​ Society ​ Baghdad “Round City” was capital, eventually became highly decentralized with competing regional caliphates from Dar al-Islam’s size ​ The power of the Islamic world was so immense that it rivaled the Christian kingdom of Constantinople ○​ Cultural Flourishing and Trade ​ Increased Trade with Dhows ​ Used lateen sails which were triangular and could be used to tack into winds ​ Knowledge of the monsoon wind patterns ​ Joint ventures with Christians and Jewish traders ​ Because more religiously tolerant, and was very profitable ​ Credit system: eliminate risks with carrying coins ​ Receipts and bills system ○​ Hospital and Medical Care improved ○​ Relied heavily on slave labor ○​ Decline leading to decentralization ​ Internal division ​ Sunni vs. Shia ​ Ethnic differences ​ External threats ​ Seljuk Turks (nomadic Sunni) ​ Persians, Byzantines ​ Europeans: Crusades (1000s-1200s) ​ Mongols ○​ 1258 during Crusades: took over Baghdad, marking the end ​ Preservation of Islam ○​ New Islam states emerged ​ Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517) ​ Prospered by trading sugar and cotton ​ Fell when Portuguese/European trade increased ​ Delhi Sultanate (more in 1.3: S.Asia) ​ Seljuk Turk ​ Nomadic, established some states sometimes (not that important) ​ Absorbed by ottoman empire later ○​ Sufi Missionaries ​ Mystic rituals ​ Appealed by adjusting to local culture ​ Ottoman Empire (1299-1918)  ○​ Ottoman Turks reunified Dar al Islam in 1299 ​ Al-Andalus (711-1492) ○​ Islamic empire in Spain/Iberian peninsula ○​ Center of learning ​ Ex. scholar Ibn Rushd aka Averroes ○​ Religions tolerated each other ​ Culture and Life ○​ Women ​ Higher status than Christian or Jewish ​ Respected by Muhammad (founder of Islam) ​ Forbade female infanticide ​ Oppression increased with developments of cities and towns ​ Hijab ​ Harem: dwelling for wives (polygamy) 1.3: Dev. in South and Southeast Asia 1200-1450 t ​ South/SE Asia = India to vietnam/indonesia ​ India ○​ Ruled by Muslims in north (Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)) and Buddhism was important ○​ Hindu kingdoms still had most significant influence in India ​ Ghaznavid Empire (977-1186) ○​ Mahmud of Ghazna launched many expeditions from Afghan heartland and established capital Ghazni ○​ Muhammad Ghuri led another wave of Islamic Turkish invasions Afghanistan to north India ​ All of north india until the rajas fell one by one (Rajput Kingdoms) ​ Before the Turks, rival chiefs called rajas ruled ​ Gained power by giving grants to brahmans who spread religion (hinduism) and taught the indigenous people how to cultivate ​ Brahmans repaid raja’s support with complex genealogies consolidating their power ​ In return, rajas demonstrated that they were well versed in Sanskrit culture by patronizing different artists and poets ○​ Ghaznis established their own systems, accepted other local customs like hierarchical varna (caste) system ○​ Brought political integration but also strengthened the cultural diversity of india ​ Sultans hired local artisans to build many building projects  ​ Islam never fully dominated South Asia bc sultans didn’t force their subjects to convert ​ The Hindus assimilated the invading Turks ​ Adopted each others beliefs ​ Turkish speaking Sultans used Persian as administrative language cementing varna system as local hindus spoke local languages ​ Rulers collected the jizya ​ Permitted communities to administer their own law ​ Islam found that it did not have to be an all conquering religion to prosper in India ○​ The leaders didn’t pay much attention to the life on the Indian coast (southern) ​ Traders settled around the coast ​ Persian-Zoroastrian traders around modern day mumbai ​ Arab traders in Malabar coast ​ Brought rich and powerful political integration but didn’t enforce cultural homogeneity ​ Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526) ○​ The Turkish Delhi Sultanate dominated most of north/middle India ○​ Converted many indians to Muslim (forcefully at first but peacefully later) ​ Enacted jizya (nonbeliever) tax ○​ Two brothers from Delhi Sultanate were sent to south india to gain influence ​ They had converted to islam for social mobility, so they converted back to Hinduism once they left ​ Established new hindu kingdom in south india called Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646) ○​ Trading hub, 2nd largest population in 1000 CE ​ Religion in India ○​ Dominant religion was hinduism, buddhist