U1-EXAMS-REVIEWERS-MIL-PHILO.pdf

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY - Defined as involving the necessary skills that allow people to interact using different media platforms while getting access to information around the world. Definition of Terms: a. Media - refers to our means to communicate with people daw...

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY - Defined as involving the necessary skills that allow people to interact using different media platforms while getting access to information around the world. Definition of Terms: a. Media - refers to our means to communicate with people daw b. Media Literacy - Capacity to understand the functions of media - Ability to determine the relevance of media - Ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and check media ex. Recognizing fake news; identifying bias c. Information Literacy - The ability to acquire data or facts that are reliable and relate it to the use of media information - Involves a careful and thoughtful way of gathering information legally - Avoids violations of intellectual property rights and plagiarism - Refers to the ability to effectively access, locate, evaluate, and use gathered data. ex. Evaluating researches; having health information assessments d. Technological Literacy - The skill of an individual to manipulate technology independently - The ability to manage, apply, and evaluate modern day tools ex. Programming & coding; managing digital files Evolution of Traditional to New Media: 1. Pre-industrial Age (before 1700s) - People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, iron, bronze, and copper ex. cave paintings, petroglyphs, pictographs, hieroglyphics (Egyptian writings) 2. Industrial Age (1700s to 1930s) - People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production, and the manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing press) ex. newspaper, typewriter, motion picture, telegraph, printing press (printers) 3. Electronic Age (1930s to 1980s) - People used the power of transistors to create transistor radios, electronic circuits, and the early computers. - Here, long distance communication became more efficient.  ex. television, transistor radio, personal computers. 4. Information Age (20th Century) - The Internet allowed faster communication and the creation of the social network. - People advanced their use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. - Voice, image, sound, and data are digitized. - Introduction of the World Wide Web (WWW) ex. web browsers, social networks, video chat, portable computers, smartphones, cloud data Types of Media: a. Print Media - traditional mass media published on paper. It includes a combination of text and graphics. i. Text Media - simple and flexible format for conveying ideas (may be handwritten or printed). Typography - art and technique of arranging the visuals of the written language to make it legible, readable, and appealing ii. Visual Media - pictures, photos, images, and graphics used to channel information. (ex. billboards). Literally the media that you see. Graphic Design - process of visual communication that organizes and presents information through a creative process for a particular process. It informs, organizes, and identifies attention. ○ Information Graphics (Infographics) - visual representation to understand complex data easily. ○ Cartoons - sketches/drawings intended to be satire or comedic. ○ Photography - image created by light on a light-sensitive surface. b. Broadcast Media - involves the transmission of audio and/or visual content to a broad audience via radio waves, cable, or satellite (air waves). i. Audio Media - uses audio (wow amazing) or voice recordings as a medium of delivering information. ii. Multimedia - concerned with the computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still & moving images (videos, GIFs), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be stored and communicated. Literal na multi na media iii. Rich Media - a term with a similar concept for advertising but uses advanced features that encourage viewers to interact and engage with the content.  c. New Media - a term used to integrate the different technologies emerging in one digital platform to organize and distribute content. Media Convergence - refers to the merging of media (eme), refers to the merging of different equipment and tools for producing and distributing news through digitalization. It is the synergy of communication technologies, computer networks, and media content in the digital world. Sources of Media and Information: a. Indigenous Knowledge - the distinctive knowledge kept to a specific group of people. It became the basis of a certain group or community for their norms b. Library - a building or roof that has a collection of books, films, and general information. i. Academic Library - serve colleges and universities, their students, staff, and faculty. ii. Public Library - serve communities and the general public iii. School Library - part of a school system, serves students (K-12) and are usually called media centers. c. Internet - worldwide and publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard internet protocol (IP). 