UCSP Handouts 2024-2025 PDF

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DEFINING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS CULTURE Sum of individuals way of life. NON-MATERIAL (Intangible) Norms and values (Music, dance, poetry, and other forms of expressions) MATERIAL (Tangible) Physical creations that members of society can MAKE, USE and SHARE. Fashion, Manners, and Technology, Architectural, advancement in medicine, transportation and communication SOCIETY Organized group of interdependent people who share a common territory, language, and culture, and who act together for collective survival and well-being. POLITICS POLITICAL INSTITUTION Power to be maintained, organized, and exercised GENDER SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ETHNICITY Cultural concept, it is the expression of the set of cultural ideas held by a distinct ethnic or indigenous group. Refers to the people who collectively and publicly identify themselves as a distinct and unique. RELIGION Organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural, along with associated ceremonial or ritualistic practices by which people try to interpret and/or influence. EXCEPTIONALITY Refers to the state of being intellectually gifted and/or having physically challenged. NATIONALITY Legal relationship that binds a person and a county. Gives people a sense of identity and belongingness. Prepared by: UCSP Faculty Members, First Quarter AY 2024-2025 1  SOCIAL, POLITICAL, and cultural behavior and phenomena NORMS Norms of Decency and Conventionality Conformity and Deviance Taboos Taboos Social, Political and Cultural Change CHANGE IS COMING SOCIAL The essence of Anthropology, Political science and sociology ANTHROPOLOGY POLITICAL SCIENCE Body of knowledge relating to the study of the state and government. Primarily focused on power that plays a crucial part in the struggle in which the individuals and their groups. Local, Regional, National or International PS analysis CULTURE… SOCIETY… POLITICS Why is it important to study culture, society and politics? Environment?? History?? CULTURE Nationality ??? …A group of people who share the same history..customs and traditions Filipinos…Chinese…Arabs…Americans…etc Male, Female… GENDER??? CULTURE ❖ Way of life of a group of people – Experiences, beliefs, values, attitudes, religion ❖ Passed along by communication from one generation to the next ❖ Has a powerful effect on people’s way of thinking, feeling and acting Elements of Culture ❖ Material Culture ❖ physical objects ❖ food, machines, books, clothing, art works ❖ Non-Material Culture ❖ intangible things ❖ symbols, values, norms, beliefs Prepared by: UCSP Faculty Members, First Quarter AY 2024-2025 2  Non- Material Elements of Culture ❖ Language ❖ system of symbols ❖ speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and non verbal gestures and expressions ❖ Values ❖ defines what is right, good and moral ❖ criteria for evaluating the actions of others Non- Material Elements of Culture ❖ Norms ❖ models of behavior which tells us what is appropriate or inappropriate ❖ Types of Norms ❖ Formal Norms – written down and specify strict punishments for violators ❖ Informal Norms – generally understood but not precisely recorded ❖ Non- Material Elements of Culture ❖ Sanctions ❖ penalties and rewards for conducts concerning social norm ❖ Non- Material Elements of Culture ❖ Beliefs ❖ ideas that people hold about the universe and the total reality surrounding them ❖ Fashion ❖ short-lived social norms ❖ styles of clothes, bags, hairdo Elements of Culture PROCESS OF CULTURAL CHANGE AND EXPANSION ❖ Innovation ❖ process of introducing new idea or object to a culture ❖ Invention – existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before ❖ Discovery – involves making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality PROCESS OF CULTURAL CHANGE AND EXPANSION ❖ Diffusion Prepared by: UCSP Faculty Members, First Quarter AY 2024-2025 3  ❖ process by which cultural item spread group to group, society to society ❖ exploration, military conquest, missionary work, influence of mass media ❖ ASPECTS OF CULTURAL VARIATION ❖ Subculture ❖ members of a society do not behave or think exactly alike – religious or ethnic differences, social class ❖ Counterculture ❖ deliberately opposes aspects of the larger culture ❖ Culture shock ❖ a feeling of uncertainty, disorientation, out of place or fear when immersed in an unfamiliar culture ❖ ASPECTS OF CULTURAL VARIATION ❖ Cultural lag ❖ happens when cultural ideas used to regulate social life do not keep pace with social changes ❖ Cultural universal ❖ common features found in every culture ❖ adaptations to meet essential human needs, such as the need for food, shelter, and clothing ❖ Attitudes Toward Cultural Variation ❖ Ethnocentrism ❖ refers to the tendency to assume that one’s own culture is superior compared to other culture ❖ bullying, discrimination, intolerance, war, genocide ❖ Xenocentrism ❖ refers to the tendency to assume that a foreign cultural element is superior compared to his/her own culture ❖ Attitudes Toward Cultural Variation ❖ Cultural relativism ❖ viewing people’s behavior from the perspective of their own culture ❖ places a priority on understanding other cultures, rather than dismissing them as “strange” or “exotic” CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE ❖ Culture is learned ❖ Culture is shared by a group of people ❖ Culture is cumulative ❖ Culture is dynamic ❖ Culture is diverse CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE Culture is learned ✓ Acquired through senses, experiences ✓ Training, observation and imitation Prepared by: UCSP Faculty Members, First