minority ○​ Concept of hinduism: through cycle of reincarnation, the soul wants to escape the cycle to become one with brahman (a deity) depending on karma ○​ Bhakti movement 12th century ​ Emphasized emotional side and devotion to one god within the polytheistic religion ​ Similar to muslim sufis with experience and direct relationship with gods ○​ Caste system divided hindu society into 5 groups ​ Zero social mobility because to move up would mean to die and be reborn ​ India and cultural exchange ○​ Intellectual exchange with middle east ​ Arabs built on advances in astronomy begun by indians  ​ Arabs translated indian work on algebra and geometry and spread them throughout Dar al-Islam ​ Southeast Asia ○​ Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam ​ Filled with hindus and buddhists ​ Religion spread through trade ○​ Majapahit Empire (1293-1527) ​ Sea based empire on island of Java ​ Buddhists ​ Gained wealth and power by controlling sea routes and taxing spices ○​ Khmer Empire (802-1431) ​ Land Based empire in modern day Cambodia ​ Flourished because of complex irrigation and drainage systems going to and from river ​ Led to huge agriculture progress and prosperity ​ Originally hindu but converted later to buddhism ​ Islam also spread to these empires ​ Trading Empires in Southeast Asia ○​ Meleka entrepôt close to Malaysia in Southeast Asia ​ Close to Malayan tropical produce ​ Received trade from India, China, and Java—traded all over asia ​ Traders waited for winds to change before moving on ○​ Port of Quilon in South Indian Chola Dynasty (300B.C.-1279C.E.) ○​ In between trade routes from China and the Mediterranean → trading hotspot ​ Personal relationships important to trade, large muslim population ​ Received trade from Africa and by land 1.4: State Building in the Americas a ​ Mayan Empire (250-1697) ○​ Central America ○​ Relied on Maize ○​ Governance: city-state ​ No standing army; Fought to gain tribune ​ Collected payment and captives ​ Decentralized ○​ Religion ​ Polytheistic ​ Human sacrifice  ​ Gods of sun, rain, corn ○​ Science/technology ​ Astronomy: calendar for religion ​ Used pyramids to observe ​ Concept of zero ​ Writing system ​ Aztec Empire (1300-1521) aka Mexicas ○​ Capital: Tenochtitlan (modern day Mexico City) ​ Lake Texcoco ○​ Expansion policy ​ Expanded with conquest and alliances ​ Professional army ​ Extremely respected in society ​ 12 million people ○​ Government: Theocracy ​ Emperor was also religious leader ​ Human sacrifice ​ Conquered areas ​ Heavy taxes and captives ​ Allowed to self-govern (not a bureaucracy) ○​ Used local rulers to collect tribunes ○​ Developments ​ Roads linked areas → trade flourished ​ Irrigation ​ Chinampas: floating gardens ○​ Women ​ Expected to do housework ​ Engaged in crafts and sometimes commerce​ ​ Important producing cloth ○​ Decline ​ Late 15th ​ Inefficient agricultural technology ​ No wheels ​ Overexpanded → tribes resented ​ Spaniards arrival 1519 ​ Inca Empire (1438-1533) ○​ South America: Andes Mountains in Peru ○​ Governance ​ Bureaucracy in provinces ​ Ruler claimed to be the sun god Inti’s representative  ​ Mita System ​ Mandatory public service ​ Professional army ○​ Religion ​ Sun god Inti most important ​ Dead rulers mummified ​ Sometimes human sacrifice ​ Animism: elements of the physical world can have supernatural powers ○​ Achievements ​ Numeric record keeping with strings ​ Terrace farming and irrigation ​ Bridges and Roads: Carpa Nan (25k mile roadway system) ○​ Decline ​ Civil war weakened army at the time of Spanish conquistador invasion in 1532 ​ Machu Picchu: remaining ruins ​ Mississipian culture (700-1350) ○​ Earthen mounds ○​ Cahokia ​ Largest mound ○​ Governance and social structure ​ Matrilineal society ​ Chief called Great Sun ruled each town ○​ Decline ○​ Abandoned for unknown reasons ​ Maybe European diseases or agricultural failure from flooding 1.5: State Building in Africa t ​ By 1000, most sub-Saharan Africans had adopted agriculture but not centralized governments ○​ Organized themselves into kin-based networks ○​ Led by a chief and those close together connected in loose federations ​ Chiefs formed councils to solve problems ○​ Bantu migrations spread Swahili language, ironwork, and irrigation around Africa ​ Hausa Kingdom (c.1300-c.1800) ○​ Group of many kin-based networks into a kingdom w/ 7 states but had no central authority ​ Each state specialized ​ Plains state specialized, western states provided military  ○​ Benefitted