Understanding Tourism Lecture 1 PDF

TLM Baku Understanding Tourism Lecture 1 Markus W. Eitle 16.09.2024 Schedule 2 Agenda 1. Personal Presentation 2. Course Introduction 3. Tourism Industry 3 I Personal Presentation 1. Personal Presentation Prof....

TLM Baku Understanding Tourism Lecture 1 Markus W. Eitle 16.09.2024 Schedule 2 Agenda 1. Personal Presentation 2. Course Introduction 3. Tourism Industry 3 I Personal Presentation 1. Personal Presentation Prof. (FH) DI Dr. Markus W. Eitle, MSc Institute Marketing & Wine Business Department of Business IMC Krems University of Applied Sciences Campus Trakt U 3500 Krems, Austria +43 2732 802 153 [email protected] Key words: Tourism, Wine Tourism, Human Resource Management, Research Methodology, Scientific Writing, Viticulture, Plant Physiology, Molecular Biology, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Markus-Eitle ORCID: 0000-0002-9013-3653 Curriculum Vitae 2022-present Prof. (FH), IMC Krems (AT) 2019-2022 Post Doc, IWOB-BOKU Vienna (AT) 2014-2019 Doctoral Studies, IOWB-BOKU Vienna (AT) 2018-2018 Research Work, NUI Maynooth (IE) 2011-2013 Master Hort. Sciences, UniBo Bologna (IT), TU Munich (DE), BOKU Vienna (AT) 20011-2011 Exchange Semester, PUC Santiago de Chile (CL) 2008-2011 Bachelor Hort. Sciences, Munich (DE) 5 Favorite Holiday Location: San Sebastian, Spain 1. Personal Presentation Teaching Tourism & Leisure Management - Krems Bachelorseminar I/II International Wine Business - Krems Viticulture I/II/III, Sustainability in the Wine Industry Foundations of Emp. Soc. Research, Research Methods & Bachelorseminar I Applied Chemistry - Krems Applied Analysis for Food, Environmental Issues & Pharmaceuticals, Theory – Wine Analytics Business Administration for the Public Health Sector - Krems Methoden Coaching IMC Transnational Programm & Projects – Baku & Tashkent Tourism & Leisure Management: Understanding Tourism, Foundations of Research, Research Exercices, Quantitative & Qualitative Research Methods Export Management: Foundations of Emp. Soc. Research 6 1. Personal Presentation Current Journal Publications Consumer Knowledge and Preferences for Organic and Sustainably Certified Wines: Lessons from the DACH Region - Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Stöckl, A. F., Moscovici, D., Tischler, S., Eitle, M. W., & Dolezal, C. (2024). Sustainability, 16(11), 4464. Grafting Genotype Combination Effect of Vitis ssp. on Roots Phylloxeration Degree and Vigor of Grapevine Vršič, S., Gumzej, M., Pulko, B., Kocsis, L., Eitle, M. W., & Forneck, A. (2024). Horticulturae, 10(5), 445. Unveiling the Tapestry of Chinese Wine Consumers: A Quantitative Investigation of Influencing Factors and Consumer Segmentation Stöckl, A. F., Kleiss, D., Tischler, S., Eitle, M. W., Teurezbacher, F., & Song, Y. (2024). Nutrition & Food Science International Journal. 7 1. Personal Presentation ACTIVITY Current Research Projects AI Tour - Application of AI in the tourism industry Eitle, M. W., Tischler, S., Bauer-Krösbacher, C., Stöckl, A., Maurer, C., & Schnauer, D. (2024-2026) WeNaTour - The European Alliance for Innovation and Sustainability Education in Welfare, Nature, and Tourism Fedeli, G., Oblasser, C., Schönthaler, A., Bauer-Krösbacher, C., Prinz-Buchberger, B., Eitle, M. W. & Posch, A. (2024-2026) The 6. Culinary Wine & Tourism Conference Eitle, M. W. , Stöckl, A.F. & Tischler, S. (2023-2024) 8 1. Introduction Personal Presentation Now it‘s your turn! 1. What is your name? 2. Where are you from? 3. What do you know about Austria? 4. Why do you study Tourism & Leisure Management? 5. Why do you study at the IMC Krems? 6. What is your favorite holiday destination? 9 Attendance Check 10 II Course Introduction 1. Introduction Course Introduction Name: Understanding Tourism (UT1ILV) Curriculum: 1. Semester TLM Baku Contact hours per week: 2 Course value: 3 ECTS (= 75 hrs) Language: English Learning Material: MS Teams Course Lecturer Study Director Prof. (FH) Dr. Markus Eitle, MSc. Prof. (FH) Dr. Jens Ennen, MSc IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems Institute Marketing & Wine Business Institute Global Impact & Transformation Campus Trakt U Campus Trakt U A- 3500 Krems A- 3500 Krems [email protected] [email protected] 12 1. Introduction Course Introduction 13 1. Introduction Learning Outcomes Terminology and definitions of technical terms associated to the tourism industry and research areas Description and segmentation of relevant tourism sectors and disciplines as well as their key characteristics Explanation of the basic structures of the tourism and leisure