Quarter AY 2024-2025 4  ✓ Formal or informal instruction, mass media CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE Culture is shared ✓ Communication, symbols ✓ Commonality in a group – unity ✓ Society Vs. Culture Culture is cumulative ✓ New knowledge is being added to what is existing ✓ How has technology changed us? What will the next generation be like? Cultures is dynamic ✓ No culture is ever in permanent state ✓ They change over time, and these changes are adjustments to the prevailing environment Culture is diverse ✓ Human culture consists of great cultures around the world, each of them is different SUMMARY ❖ A shared culture helps define the group or society to which we belong ❖ Language describes culture and shapes it ❖ Sociologists distinguish norms in two ways, classifying them as formal or informal ❖ Culture is constantly expanding through the process of innovation, which includes both discovery and invention SUMMARY ❖ Diffusion—the spread of cultural items from one place to another— has fostered globalization. Still, people resist ideas that seem too foreign, as well as those they perceive as threatening to their values and beliefs ❖ A subculture is a small culture that exists within a larger, dominant culture. Countercultures are sub-cultures that deliberately oppose aspects of the larger culture SUMMARY ❖ Anthropologist George Murdock compiled a list of cultural universals, or common practices found in every culture, including marriage, sports, cooking, medicine, and sexual restrictions ❖ People who assume that their culture is superior to others engage in ethnocentrism, while cultural relativism is the practice of viewing other people’s behavior from the perspective of their own culture ANTHROPOLOGY (origin) 2 Greek words: “Anthropos” = humans “Logos” = science or study of Study of humankind whose concentration is on human and cultural evolution (Jurmain, Nelson, Kilgore & Trevathan, 2000) Prepared by: UCSP Faculty Members, First Quarter AY 2024-2025 5 ANTHROPOLOGIST…. Used “Diversity” – to understand life in a community “Culture Universal” – pattern of similarity within the array of difference (EQUAL BUT DIFFERENT) They focus on “human diversity” and translate it into understanding between different cultures POLITICAL SCIENCE Study of the state in all its elements, aspects and relationships (Ayson-Reyes, 2000). POLITICAL SCIENCE Laswell mentioned that POLITICS is the hows, whens and wheres of getting power and influence POWER- the ability to make a person do what he will not do otherwise (Dahl) STATE – territory, government, people and sovereignty SOCIOLOGY “Socius” – groups Scientific study of human society and social interactions (Tischler, 2007) Focus is the group not the individual Study forces that molds individuals, shape their behavior and determine social events Underlying Ideas in Sociology (Ballantine and Roberts, 2011) People are social by nature People live much of their lives belonging to social groups Interaction between the individual and the group is a two-way process in which each influences the other Underlying Ideas in Sociology (Ballantine and Roberts, 2011) Recurrent social patterns, ordered behavior, shared expectations, and common understandings among people characterize groups The processes of conflict and change are natural and inevitable features of groups and societies PIONEERS OF SOCIOLOGY AUGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857) Belief: need to understand society as it was, rather what ought to be. Cerebral Hygiene Coined “sociology” -Greek: “socius“ society HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903) Prepared by: UCSP Faculty Members, First Quarter AY 2024-2025 6  Human societies evolved from simplest forms to more complex forms Survival of the fittest – social progress Society is like an organism which continually changes to adapt to its environment KARL MARX (1818-1883) He was critical of Capitalism The means of production is most important in any society Historical change occurs through class conflict between owners and workers EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917) Bonds/functions hold society together (social integration) Suicide, Anomie Society is held together by mechanical solidarity (a social moral consensus) and by organic solidarity (a dependency of roles among people) HARRIET MARTINEAU (1802-1876) Mother of Sociology Believed that scholars should not simply offer observations but should also use their research to bring about social reform SOCIETY-involves Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science- can change the way we see things, change people’s perspectives MAJOR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM A macro perspective which views society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival Society is stable and well-integrated Social order is maintained through cooperation and consensus CONFLICT Stressed the dynamic tension between the classes Basic form of interaction in society is not cooperation, but competition, and this leads to conflict It arises from the dissimilar goals and interests of different social groups SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM It focuses on how we make sense out of life is Human beings are viewed in a world of meaningful objects People manipulate symbols and create their social worlds through interaction A micro perspective which views society as active in influencing and affecting everyday social interactions SOURCES/REFERENCES: Please check our CG and LAPS for the list of sources/references. Prepared by: UCSP Faculty Members, First Quarter AY 2024-2025 7 Prepared by: UCSP Faculty Members, First Quarter AY 2024-2025 8