from Trans-Saharan Trade Network ​ Mali (1235-1600) ○​ Sundiata was the founder of Mali, a Muslim who took power from a disintegrating Ghana ​ Epic of Sundiata told by griots, described his rise to power ​ Griots are oral storytellers ​ Used his Islamic faith to establish trade relations with North African and Arab Merchants ​ Created a thriving gold trade ○​ Nephew Mansa Musa ​ Under his rule, became very wealthy with gold and ivory ​ Well known for his pilgrimage to Mecca ​ Flaunted wealth throughout journey showing wealth of Mali, and devalued gold through his travels from extravagant spending ​ Built Mosques and madrasas throughout his trip ​ Madrasas = islamic schools of learning ​ Built a large mosque and university in Timbuktu, an entrepôt to attract people from all over the Islamic world ​ Songhai (1375-1591) ○​ Songhai took power from Mali as it began to disintegrate in the late 14th century. They converted to Sunni Islam in order to integrate the empire ​ Ghana (c.300-c.1100) ○​ Around the 5th century, the kingdoms of Ghana were established all throughout north Africa ​ Before Ghana, strong central govt were uncommon, communities were organized through Kinship, age and gender ​ Before the time of Muhammad ​ Reached its peak in 8th and 11th centuries ○​ Ghana’s rulers sold gold and ivory to Muslim traders in exchange for salt, copper, cloth, and tools ​ Caravans for trade along with camels which were so important for the trade network ○​ 12th century, wars with neighboring societies→ holy war from muslims led by Abu Bakr weakened Ghana and new trading societies emerged in its place → Mali ​ Great Zimbabwe (c.1000-c.1400) ○​ Centralized govt. under a king, spoke bantu ○​ Architecture demonstrated wealth of the kingdom ​ Traditionally houses were made of wood ○​ Known for great walls  ​ Created by a largely pastoral society coming together for protection and society with homes enclosed on large walls ​ Mixture of agriculture, grazing, trade, and gold ○​ Traded with coastal cities, indian ocean basin, which led to blending of Bantu and Arabic to create Swahili ​ Lingua franca of African continent ○​ Zimbabwe collapsed when population left to new lands due to overharvesting ​ Ethiopia/Abyssinia (1270-1974) ○​ Beginning in 7th century the spread of Islam made the region religiously diverse ​ Rulers expressed power through architecture and churches ○​ Ethiopia had a fusion of faith with traditional animism and cultural beliefs with Christianity ​ Ethiopian Christianity developed separately from Rome and Orthodox Church ​ 12th century Ethiopia and Kingdom of Axum emerged ​ Christian led ​ Prospered by trading goods obtained from India, Arabia, the Roman empire, and Africa 1.6: Dev. in Europe 1200-1450 a ​ Western half of Roman empire (625 B.C-476 C.E) fell in 476 ○​ Eastern half continued as Byzantine Empire (395-1453) in the east ​ Feudalism: during this time europe was fractured politically into small tribal kingdoms who were constantly at battle for dominance ​ System of mutual obligations that exist between classes ​ King gave land to Vassals(lords) in exchange for service and tribute ​ Vassals employed Knights for protection in exchange for money ​ Serfs lived on land of lords and were tied to land and worked in exchange for a home and some food ○​ Feudalism period known as Dark Ages because standard of living and intellectual life declined ​ Developed three-field system (rotation between seasons for maximum production) ○​ Manorialism: economic system ​ High Middle Ages (c.1000-c.1450) ○​ Rise of more powerful monarchs ​ Power from feudal lords to kings ​ Two ways to establish power ​ Established large bureaucracies to carry out will of king  ​ Conscripted giant standing armies ​ Both directly answerable to king ​ Magna Carta 1215 ○​ Power shifted back to nobles ​ Gave rights such as right to a jury trial, right of all free citizens to own and inherit property ○​ English Parliament 1265 ​ Body that represented the interests of the noble class ​ Continuity of the Roman Catholic Church’s power ○​ Established first universities in Europe during this time ○​ Most philosophers and educators were religious at the time ○​ Most of art produced during the time was funded by church ​ Funded for visual education for illiterate ​ Power struggle between church and state ○​ Church continued to provide cultural and ideological unity across Europe ​ Crusades (1096-1291) were advocated for by the Pope and christendom to take up arms