Unit 1 HCI (4).pdf

Shree Swaminarayan college of Computer Science Sardarnagar Bhavnagar BCA-102 history of computer in india Course Type - IKS (Indian Knowledge System) Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India ❏ Introduction to Computers · Today in this fast-m...

Shree Swaminarayan college of Computer Science Sardarnagar Bhavnagar BCA-102 history of computer in india Course Type - IKS (Indian Knowledge System) Unit – 1 Basic of computer and super computer in India ❏ Introduction to Computers · Today in this fast-moving world, human beings needs are growing, and so are these innovations. The discovery of the wheel revolutionised the complete transport system. Similarly, the innovation of machines like computers has almost changed our lives. Today, with this electronic device, we can complete any work within seconds, which took hours to complete. These days almost everything is done by computers. Computers are used in all sectors, schools, hospitals, offices, businesses, sale purchases, big projects, legal formalities, etc. Almost every work involves computers. Today, millions of people are working in the field of computer technology. Let us know more about computers. In this Unit, we shall know more about computers, characteristics of a computer, types and main parts of computer ❏ What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device that performs complex calculations, accepts data and gives the desired results. The word ‘computer’ has been derived from the English word ‘compute’ that means ‘to calculate’. ❏ Characteristics of a Computer · A computer carries out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The computer has several characteristics, listed below are a few of them: 1. The computer works at a very fast speed. 2. The computer always gives correct results. 3. The computer performs every task efficiently and accurately. 4. The computer can store a large amount of information in a very small space. 5. The computer is an electronic device, which can work for a long time without getting tired. ❏ Applications of Computers The use of computers has brought a significant change in our lives. The computer is widely used in: All Sectors, Schools, Hospitals, Offices, Sale Purchases, Business and Industry, Big Projects, Legal Formalities, Transport, Education, Agriculture, Art, Security, Employment, Entertainment, Sports, News, communication, Government offices, Shops, Studies, etc……  Evolution of Computer Systems People used sticks, stones, and bones as counting tools before computers were invented. More computing devices were produced as technology advanced and the human intellect improved over time. Let us look at a few of the early-age computing devices used by mankind. 1.Abacus Abacus was invented by the Chinese around 4000 years ago. It’s a wooden rack with metal rods with beads attached to them. The abacus operator moves the beads according to certain guidelines to complete arithmetic computations. 2.Napier’s Bone John Napier devised Napier’s Bones, a manually operated calculating apparatus. For calculating, this instrument used 9 separate ivory strips (bones) marked with numerals to multiply and divide. It was also the first machine to calculate using the decimal point system. 3.Pascaline Calculator Pascaline was invented in 1642 by Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher. It is thought to be the first mechanical and automated calculator. It was a wooden box with gears and wheels inside. 4. Stepped Reckoner or Leibniz wheel In 1673, a German mathematician-philosopher named Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved on Pascal’s invention to create this apparatus. It was a digital mechanical calculator known as the stepped reckoner because it used fluted drums instead of gears.  5. Difference Engine In the early 1820s, Charles Babbage created the Difference Engine. It was a mechanical computer that could do basic computations. It was a steam-powered calculating machine used to solve numerical tables such as logarithmic tables.  6.Analytical Engine Charles Babbage created another calculating machine, the Analytical Engine, in 1837. It was a mechanical computer that took input from punch cards. It was capable of solving any mathematical problem and storing data in an indefinite memory.  7. Tabulating machine An American Statistician – Herman Hollerith invented this machine in the year 1890. Tabulating Machine was a punch card-based mechanical tabulator. It could compute statistics and record or sort data or information. Hollerith began manufacturing these machines in his company, which ultimately became International-Business Machines (IBM) in 1924. 8. Differential Analyzer Vannevar Bush introduced the first electrical computer, the Differential Analyzer, in 1930. This machine is made up of vacuum tubes that switch electrical impulses in order to do calculations. It was capable of performing 25 calculations in a matter of minutes.  9.Mark 1 Howard Aiken planned to build a machine in 1937 that could conduct massive calculations or calculations using enormous numbers. The Mark I computer was constructed in 1944 as a collaboration between IBM and Harvard.  