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Computer Unit - Definition: An electronic device that Network accepts and manipulates data using - Definition: A collection of technologies mathematical and logical operations to that enables one computer to connect to produce information. another. - Alternat...

Computer Unit - Definition: An electronic device that Network accepts and manipulates data using - Definition: A collection of technologies mathematical and logical operations to that enables one computer to connect to produce information. another. - Alternate Name: Data Processing - Uses of Network: Machine 1. Sending and receiving messages 2. Sharing of devices Data 3. File sharing - Definition: Raw facts and figures. 4. Process sharing - Examples: - Name of a person Types of Network - Length of an object 1. Based on Geographical Location: - Value of temperature - Local Area Network (LAN): Same location. Information - Wide Area Network (WAN): Different - Definition: Data that has undergone locations. processing. - Hybrid Network: Combination of - Examples: different types. - Addition of two numbers - Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): - Alphabetical order of names LANs interconnected in a metropolitan - Average score on a test area. - Home Area Network (HAN): Home Data Processing devices connected. - Definition: The process of turning data - Intranet: Network for organization into information. members only. - Stages: - Extranet: Network accessible to 1. Input: When the data is being customers. supplied. 2. Process: When the data undergoes 2. Based on Structure: changes. - Bus Topology: Single cable connects 3. Output: When transformed data, or all devices. "information," is produced. - Star Topology: Central hub connects devices. System - Ring Topology: Circular chain of - Definition: A collection of elements or devices. objects grouped together to accomplish - Mesh Topology: Each node connects the same task. to all others. - Components of a Computer System: - Hardware: Physical components (e.g., ### Access Method system unit, monitor, mouse, peripherals - Definition: Describes how data is like printers and scanners). transmitted between nodes. - Peopleware: Individuals who work with - Types: computers (e.g., engineers, technicians, - Token Ring: Uses a token to control programmers). data transmission. - Software: Computer programs - Ethernet: Requires nodes to verify no containing instructions for tasks (e.g., other nodes are transmitting before spreadsheets, Microsoft Office, Google). sending data.  3. 1956: Dartmouth AI conference Transmission Media crystallizes exponential technological - Coaxial Cable: Used for long-distance improvement. connections with lesser interference. 4. 1957: ARPA is created by President - Twisted-Pair Cable: Provides faster Eisenhower after the launch of Sputnik I. transmission speed. 5. 1962: Lawrence Roberts develops the - Fiber-Optic Cable: Commonly used for network using packet switching. high-speed long-distance transmission. 6. 1969: ARPANET goes live with first - Infrared Transmission: Uses infrared light communication between UCLA and for short-range data transmission. Stanford. - Radio Frequency Transmission: Uses 7. 1970: Network Control Program (NCP) radio waves for short-range transmission. is the first networking protocol on ARPANET. Network Devices 8. 1972: Birth of email. - Network Interface Cards (NIC): Provide a 9. 1983: TCP/IP protocol replaces NCP on port for connecting to a network. ARPANET. - Hubs: Connect multiple nodes in the 10. 1989: Birth of the World Wide Web. network. 11. 1990: ARPANET retired and - Bridges: Connect two LANs. transferred to NSFNET. - Switches: Direct data to specific devices. 12. 1993: Launch of the Mosaic World - Routers: Connect two or more LANs on a Wide Web browser. WAN. 13. 1995: Management of the Internet - Gateway: Connect networks with transferred to independent organizations. different protocols and formatting. 14. 2000: Dot-com bubble bursts. 15. 2001: Landmark case in digital Protocols copyright protection with Napster. - Definition: A set of rules for transmitting 16. 2003: SQL Slammer worm spreads and receiving data. worldwide; Myspace, Skype, and Safari - Examples: debut. - TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): 17. 2005: YouTube and Reddit launch, Breaks and assembles data. transforming digital content sharing. - IP (Internet Protocol): Provides internet Here’s a polished version of your notes: addresses. - HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Internet Overview Used by web browsers to communicate Network Monitoring with servers. The Internet is a global network of - FTP (File Transfer Protocol): For interconnected computer networks, uploading and downloading files. allowing various devices to communicate - SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): and share information. Each network For sending emails. comprises a collection of computers linked - POP (Post Office Protocol): For together, facilitating this exchange. receiving and managing emails. Servers act as host computers that provide services to users. Historical Milestones in Technology 1. 1945: Vannevar Bush describes the Computer Addressing "memex," an automated library system. For effective communication within 2. 