1. Primary Sources - the original document or information that has not been filtered, modified, analyzed, interpreted, or evaluated yet. (ex. interviews, patent, artifacts, recordings, manuscripts, letters, diaries) 2. Secondary Sources - interprets and analyzes primary sources. (ex. journal articles, textbooks) 3. Tertiary Sources - publications that summarize and digest information in primary and secondary sources to provide background information on a topic. It builds upon secondary sources to provide information. (ex. encyclopedia) Media Language - Refers to how producers make meaning about a certain medium and how they transfer that meaning to the audiences. a. Denotative - literal meaning b. Connotative - symbolic meaning, various interpretations Media Codes - Established meanings of different codes of media 1. Symbolic Codes (Audience Based) - refers to the interpretation of the audience.  a. Setting - time, place, etc. b. Mise en Scene - everything within the frame (ex. set design, props) c. Acting - portrayal of the actors in creating media d. Colors - highly connotative 2. Technical Codes - codes specific to a media form alone (camera work, editing, audio, lighting). 3. Written Codes - formal written language used. a. Printed Language - visible with the media frame (ex. subtitles) b. Spoken Language - literal na spoken language (ex. dialogues) Media Conventions - Recognized ways of using media codes 1. Form Conventions - ways in which the types of media codes are expected to be arranged (ex. page lay-out, titles, credit sequences) 2. Story Conventions - the basic structures in narratives (sequence of events—intro, body, conclu pero media version) 3. Genre Conventions - used to create a specific type of media - People in Charge 1. Media Producers - initiators, planners, and producers of media (wow amazing) 2. Stakeholders - shares the interest; investors 3. Audience - target market pero media Audience Analysis - involves identifying the audience and adapting to their interests, level of understanding, attitudes, and beliefs. PHILOSOPHY Origin of Philosophy - Traces its roots in Ancient Greece in the 6th Century BCE - It is believed that the word Philos was coined by Pythagoras, a Greek Mathematician Pythagoras believed that people are either: a. Lovers of Gain b. Lovers of Honor c. Lovers of Knowledge/Wisdom - His Pythagorean Theorem explains how the value of C is irrelevant because the process of solving for C is what matters. - Manly P. Hall - wrote the Secret Teachings of All Ages, which talks about how Pythagoras was humble and did not find himself wise, rather he simply loved knowledge and wisdom (philosopher). Definitions of Philosophy - Philo- = love; -sophos = meaning - Philosophy is defined as the science that, by natural light of all reasons, studies the first causes or highest principles of all things. a. Science - philosophy is a science bc its similar to a systematic investigation, following certain steps/procedures. b. Natural Light of All Reasons - philosophy is a tool that allows humans to investigate things, using their natural capacity to think c. Study of All Things - sets the distinction between philosophy and everything else. States that philosophy is multidimensional d. First Cause / Highest Principles - the belief from which every chain of causes must ultimately go back. 1. Principle of Identity - whatever is is, whatever is not is not. 2. Principle of Noncontradiction - it is impossible to be and not be at the same time. 3. Principle of Excluded Middle - a thing either is or not is; everything must be or not be. 4. Principle of Sufficient Evidence - nothing exists without sufficient reason for its being & existence. Metaphysics - Examines the basic structure or principle of reality of things. It deals w abstract concepts such as being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time, and space. Continental Rationalists - a group of people who thought that knowledge is gained from reason.  a. Rene Descartes - Reason is the primary source of knowledge - Cogito, ergo sum—I think, therefore I am. (human reasoning) - The act of thinking is undeniable proof of existence (Doubt = Thinking Being) b. Gottfield Wilhelm Leibniz (di nadiscuss masyado) - Everything is interconnected through reason and guided by logical principles c. Baruch Spinoza - He believed that God is identical to the universe itself; everything that exists is a manifestation of God’s essence and nothing can be separate from this divine substance (Pantheism) 1. General Metaphysics (Ontology) - the study of being and existence, addressing questions about what exists and what it means for something to exist. - Matter - considered as potentiality (ex. block of wood) - Form - considered as actuality (ex. block of wood made into a chair) Aristotle - had four ways to explain why things exist i. Material Cause - what something is made up of ii. Formal Cause - the form or essence of a thing iii. Efficient Cause - process that brings the object into existence iv. Final Cause - purpose or end for which something exists OUSIA - primary substance and essence of something 2. Special Metaphysics - the study of specific areas of metaphysics a. Cosmology - study of the universe & the world b. Rational Psychology - explores the nature of the mind and mental phenomena; weighs the mind and human behavior c. Natural Theology - seeks to explain the existence and nature of God outside of divine revelation or sacred texts Thomas Aquinas - Summa Theologica (Magnum Opus ni Thomas) - He was able to prove the existence of God through: i. Argument from Motion - Unmoved Mover ii. Argument for Causation - Uncaused Cause iii. Argument for Contingency - Supreme Being iv. Argument from Degree - Ultimate Standard v. Argument from Design - Intelligent Designer Epistemology  - Episteme (Knowledge); Investigates the acquisition of knowledge with its nature and construction a. Rationalism - views reason as the chief source of knowledge and the most important in acquiring knowledge. i. Rene Descartes - Cogito, ergo sum: I think, therefore I am b. Empiricism - asserts that all of a person’s knowledge comes from his/her five senses. i. John Locke - explained that knowledge comes from experiences. There are two forms of experience 1. Sensation - human mind understand the world through physical senses 2. Reflection - pertains to the inner world of thoughts, emotions, and consciousness. Thinking, doubting, believing. Tabula Rasa - our mind is a blank slate Ethics (Moral Philosophy) - Ethos (custom); aims to understand the concepts of right & wrong behaviors 1. Metaethics - deals w the origin and meaning of ethical concepts 2. Normative Ethics - concerned w the standards or norms to decide what is morally right/wrong 3. Applied Ethics - applies theories to real-life situations, creating solutions to the problems (ex. laws, regulations) Aesthetics - Aisthetikos (sense perception); deals w the nature and appreciation of art, beauty, and good taste. - Human judgment of aesthetic value is anchored in one’s ability to criticize and appreciate art using sense perceptions Immanuel Kant - stated that beauty is objective and universal and art is subjective bc it is based from one’s background, culture, class, society, and education. a. Interest - admiration of an art, nagustuhan mo ba yung art b. Disinterest - you don’t feel any emotional connection, wala kang pake ganon c. Judgment - evaluates the artwork, judger ka ganon d. Value - appreciates its meaning and emotional resonance Logic - Logike (Zeno, the Stoic); reasoning is the concern of a logician wherein it isn’t interested in what we know, rather its truth and validity.  Aristotle - first to devise the logical method which helps us uncover bias and prejudice 1. Inductive Reasoning - specific to general a. Major Premise - specific observation b. Minor Premise - general observation c. Conclusion - general statement Example: RB is from 12S2 and is makulit; Cyril is also from 12S2 and is makulit din; therefore, everyone for 12S2 are makulit (i think) 2. Deductive Reasoning - general to specific a. Major Premise - general observation b. Minor Premise - specific observation c. Conclusion - general statement Example: Barney is a dinosaur; All dinosaurs are good; therefore, Barney is good (i think din, di ko sure) Fallacies - Refers to the defect in an argument other than its false premises 1. Appeal to Pity (misericordiam) - tries to win support for an argument by exploiting feelings of pity or guilt 2. Appeal to Ignorance (ignorantiam) - whatever has not been proved false must be false, and vv. (ex. nawawala ballpen ko and idk who got it kaya siguro kinain ng aso ko) 3. Equivocation - multiple meanings of a term used (ex. gossiping) 4. Composition - something is true of the whole and so its true to some part of the whole (ex. Magaling yung mga taga 12S2, kaya magaling din ako) 5. Division - something that is true must also be true to all (ex. Magaling magturo si sir, kaya lahat ng tinuturuan niya must be magaling din) 6. Appeal Against the Person (hominem) - attempts to link the validity of a premise to a characteristic of the person advocating the premise (ex. wag niyo i-boto si Boyet sa treasurer bc di lang rin siya marunong maghandle ng funds)  7. Appeal to Force (baculum) - force, coercion, or threats are given as a justification for a conclusion (ex. wag moko iiwan or else I’ll kms) 8. Appeal to People (populum) - appeals or exploited people’s desire for esteem; like nakikisama ka lang ganon (ex. everyone’s going to the school dance, kaya punta na rin ako) 9. False Cause - Coincidental correlation; correlation not causation. (ex. tumataas price ng gas, pero maybe bc mas mahilig na ang mga tao na mag-walk instead (haha di ko rin alam)) 10. Hasty Generalization - A broad conclusion upon the statistics of a survey of a small group that does not represent the whole population. (ex. ang sungit niya namang tao wtf! siya na ang pinaka-hate kong tao ever!) 11. Begging the Question (petitio principii) - The proposition to be proven is assumed implicitly/explicitly in the premise (ex. kami na to guys, kami na ang champion!) nag-aassume ka ganon Political Philosophy - The study of fundamental questions about the state, government, justice, rights, and nature of political authority. Plato - wrote “The Republic” which outlines how the Ideal State (Utopia) should be governed by philosopher-kings bc the most knowledgeable and wise individuals should rule. Tripartite Class System: 1. Rulers (philosopher-kings) who govern 2. Auxiliaries (warriors) who defend the state 3. Producers (farmers, craftspeople) who provide the material needs of society