Classification of Different CAlculative Devices invented before computers Name Invented in By Whom Who is How it made Making for year Abacus 4000 years Chinese Wooden rack Addition and ago with metal rods Subtraction with beads attached to them Napier’s Bone 1617 John Napier Instrument used Multiplication 9 separate ivory and division strips (bones) marked with numerals Pascaline 1642 Biaise Pascal French a wooden box Mechanical and Calculator mathematician with gears and automated and philosopher wheels inside calculator Stepped 1673 Gottfried German used fluted Digital Reckoner or Wilhelm Leibniz mathematician-p drums instead of mechanical Leibniz wheel hilosopher gears calculator Difference 1820 Charles a to solve Engine Babbage steam-powered numerical tables calculating such as machine logarithmic tables Analytical 1830 Charles a mechanical Analytical Engine Babbage computer that Engine took input from punch cards Tabulating 1890 Herman Hollerith American Tabulating compute machine Statistician – Machine was a statistics and Herman Hollerith punch record or sort card-based data or mechanical information tabulator Differential 1930 Vannevar Bush Vacuum tubes It was capable Analyzer that switch of performing 25 electrical calculations in a impulses matter of minutes. Mark 1 1937 Howard Aiken massive calculations or calculations using enormous numbers Classification of generations of computers The evolution of computer technology is often divided into five generations. Five Generations of Computers Generations of computers Generations timeline Evolving hardware First generation 1946s-1959s Vacuum tube based Second generation 1959s-1965s Transistor based Third generation 1965s-1970s Integrated circuit based Fourth generation 1970s-1985s Microprocessor based Fifth generation 1985s to - The present Artificial intelligence and the future based First Generation Computers (1946-1959) The computers produced during the period 1946-1959 with them the technologies are regarded as the first generation computer. The first generation of computers is generally known as electro-mechanical computers. ENIAC has used Vacuum tubes, relied on Machine Language and Boolean logic. These computers were manufactured with the vacuum tubes. These tubes were used in the arithmetic and logical operations. Punched cards were used as input device and for printing in first generation of computers. (Reliability - trustworthiness - િવશ્વસનીયતા, ENIAC- Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) V A C U U M T U B E S P U N C H E D C A R D Advantages: · They were capable of making arithmetic and logical operations. · They used Low level Programming languages like machine and assembly. · Large storage capacity: They had a lot of storage capacity. Disadvantages: · They were too big in size, very slow, low level of accuracy and reliability. · They consumed lot of electricity, generated a lot of heat and break down frequently, so they required Air Conditioner. Second Generation Computers (1959-1965) The computer produced during the period 1959-65 with technology is known as second generation computers. These computers used transistors in place of vacuum tubes as their basic elements to perform all computational and logical works. It was basically a big, mechanical machines designed to do complex calculations. Advantages:- ·They required very small space, were very fast and reliable and dependable. · They used less power and dissipate less heat and had large storage capacity. · They used better Hardware devices like card readers and printer etc. · The switching speeds of transistors were faster than vacuum tubes, Disadvantages:- · They did not have any operating system and used assembly languages. · They lacked in intelligence and decision making and needed constant upkeep and maintenance. · The transistors and other components were still relatively expensive · still very technical and not very user-friendly for the average person. Third Generation Computers (1965-1970) The computers developed during the period 1965-70 are branded as the third generation computers. The significant features of these computers was that they were built with monolithic integrated circuits, (IC) each of which consisted of thousands of transistors and other electronic components on a single crystal. In third generation computers, high-level programming languages were used such as BASIC, PASCAL, ALGOL-68, COBOL, FORTRAN – II, PASCAL PL/1. The punch cards were replaced with mouse and keyboards. Advantages:- · The size was very small in comparison less costly and built with thousands of transistor which were very cheap. · They used faster better device for storage, called auxiliary backing or secondary storage. · They used operating system for better resource management and used the concept of time sharing and multiple programming. Disadvantages:- · They created lot of problems to the manufacturers at their initial stages. · They lacked thinking power and decision making capability. · They could not provide any insight into their internal working. Fourth Generation Computers (1970-1985): The computer that came to the scene with improved technology during the period 1970-1985 is marked as the fourth generation computers. They used large scale integrated circuits and very large integrated circuits (VLSIC) in the form of microprocessor in their memory. These computers unlaced millions of transistors and other electronic components on a single silicon chip. A microprocessor is a single chip which itself can perform the controlling, arithmetic and logical functions of a computer that too at a fast speed. First Personal Computer (PC) was developed by IBM. For e.g., Apple, CRAY-1, etc. Advantages:- ·They were very small in size, and