to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslims ○​ Example of churches power, shifted people’s loyalties back to the church ○​ Ideologically modified to say that it was holy war to take land back, and fighting in it would allow entrance to heaven ​ Exploration ○​ Late 13th century Marco Polo left his home to explore the world and found himself in China at the court of Kublai Khan ​ Polo wrote an account of his travels which became popular in Europe and it opened European’s imagination to the exotic culture and wealth of the far East ​ Innovations in mapmaking and cartography ​ Rise of the middle class (bourgeoisie) ○​ Shopkeepers, merchants, small landowners ​ Small Ice Age ○​ For a few years temperatures slowly fell leading to a sharp decrease in agricultural productivity and thus population ​ Less population, less trade, sinking economic conditions ​ Renaissance (c.1300-c.1600) ○​ Rebirth of ancient greek and roman culture, art, and literature ​ Lots of new art created during this time ○​ Ideas of humanism stressing importance of individuality ​ Nation States ○​ Feudal kingdoms were decentralized ○​ England centralized faster (Magna Carta)  ○​ France ​ Decentralized but expansion collided with English → Hundred Years War ​ Joan of Arc ​ Fueled national identity and unified France ○​ Spain ​ Marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand unified Spain and transformed it to a major european power ​ Allied with catholic church to show importance of christianity in their state ​ Son became emperor of holy roman empire ​ Area used to be under islamic, religiously tolerant rule ​ Spanish Inquisition (1478-1834) ​ Judicial institution claiming to combat heresy in spain ○​ In practice, consolidated power for Spain by killing 30,000-300,000 religious minorities (muslims and jews) who had converted to catholicism ​ Claimed they had false religious beliefs ○​ Russia ​ Tatars (Mongolians) ruled 1242-1400s ​ Late 1400s: Ivan III expanded Muscovy territory into modern-day Russia ​ Established himself as czar ​ Moscow became center of Eastern Orthodox Church (Third Rome) ​ Mid-1500s: Ivan the Terrible centralized powers ​ Secret police ​ Nationalism 1.7: Comparison in the Period from 1200-1450 t ​ Direct comparisons based on time ○​ Europe in 1200s vs. 1400s ​ 1200s: feudalism ​ Decentralized society ​ 1200s: external threats from Mongols, Ottomans ​ 1400s: early stages of renaissance ​ Cultural and intellectual movement towards individualism ​ 1400s: less threats from outside forces ​ More effort on expansion and exploration overseas ○​ Catholic Church in 1200s vs. 1400s ​ 1200s: powerful force with influence over politics ​ 1400s: challenged by protestant movements  ○​ Africa and Middle East in 1200s vs. 1400s ​ 1200s: important centers of trade through trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade networks ​ 1400s: Europe began to emerge as major player in global trade ​ Exploration from Columbus and Vasco da Gama ​ Direct Comparisons based on Dynasties ○​ Song China: large bureaucracy ​ Japan: feudal, regional ○​ Abbasid Caliphate: ruler closely linked with religion to solidify power ​ Western European kingdoms were separate from Roman Catholic Church’s power ○​ Swahili coast had many interconnected trade routes ​ Western Europe had no access to these trade routes or similar ones ○​ Silk road connected Song China to Abbasid caliphate (and everything in between) ​ Western europe had no access to these trade routes ○​ Both Europe and China experienced agricultural productivity through three-field crop rotation and Champa rice respectively ○​ Mali Kingdom and Abbasid Caliphate used Islam to unite ununited people ○​ Song Dynasty and north India saw increase in religious diversity and thus religious conflict ○​ Christianity and Buddhism had divisions in their faiths resulting in conflict ​ New States ○​ Mamluk Sultanate (former Abbasid) see above ○​ Selijuk Empire (Former Abbasid) see above ○​ Delhi Sultanate (Former Gupta) see above ​ Old empires revived ○​ Song Dynasty (based on Han) see above ○​ Mali Empire (based on Ghana) see above ○​ Holy Roman Empire (based on Kuman Empire) see above ​ Different Traditions synthesized ○​ Japan combined Chinese and Japanese ○​ Delhi Sultanate combined hindu and islamic ○​ Neo-confucianism ​ Expansion in Scope ○​ Aztecs in Mexico → tribute system ○​ Incas in south america →mit’a system ○​ City-States in East Africa → swahili, ethiopia ○​ City-States in SE Asia → Srivijaya, Khmer