1948: Norbert Wiener invents the field computer networks, especially the of Cybernetics. Internet, each device must have a unique address. This address, typically a two-letter designation. Some examples numerical combination, distinguishes one include: computer from another. - Canada.ca - Switzerland.ch Protocols - Philippines.ph Networks use specific rules for information - Italy.it transfer, known as protocols. Various - Japan.jp types of protocols exist, depending on the Malaysia.my network. The Internet primarily utilises TCP/IP, which consists of two key World Wide Web Overview protocols: Transmission Control Protocol The Web (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). The World Wide Web is a vast collection of globally distributed text, multimedia Domain Names documents, and network services. It Internet addresses, consisting of unique utilizes hypertext technology and graphical number combinations, can be difficult to interfaces to create an electronic library, remember. To make navigation easier, enabling users to retrieve information from these addresses are often assigned formatted documents, whether stored descriptive names. Below is an locally or distributed worldwide. explanation of the components of a domain name: Three Main Elements of the Web 1. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) 1. Server Name The fundamental language used to The server name identifies the server that create web pages. provides services for a particular organization or company. 2. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) The protocol for transmitting web pages 2. Top-Level Domain (TLD) across the Internet. The TLD indicates the category or type of organization that owns the server. 3. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) Common TLDs include: The standard naming convention for -.com: Originally for commercial sites, identifying web documents. now widely used for various types of websites. Key Figures in Web Development -.edu Designated for educational - Tim Berners-Lee institutions, such as schools and Often referred to as the "Father of the universities. Web," he conceived and developed the -.gov: Reserved for government entities. Web with assistance from Robert Cailliau -.mil: Used for military sites. and others at CERN (the European -.net: Initially intended for Particle Physics Laboratory). Internet-related sites, but now covers a > "The original idea of the web was that it broad range of uses. should be a collaborative space where you can communicate through sharing Country Domains information. The idea that by writing Country domains reflect the geographical something together, as people worked on location of the organisation that owns the it, they could iron out misunderstandings." server. Each country has a unique - Ted Nelson  Credited with discovering the concept of hypertext. Protocols Email operates using two main protocols: - Douglas Engelbart - SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Developed the mouse, graphical user Used for sending email messages. interface, and the first working hypertext - POP (Post Office Protocol): Used for system (NLS), which was the second retrieving email messages from the computer system connected to ARPANET. mailbox. - Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Internet Relay Chat (IRC) Home to the first website in North IRC Overview America and contributed to the IRC (Internet Relay Chat) is a tool that establishment of the first website in Asia. enables participants worldwide to communicate in real-time across various - Marc Andreessen and the NCSA channels, usually centered around specific The National Center for Supercomputing topics. To access IRC, users need an IRC Applications team developed MOSAIC, software program to connect to an IRC the first graphical web browser. server, allowing them to visit different channels. An example of such a program - Netscape is mIRC. Created the first commercial web browser. Chat Programs Chat programs are common on the Web - W3 Consortium and may be integrated as features on Oversees the development of web websites. Users can log into chat rooms to technology standards. discuss topics related to the site. Yahoo Here’s a streamlined version of your notes Messenger is an example of this type of on email and Internet Relay Chat (IRC): service. What is Email? Chat Netiquette Email (Electronic Mail) 1. Avoid writing messages in all caps. Email is the transmission of electronic 2. Use smileys or emoticons to add humor messages between computers via a and personality to your messages. network. It allows users to exchange 3. Keep communications concise and to messages both locally and globally, and the point. messages can include text or attachments 4. Remember that anything posted in a such as documents, graphics, audio files, newsgroup or chat session is public. or video clips. 5. Avoid spamming—do not post unrelated comments or advertisements Mailboxes and Addresses indiscriminately. Incoming and outgoing email messages 6. Clearly identify ads in the subject line if are stored in a location on the mail server posting to a newsgroup or sending via called a mailbox. Each mailbox has a email. specific address known as an email 7. Keep messages short and utilize address. For example: common abbreviations. [email protected] - User Name: mauthepooh - Domain Name: yahoo.com