industry as well as tourism dependent and tourism induced fields Identification of and adequate use of reliable sources of travel-related data with focus on secondary data. 14 1. Introduction Syllabus - Key Terms Definitions, terminology & basic concepts Socio-economic and political frameworks Structure and sectors of the tourism and leisure industry Development of international tourism Characteristics of the major tourism segments & players Austria’s tourism industry in an international and global context Sources and data bases for tourism related data 15 1. Introduction Interactive Teaching Approach Lecture Type: Interactive front lecture with an exam and group assessment - Please be in time - Attendance check via list - Take handwritten notes (learning efficacy) - Lectures start with refreshment activities (repetition) - At the end of each lecture, there is a box near the exit in which students can drop anonymously: - Take Home Messages - Muddiest point - Anonymous questions/comments 16 1. Introduction Lecture Quality Assessment Take Home Messages - Anonymous written paper - 3-5 key points in order that you learned today - Voluntary task Muddiest Point - Anonymous written paper - 1-2 point/s that were difficult to understand or remained unclear - Voluntary task Anonymous Questions/Comments - Anonymous written paper - Comments regarding the lecture that you want to adress - Voluntary task  No Consequences on final grading! 17 1. Introduction Recommended Literature - The Business of Tourism, 12th edition, 2022 J. C. Halloway, C. Humphreys - Tourism, The Business of Travel, 6th edition, 2017 Roy A. Cook, Cathy H. C. Hsu, Lorraine L. Taylor - Tourism Principles and Practices, 6th edition, 2017 Fletcher, J., Fyall, A., Gilbert, D., & Wanhill, S. 18 1. Introduction Graded Assessments 1. Written Exam – Monday, 23.09.24 Classical written exam Mix of short and open questions (2:1) Content: Topics presented during the block week from 16.9 - 20.9.2024 (Mo-Fr) Rating: 60% of final grade 2. Group Assessment – Thursday, 31.10.24 Travel guide written and designed as group work of three students Approx. 20-30 pages, DIN A5 format Formal requirements: Single line spacing, line paging, sentence case, PDF format Upload via Microsoft Teams Rating: 40% of final grade 19 1. Introduction Graded Assessments 2. Group Assessment – Thursday, 31.10.24 Cover Page List of Contents  Introduction Country  Maps (Country, important cities)  State & Economy  Languages & Society  History  Art & Culture  Food & Beverages  Touristic Cities & Regions  Baku  Quba  Samaxi  …. 20 Literature Sources & Copyrights 1. Introduction Graded Assessments 60% Written Exam 40% Seminar Work (Travel Guide) 20% Content 10% Structure and Layout 10 % Relevant Sources IMC Grading Scale 100-90% = excellent /very good (1) 1. Resit  100% exam grade 91-81% = good (2) 2. Resit  100% exam grade 80-71% = satisfactory (3) 70-60% = sufficient (4) 3. Oral exam in front of three professors  50 % Grade 2. Resit < 59% = fail (5) Resit  50% Grade oral examination 21 1. Introduction Graded Assessments Can we organize the assessment groups now? - Form a group of three collaborating students - Discuss and choose a country for the travel guide (not AZ) - Communicate your preferred country and group members to the lecturer  No repetitive country choices  First come, first serve  Use the break for discussions 22 Are there any questions so far? Prof. (FH) DI Dr. Markus W. Eitle, M.Sc. Institute Tourism, Wine Business & Marketing Department of Business IMC Krems University of Applied Sciences Office Campus Piaristengasse 1, Room P.2.14 3500 Krems, Austria +43 2732 802 153 [email protected] 23 Until: 24 III Tourism Industry 1. Tourism Industry Why is Tourism important? 26 1. Tourism Industry  Monetary revenue of the global tourism industry Source: Asia-Pacific travel and tourism statistics in 2023 27 1. Tourism Industry  … and after COVID19 28 1. Tourism Industry Did you know about the Tourism celebration day? 11 29 1. Tourism Industry World Tourism Day  It is celebrated each year on 27th of September, is the global observance day fostering awareness of tourism's social, cultural, political and economic value and the contribution that the sector can make towards reaching the UN Sustainable Development Goals. 30 12 1. Tourism Industry The Essentials How would you define tourism? 31 1. Tourism Industry The Essentials What is Tourism?  ‘Tourism may be defined in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment. Tourism (broadly speaking) may or may not involve overnight stays away from home’. AIEST/Tourism Society Conference, 1981  ‘Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business or other purposes’. UNWTO/UN Statistical Commission 1993 32 1. Tourism Industry The Essentials What is Tourism in 2024? Tourism is the activity of traveling to and staying in places outside one's usual environment for leisure, business, or other purposes, typically for a limited duration. It involves the movement of people for various reasons, such as relaxation, cultural exploration, adventure, or education. Tourism can be domestic or international, and it often contributes to the local economy by supporting industries like hospitality, transportation, entertainment and retail. The tourism sector encompasses activities such as sightseeing, dining, shopping, and participation in local cultural or recreational events.  TOURISM IS THE BUSINESS OF TRAVEL 33  1. Tourism Industry The Essentials Conceptual Demand-side Definitions:  The activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.  Tourism arises out of a movement of people to, and their stay in, various places, or destinations. The movement to destinations is temporary and short term in character – the intention is to return within a few days, weeks or months.  There are two elements in tourism – the journey to the destination and the stay (including activities) at the destination. 34 1. Tourism Industry The Essentials Technical Demand-side Definitions: From a ‘technical’ point of view, attempts to define tourism have been led by the need to isolate tourism trips from other forms of travel for statistical purposes. These ‘technical’ definitions demand that an activity has to pass certain ‘tests’ before it counts as tourism. Such tests include the following:  Minimum length of stay – one night (visitors who do not stay overnight are termed same day visitors or excursionists).  Maximum length of stay – one year.  Strict purpose of visit categories.  A distance consideration is sometimes included on the grounds of delineating the term ‘usual environment’ – the WTO recommendation is 160 kilometers (?) Unclear: Business travellers – Visitors – Tourists – Same-day visitors – Event visitors? 35 1. Tourism Industry The Reality In a world of change, one constant in the last thirty years has been the sustained growth and resilience of tourism both as an activity and an economic sector: Tourism, directly and indirectly, generates and supports ~ 300 million jobs globally - 1 in 11 jobs! At the same time around half of these jobs are in small or medium- sized enterprises (SMEs) representing the lifeblood of tourism. Tourism is responsible for over 10% of global gross domestic product (GDP) By 2030 international arrivals are forecast to exceed 1.8 billion … 36 1. Tourism Industry Myths and the Realities Myth: The majority of tourism in the world is international. Reality: Tourism in the world is predominantly domestic = people travelling in their own country Myth: Most tourism journeys in the world are by air as tourists jet-set from country to country. Reality: The majority of trips are by surface transport; mainly by car Myth: Tourism is only about leisure holidays. Reality: Tourism includes all types of purpose of visit including business, conference and education. 37  1. Tourism Industry Myths and the Realities Myth: Employment in tourism means substantial travel and the chance to learn languages. Reality: Most employment in tourism is in the hospitality sector and involves little travel. Myth: Large multinational companies such as hotel chains and airlines dominate tourism. Reality: The vast majority of tourism enterprises in every destination are small or medium sized enterprises Myth: Tourism is a straightforward sector demanding little research or planning. Reality: Tourism is a complex multi-sectoral industry demanding high level planning underpinned by research to succeed. 38  1. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry – When did it start? The earliest forms of travel can be traced at least as far back as the Babylonian and Egyptian empires, some 3 millennia BC! These originated for business and religious purposes rather than leisure purpose Religious pilgrimages: Travels to sacred sites like temples and shrines for religious purposes. Trading Routes: Rivers and sea, e.g. the Nile was a popular travel route for merchants, offering an expensive opportunity to transport goods  Stones for the pyramids were shipped 39  1. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry – When did it start? Onset of sight-seeing: The seven world wonder of the ancient times were admired by a small class of wealthy travelers Souvenirs: Ancient travelers often took back small artifacts, statues, and amulets as souvenirs from their visits. Written Accounts: Some visitors, like the Greek historian Herodotus, documented their travels and experiences Festivals and Events: Religious festivals attracted visitors, who participated in or observed the grand ceremonies: e.g. the Olympic Games (starting from the 8th century BC) 40 1. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry The seven world wonders of the ancient times Which ones can you name? 41  The seven world wonder of the ancient times Statue of Zeus at Olympia A massive statue of the god Zeus, crafted by the sculptor Phidias, located in the temple at Olympia in Greece. Colossus of Rhodes A giant bronze statue of the sun god Helios, once standing at the harbor of Rhodes in Greece. Hanging Gardens of Babylon Described as an extraordinary series of terraced gardens, built by King Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife Amytis, though their existence is debated (eventually Iraq). Temple of Artemis at Ephesus A grand temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis, known for its immense size and ornate sculptures rediscovered in Turkey 42 The seven world wonder of the ancient times Mausoleum at Halicarnassus A monumental tomb built for Mausolus, a Persian province governor and his wife Artemisia, famous for its elaborate design in Turkey Lighthouse of Alexandria Or “Pharos of Alexandria” A towering lighthouse on the island of Pharos in Alexandria Egypt, guiding sailors safely into the busy harbor. Great Pyramid of Giza The only surviving wonder, it is the largest of the pyramids built as a tomb for Pharaoh Khufu in Egypt. 43  1. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry – When did it start? Roman Road Network, 200 AD Extensive Road Network: Over 400,000 km of roads, facilitating travel across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East Military and Civil Use: While primarily constructed for military movement, Roman roads were also used by civilians, merchants, and early tourists Cultural Exchange: Connected distant provinces, promoting cultural exchange and the spread of Roman language, and architecture. Trade Routes: Efficient trade across the empire, attracting traders and merchants who traveled long distances for business. Leisure Travel: Wealthy Romans often travelled for leisure, visiting famous landmarks, hot springs, and coastal resorts like Baiae in Italy. Roadside Inns: Providing lodging, food, and horse changes for travellers. Post-Roman Influence: Even after the fall of the Roman Empire, many Roman roads remained in use throughout Europe, forming the basis for future travel and trade routes. 44 1. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry – When did it start? Roman Road Network, 200 AD Atlantic Ocean Black Sea Mediterranean Ocean 500km 45 Source: Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University Hempstead, NY 1. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry – When did it start? Grand Canal System Longest and oldest man-made waterway in the world, built to link the north, the center and south of eastern China connecting cultural and political centers such as Beijing, Hangzhou, and Suzhou Trade and Commerce: Primarily built to transport grain and other goods between northern and southern China, facilitating economic growth Cultural Exchange: The canal allowed for cultural exchange between regions, helping to spread chinese ideas, art, and innovations Tourism and Travel: The waterway enabled people to travel more easily between cities, fostering early forms of tourism for wealthy individuals and officials Influence on Urban Development: Cities grew and thrived along the canal route, becoming cultural hubs that attracted visitors and tourists. Modern Tourism: Today, parts of the Grand Canal remain popular tourist attractions, with many travelers visiting the historic water towns, bridges, and cultural sites that line the canal 46 1. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry – When did it start? Beijing Grand Canal System, Tonghui Canal (Yuan) East China 584 AD Yongji Canal Yellow Sea (Sui andYuan) Oldcourseof Jiao-Lai Canal theYellowRiver (Yuan) (Song) Yongji Canal JizhouCanal (Sui) (Yuan) Jizhou Tongji Canal(Sui) East China Luoyang Kaifeng Sea Huaiyin BianCanal (Song) Chuzhou YangzhouCanal (SongandYuan) Yangzhou JiangnanCanal Suzhou (Sui, SongandYuan) Source: Jean-Paul 400km Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hangzhou Hofstra University 47 Hempstead, NY 1. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry – When did it start? The Silk Road, Central Asia 200 BC Ancient Trade Route: The Silk Road was a network of trade routes that connected China to the Mediterranean, facilitating the exchange of goods, among them: silk & textiles, jewelry, gemstones & gold, spices, porcelain, weapons, paper and glassware Cultural Exchange: Travelers along the Silk Road were exposed to diverse cultures, languages, religions (Buddhist monks, Christian missionaries, Islamic scholars) and traditions, making it a pathway for cultural tourism. Caravanserais: Travelers and merchants used caravanserais = roadside inns that offered lodging, food, and protection, forming key stops for early forms of tourism and travel. Explorers and Adventurers: Famous explorers like Marco Polo traveled the Silk Road, chronicling their journeys and contributing to the allure of the route as a destination for adventure and discovery. Ancient Cities: Cities like Samarkand, Bukhara, and Kashgar became important centers of trade, culture, and tourism, drawing travelers to explore their vibrant markets, mosques, and historical sites. Modern Tourism Revival: Today, the Silk Road is celebrated as a cultural and historical route, with parts of it preserved as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, attracting modern tourists to explore its 48 ancient cities and landscapes. 1. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry – When did it start? The Silk Road, Central Asia 200 BC Rome EUROPE Turpan Gobi Desert Black Sea Samarkand Kashgar Dunhuang Athens Constantinople Bukhara Antioch Lanzhou Hamadan Merv Xi’an Rey Bactra Hotan Mediterranean Ocean Tyre Baghdad PERSIA Alexandria CHINA Pacific Ocean EGYPT Muscat Barbaricon Calcutta Guangzhou Berenike ARABIA Sur Barygaza INDIA Muza Kané Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Aden Muziris Mogadishu SOMALIA Malacca Indian Ocean Mombasa JAVA 500Miles 49 Source: Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University Hempstead, NY 1. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry – When did it start? Arabian Sea Routes (130 BC – 1400 AC) Ancient Maritime Trade: Ancient trading routes connecting the Arabian Peninsula, India, and East Africa Silk and Spice Trade: During the classical and medieval periods, Arabian Sea routes were vital for the transportation of silk, spices, and other luxury goods between Asia and Europe. Role of Arab Navigators: Arab sailors were skilled navigators with maritime knowledge and technologies, such as the use of the astrolabe Pre-Islamic Trade: Even before the rise of Islam, seafaring communities along the Arabian Sea, like those in Oman and Yemen, engaged in commerce with India and East Africa Colonial Impact: European colonial powers, such as the Portuguese, Dutch, and British, sought to control the Arabian Sea routes for strategic dominance over trade and regional resources. Rise of Gulf Ports: Modern Gulf cities like Dubai and Muscat, with their strategic positions along the Arabian Sea, became key hubs for tourism and trade in the 20th century. Indian Ocean Exploration: The Arabian Sea forms part of the larger Indian Ocean, where early explorers like Vasco da Gama sailed, opening the region to European exploration and tourism. 50 1. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry – When did it start? Arabian Sea Routes (130 BC – 1400 AC) Development of Coastal: In recent decades, coastal areas along the Arabian Sea, including Oman, Pakistan, and India's western coast, have developed tourism industries focusing on beaches, marine life, and cultural heritage. Cruise Tourism: The Arabian Sea has become a popular route for cruise tourism, offering luxury voyages that explore the rich history and culture of ports in the Middle East, India, and East Africa. 51 1. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry – When did it start? Early European Maritime Expeditions, 15-16th centuries Age of Exploration: Nations like Spain and Portugal leading expeditions to discover new trade routes and territories. Portuguese Pioneers: Early Portuguese explorers, like Bartolomeu Días, initiated maritime exploration down the African coast, eventually reaching India via the Cape of Good Hope. Vasco da Gama: Vasco da Gama became the first European to reach India by sea in 1498, opening the Indian Ocean to European maritime trade Christopher Columbus: Christopher Columbus embarked on a historic voyage, funded by Spain, that led to the European discovery of the Americas in 1492, followed by other sailors like Amerigo Vespucci (= America) Magellan's Circumnavigation: Ferdinand Magellan's expedition from 1519-1522 was the first to circumnavigate the globe, inspiring future voyages and encouraging global exploration and, eventually, tourism. Cartography and Navigation: European explorers advanced cartography and navigation, mapping new lands and sea routes, which facilitated future maritime tourism and global travel. 