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TECHNICAL WRITING a written communication which by nature has the characteristics of business, science and technology \ It focuses on audience selection, makes use of precise, economical and unemotional language and employs technical jargon It uses certain conventio...

TECHNICAL WRITING a written communication which by nature has the characteristics of business, science and technology \ It focuses on audience selection, makes use of precise, economical and unemotional language and employs technical jargon It uses certain conventional and organizational format. Technical writing uses unemotional language precisely because this kind of writing focuses on two purposes: 1. To inform technical writing is employed when we want to relay information in the fastest way possible by using concise, clear language (ex. Memo, user manual and year end report 2. To incite technical writing is employed when we want to incite people to act. (ex. Sales proposal, feasibility study and application letter ACTIVITY 1. HAVE A RESEARCH ABOUT BATANGAS PROVINCE AND ITS TOURIST SPOTS 2. WRITE A PARAGRAPH ABOUT WHAT YOU HAVE READ IN THE RESEARCH YOU MADE. 3. UNDERLINE THE TERMS OR THE WORDS THAT ARE BEING TECHNICALLY USED. 4. BE READY TO PRESENT IT INTO THE CLASS Example In recent years, the field of natural language processing (NLP) has witnessed significant advancements in deep learning techniques, particularly in the domain of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and transformers. These models, such as BERT and GPT-3, have revolutionized tasks like sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, and machine translation. Researchers are now exploring novel architectures, such as self-attention mechanisms and transfer learning paradigms, to enhance the fine-tuning of pre-trained language models for specific downstream tasks. Additionally, the deployment of GPU clusters and TPUs has greatly accelerated model training and inference, enabling the development of real-time AI-driven applications in industries ranging from healthcare to finance."  PROCESS OF WRITING PRE WRITING this is simply called introspection, here the writer begins to look into himself and ponder on what ideas he or she can write about This is the time to list down things that interest you or your peer group, questions you would like to answer or even simply brainstorm on ideas that you think other people would like to read about OUTLINING Putting the ideas in order having the topic sentence A simple format for outlining would be to organize your ideas so that they can be grouped into 3 parts introduction body conclusion WRITING After organizing a working outline it is time to start filling in the meat of your skeleton Go through all your idea lists Recall all the interesting facts you have read and gathered about your topic Look for a comfortable place to begin your writing Prepare your pen and paper Consider the grammar, spelling and punctuation POST WRITING Once you have penned your first draft, set aside for one to two days Setting aside the first draft allows the writer to ready himself for the post writing stage It is where the writer assumes the role of the reader  SUBJECT MATTER OF TECHNICAL WRITING The content of technical writing is an objective information that is accurately and clearly presented The content of the paper depends on the audience and the objective It should be comprehensive enough for the audience since they do not have enough idea of what the writer will write Technical reader need to know the following: 1. What the piece of writing means? 2. What the reader should exactly do, how to do it and under what conditions to do it.  READERS OF TECHNICAL WRITING Readers of technical materials often know what they are looking for in reports They recognize the value of the information Reasons why readers have the need to read technical materials: 1. They need to read the materials because of an assignment, conference or a report to be made 2. They want to read the materials to get informed of an ailment or to have or reject a theory 3. They already know something. It is possibly a great deal about the subject which is the topic of a lecture to be given by them 4. They read for information not for pleasure  FOUR BASIC TYPES OF READERS IN THE WORKPLACE 1. EXPERTS people who know the field or issue in general They know the relevant general technicalities These people are reading for additional knowledge or assessing the validity of technical reports 2. MANAGERS They are more concerned with problem solving and handling human resources When writing for the managers always put the topic first Avoid wordiness and a lot of discussion 3. TECHNICIANS They know how to operate things and know the practical aspects of equipment They lack theoretical or abstract knowledge They read for improvement of job, like learning to use new equipment, solving problems and acquiring background information on the jobs 4. LAYPEOPLE They do not have any knowledge on what you are going to write or your subject or issue Avoid writing jargons, theory and technical terms when dealing with these people These people have no patience reading papers so KEEP IT SHORT and SIMPLE  TECHNICAL WRITER 1. A technical writer is professional writer who has the skill in writing. He / she follows different principles of technical writing, layouts, formats and designs required in technical writing 1. A technical writer produces technical documentation for technical, business and consumer audiences  CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TECHNICAL WRITER 1. Knowledge of the targeted technical field. 