cost of operation was very less. ·They were very compact faster and reliable as they used very large scale integrated circuits. · They were capable of facilitating the interactive on line remote programming by which one sitting at the distant place can get his programs executed by centrally located computer. Disadvantages:- · They are less powerful and had less speed than the mainframe computers. · They lacked thinking power and decision making ability. · They had less storage capacity and needed further improvement. Fifth Generation Computers (1985 to The present and the future): The computers that are emerging after 1985 with further improved technology are considered as the fifth generation computers. These machines are designed to incorporate "Artificial Intelligence" and use stored reservoirs of knowledge to make expert judgments and decision like human beings. They are also designed to process non numerical information like pictures and graphs using the very large scale integrated circuits. This is an emerging branch and has all the scopes for research work too. For e.g., PARAM 10000, IBM notebooks, etc. Advantages: · They are oriented towards integrated data base development to provide decision models. · They faster very cheap and have the highest possible storage capacity. · They have thinking power and decision making capability and thereby they will be able to aid the executives in the management. Disadvantages: · They need very low level languages; they may replace the human force and cause grievous unemployment problems. · They may make the human brains dull and doomed. History of Computers: When we study the many aspects of computing and computers, it is important to know about the history of computers. Charles Babbage designed an Analytical Engine which was a general computer It helps us understand the growth and progress of technology through the times. Types of Computer There are three Types computers: o Analogue Computer o Digital Computer o Hybrid Computer 1) Analogue Computer: Analogue computers are designed to process analogue data. Analogue data is continuous data that changes continuously and cannot have discrete values. We can say that analogue computers are used where we don't need exact values always such as speed, temperature, pressure and current. Analogue computers directly accept the data from the measuring device without first converting it into numbers and codes. They measure the continuous changes in physical quantity and generally render output as a reading on a dial or scale. Speedometer and mercury thermometer are examples of analogue computers. Advantages of using Analogue Computers: It allows real-time operations and computation at the same time and continuous representation of all data within the rage of the analogue machine. In some applications, it allows performing calculations without taking the help of transducers for converting the inputs or outputs to digital electronic form and vice versa. The programmer can scale the problem for the dynamic range of the analogue computer. It provides insight into the problem and helps understand the errors and their effects. Types of Analogue Computers: Slide Rules: It is one of the simplest types of mechanical analogue computers. It was developed to perform basic mathematical calculations. It is made of two rods. To perform the calculation, the hashed rod is slid to line up with the markings on another rod. Differential Analysers: It was developed to perform differential calculations. It performs integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms to solve differential calculations. Castle Clock: It was invented by Al-Jarazi. It was able to save programming instructions. Its height was around 11 feet and it was provided with the display of time, the zodiac, and the solar and lunar orbits. This device also could allow users to set the length of the day as per the current season. Electronic Analogue Computer: In this type of analogue computer, electrical signals flow through capacitors and resistors to simulate physical phenomena. Here, the mechanical 2) Digital Computer: Digital computer is designed to perform calculations and logical operations at high speed. It accepts the raw data as input in the form of digits or binary numbers (0 and 1) and processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the output. All modern computers like laptops, desktops including smartphones that we use at home or office are digital computers. Advantages of Digital Computers: o It allows you to store a large amount of information and to retrieve it easily whenever you need it. o You can easily add new features to digital systems more easily. o Different applications can be used in digital systems just by changing the program without making any changes in hardware o The cost of hardware is less due to the advancement in the IC technology. o It offers high speed as the data is processed digitally. o It is highly reliable as it uses error correction codes. o Reproducibility of results is higher as the output is not affected by noise, temperature, humidity, and other properties of its components. 􀂾 Types of Digital Computer Digital computers Types of Digital Computer Digital computers are a device that needs to be programmed in order to receive the desired output. Based on the size and type of the device, these digital computers are classified into four categories. Microcomputer Minicomputer Mainframe computer Supercomputer