52 1. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry – When did it start? Early European Maritime Expeditions, 15-16th centuries 53 1. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry – When did it start? Colonial Trade in the North Atlantic, 18th Century Triangular Trade: The North Atlantic was central to the transatlantic triangular trade, involving Europe, Africa and the Americas, where manufactured goods, enslaved people and raw materials were exchanged. Growth of Port Cities: Major port cities like London, Bristol, Boston, and New York flourished due to colonial trade, becoming hubs for commerce and, later, key destinations for business travellers Navigation Acts: British laws like the Navigation Acts regulated colonial trade, ensuring that colonies traded primarily with Britain, shaping early economic patterns Expansion of Maritime Infrastructure: The increase in colonial trade led to the growth of maritime infrastructure such as docks, shipyards, and lighthouses, which later became points of interest for maritime tourism. Rise of Merchant Class: The wealth generated from colonial trade in the North Atlantic allowed the rise of a wealthy merchant class, some of whom became early "tourists,“ Piracy and Privateering: Pirate legends and sites associated with the developing piracy in the North Atlantic became attractions for adventurous tourists 54 1. Tourism Industry Tourism Industry – When did it start? Colonial Trade in the North Atlantic, 18th Century 55 1. Tourism Industry Onset of Modern Times Tourism The Grand Tour, 17th-19th centuries The Grand Tour was a traditional trip undertaken by young European aristocrats primarily for cultural and educational enrichment. Origins in the 17th Century: Part of a broader educational experience for the elite, focusing on art, history, and classical culture. Itinerary Highlights: Typical destinations included major European cities such as Paris, Rome, Venice, Florence and Vienna, renowned for their historical landmarks, art, and architecture. Influence of Classical Antiquity: The tour emphasized exposure to classical antiquity, including Roman ruins and Renaissance art, which were seen as vital to a well-rounded education. Travel Challenges: The journey could be lengthy and arduous, involving overland travel through Europe and often by sea, requiring significant time and resources. Rise of Cultural heritage tourism & Guidebooks: As the popularity of the Grand Tour grew, guidebooks and travel accounts were published, offering practical advice and recommendations for future travelers. 56 1. Tourism Industry Onset of Modern Times Tourism The Grand Tour, 17th-19th century 57 Indiana University Until: 58 1. Tourism Industry Onset of Modern Times Tourism 59 1. Tourism Industry Onset of Modern Times Tourism First known travel agency, started by Thomas Cook in England, mid-1800s; offering a package that included railway tickets and an accompanying tour book A few years prior, the modern hotel industry appeared in USA, with the opening of The City Hotel in New York in 1794 60 33 1. Tourism Industry Development & Trends in a Nutshell  14th-16th centuries: European  1960: Mass Tourism Renaissance (Democratisation of Travel)  25th-19th centuries:  1970: Cultural Tours Grand Tour  1990: Alternative  1914: Automobile (Eco/Soft) Tourism  2030-??  1920: Transatlantic  2000: All-Inclusive (4E) Passenger Travel  2010: Sustainable Tourism  1950: Air Travel  2019-2021: Coronavirus 61 1. Tourism Industry Modern Tourism – Impact of Mobility Space/Time Convergence of the World Transport System 1500-1840 Average speed of wagon and sail ships: 16 km/h 1850-1930 Average speed of trains: 100 km/h Average speed of steamships: 25 km/h 1950 Average speed of airplanes: 480-640 km/h 1970 Average speed of jet planes: 800-1120 km/h 1990 Numeric transmission: instantaneous Source: Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University Hempstead, NY 62 1. Tourism Industry Modern Tourism – Impact of Mobility Maritime Road Rail Air 2000 Hydrogen car Maglev Container Electric ships car JumboJet Super TGV tankers Jet Plane 1950 Airfoils Evolution of Transport