2. Skill on objective style of writing TECHNICAL WRITING FIELDS AND CAREERS Technical writers are needed everywhere Examples of the Fields and the services needed 1. Public relations firms 2. Fitness manufacturing companies 3. Educational institutions and non-profits hire 4. Engineers and scientists conducting research and development 5. Airforce bases 6. Scrapbooking companies 7. IT Technology WRITING EFFECTIVELY The goal of technical writing is to facilitate understanding of the use of a technology, a process or concept QUALITIES OF EFFECTIVE TECHNICAL WRITING 1. Correctness technical documents should be written in standard English it should be free from grammatical errors which may lead to misinterpretation 2. Concise and Natural short sentence are easier to understand than long sentences eliminate stiffness in business letters by dropping hackneyed (overused words) phrases 3. Completeness complete information makes reader understand the message. don’t leave out something that any may lead readers to incorrect action or decision 4. Clear clear and direct sentences facilitate communication without any difficulty use familiar words and sentences that are logical, concrete and specific 5. Friendly the tone in business letters may be said to be the total impression made by the words , topics and level of formality used in the message 6. Positive it is wise to avoid words that evoke a negative response (example: trouble, dissatisfaction, complaint, neglect, errors and negligence) 7. Courteous extend a little courtesy to those with whom you communicate include the letters with thank you, please, I appreciated 8. Tactful avoid words or phrases that may antagonize or embarrass 9. Good organization the writer should know precisely what topics will be covered draw an outline 10.Precise precision in diction is very important one or two carelessly chosen words may convey a meaning far from the one desired 11.Attractive observe mechanical neatness Avoid the following a. Careless erasure b. Negligent strike over c. Jammed Margin d. Poorly space message  ELEMENTS OF STYLE IN TECHNICAL WRITING 1. Tone a writer’s tone is reflected on his attitude toward a subject, it maybe formal, informal, personal and impersonal Things to Remember a. Purpose of the document b. Readers of the document c. Vocabulary (formal and informal English) 2. Diction choice of words a writer employs to have the effect he desires 3. Sentence variety the use of mixture of short and long sentences and different structures  TECHNICAL WRITING TECHNIQUES PARAGRAPH 1. a piece of writing that deals with one central idea. 2. it can easily be understood by the reader if it is unified and coherent MODES OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT 1. Sentence Definition ❖It is often necessary in technical and scientific writing to explain what a certain word means Word + class/genus + differentiae Example: (word or term) class or genus TECHNICAL WRITING a written communication which by nature has the characteristics of business, science and technology characteristic 2. Amplified Definition ❖ it is used in technical writing when a simple, formal definition is not sufficient ❖Amplified definitions in technical writing enhance clarity by providing detailed explanations of complex concepts, making them accessible to readers. ❖This approach helps to ensure understanding, especially for audiences unfamiliar with the subject, allowing them to delve deeper into the material and grasp the ultimate significance of the terms used. Structure of Amplified Definition The structure of an amplified definition typically includes the following components: 1.Term: Clearly state the term being defined. 2.Basic Definition: Provide a straightforward explanation of the term. 3.Context: Describe the context or field where the term is used. 4.Detailed Explanation: Offer an expanded description, including characteristics, functions, and relevance. 5.Examples: Include specific examples to illustrate the term in action. 