Highways Jet engine Helicopters Technology, 1750-2000 Buses Bulk ships Trucks Planes 1900 Liners Automobile Tramway Internal combustion engine Metro Bicycles Dirigibles Iron hulls Balloons Electric motor 1800 Steam engine Docks Omnibus Rails Source: Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Locks Geography, Hofstra University Hempstead, NY 63 1. Tourism Industry Modern Tourism – Nowadays 64 Source: Weidner 2002 1. Tourism Industry Modern Tourism – Destinations Nowadays In 2021… … the Italian coastal region of Venezia had the highest number of nights spent in tourist accommodation (27.1 million) … the Adriatic coastal region of Istria (Croatia) had the highest number of nights spent in tourist accommodation by international tourists (20.7 million) … the region of Paris had the highest number of nights spent in tourist accommodation by domestic tourists (14.3 million) Source: Eurostat Are these numbers curse or blessing? 65 1. Tourism Industry Modern Times Tourism – European Market 66 37 1. Tourism Industry Modern Times Tourism – European Market 67 37 1. Tourism Industry Modern Times Tourism – Market 68 38 1. Tourism Industry Tourism Model Dynamic and interrelated nature of tourism:  The travelling public (tourists) are the focal point (heart) of the model  Tourism promoters link the traveling public with the suppliers of services (Tourist agencies & offices, tourist boards, incentive & meeting planners..)  Tourism suppliers provide the services that tourists need when they travel (accommodations, food & beverage, transportation, destinations..)  External forces affect all participants in tourism: tourists, promoters and suppliers (society/culture, economy, environment, politics, technology..). 69 1. Tourism Industry Trip Characteristics  Critical distinctions include: – Domestic versus international travel – The type of destination selected: seaside, rural or urban – The duration of the trip – Linear versus nodal (multi-stop) – Independent versus packaged – Components of the trip: – Forms of transport – Type of accommodation Şunun tarafından gönderildi: Suat Töre Tarih:Şubat 28, 2019 in: Destinasyon – Other components 70 Vietnam denilince benim aklıma önce kesinlikle Ha Long Bay gelir. Yıllar önce ilk kez ve son olarak da 10 yıl önce tekrarladığım bu destinasyon turumda değişimi ,hayretler içinde Ocak 1. Tourism Industry Leiper’s Tourism System Analyzes tourism as an integrated system composed of interrelated components Three Core Components: Generating region, the transit route, and the destination region. 71 Source: Leiper, 1990. 1. Tourism Industry Leiper’s Tourism System 1. Generating Region: Area where tourists originate. It encompasses the market or source of tourists and their motivations, preferences, and demographics. 2. Transit Route: This component includes the transportation infrastructure and services that facilitate the movement of tourists from the generating region to the destination region. 3. Destination Region: The destination is the area where tourists travel to. It includes the attractions, accommodations, and facilities that cater to tourists and their experiences.  Simplifies the interactions between the generating region, transit route, and destination region, highlighting how changes in one component can impact the others  Facilitates the analysis of the economic, social, and environmental impacts of tourism on each component and the interactions between them.  Viewing tourism as a cohesive system, rather than isolated elements, to better understand and manage tourism dynamics.  Useful for tourism planning and development, helping policymakers and businesses identify and address issues within the tourism system, such as improving transportation or enhancing destination appeal. 72 1. Tourism Industry Leiper’s Tourism System FACTORS IN THE CREATION OF TOURIST GENERATING REGIONS Historical factors (migrations, industrialisation,...) Socio-economic factors (Disposable income, population, labour, education,...) Socio-cultural factors (Hajj, modern lifestyle,..) Environmental factors (Urbanisation, transport channels, communication access...) 73 1. Tourism Industry Leiper’s Tourism System – Example China Economic growth Increased disposable income and life standard Increased leisure time Travel as a lifestyle element Business travellers 74 Thank your for the attention Are there any questions? Prof. (FH) DI Dr. Markus W. Eitle, M.Sc. Institute Marketing & Wine Business Department of Business IMC Krems University of Applied Sciences Am Campus Trakt U 3500 Krems, Austria +43 2732 802 153 [email protected]