6.Implications: Explain the significance or impact of the term within the context. Example: Blended Learning Basic Definition: Blended learning is an educational approach that combines traditional face-to-face classroom methods with online learning. Amplified Definition Blended learning is an instructional strategy that integrates both in- person and online educational experiences. In this model, students engage with digital content through online platforms, which allows for personalized pacing and access to diverse resources. Simultaneously, they participate in face-to-face interactions with teachers and peers, fostering collaboration and direct support. This approach not only enhances flexibility in learning but also promotes the development of digital literacy skills essential for the 21st century. By balancing the advantages of both environments, blended learning aims to improve student engagement and outcomes, accommodating various learning styles and needs. Activity: Identify the components of amplified definition in the paragraph. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language. Phonemes are fundamental to the study of linguistics and phonetics. Phonemes are distinct sounds that can differentiate meaning in spoken language. For instance, in English, the words "bat" and "pat" differ by one phoneme (/b/ vs. /p/), illustrating how phonemes can change a word's meaning. Each language has its own set of phonemes, and understanding these units is crucial for language acquisition and pronunciation. In English, the phonemes /k/, /æ/, and /t/ combine to form the word "cat." In contrast, in Spanish, the phoneme /ɲ/ is present in the word "año" but does not exist in English. Mastery of phonemes is essential for effective communication and literacy development, as it underpins both speaking and reading skills. Process Description ❖In educational contexts, describing a process involves breaking down complex procedures into clear, understandable steps. ❖This skill is crucial for both teachers and students, as it enhances comprehension and facilitates effective learning. ❖Whether it's outlining how to write a research or detailing the steps to complete a project, a well- structured process description can improve clarity and engagement.  Key Elements of Process Description Clear Purpose: Start with the objective. What is the goal of the process? Why is it important? Step-by-Step Structure: Break the process into sequential steps. Use numbered lists or bullet points to enhance readability. Use of Action Verbs: Employ precise action verbs to describe what needs to be done at each step. This increases clarity. Visual Aids: Incorporate diagrams, flowcharts, or images when applicable to support textual descriptions. Contextual Information: Provide background information or context to help the reader understand why each step is necessary. Clear Language: Avoid jargon unless it’s defined. Use simple, straightforward language to cater to the audience's level of understanding. Steps to Write an Effective Research Paper Purpose: This process helps students organize their thoughts and present their findings systematically. Steps: 1.Choose a Topic: Select a subject that interests you and fits the assignment requirements. 2.Conduct Preliminary Research: Use reliable sources to gather background information on your topic. 3.Develop a Thesis Statement: Formulate a clear and concise thesis statement that expresses your main argument. 4. Create an Outline: Organize your ideas into a structured outline, including an introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. 5. Write the Draft: Begin writing your paper based on the outline, focusing on clear, coherent paragraphs. 6. Cite Sources: Properly attribute any quotes, ideas, or data from other authors. 7. Revise and Edit: Review your draft for clarity, coherence, grammar, and spelling errors. 8.Submit Your Paper: Ensure it meets all formatting and submission guidelines. PARTITION It break downs a unit into its component parts. it is the analysis that divides a singular item into aspects, parts or steps Parts There are many parts of a bicycle. The main parts of a bicycle are wheels, frame, seat, handle bars, and components. We also could consider the helmet as a key safety issue. Wheels give the fundamental purpose to the bicycle; that is why we call it a “bi” (meaning two) and “cycle” (meaning turning). A bicycle wheel is made up of a hub, spokes, a rim, tire, and tube. Each part of the wheel may require different material properties. The frame is the core to the bicycle as a complete functional unit. Material selection importance should lay with strength and weight (i.e. strength/density materials and processing). A major consideration is the tube frame design. The “Components” is the bicycle industry’s name for the moving mechanical parts: everything but the wheel, frame, seat and handle bars. We will just the overall material importance for the components. This focus is the parts function, wear, weight, and cost. Some examples of the bicycle components are brake/shifting levers, crank, front derailer, rear derailer, cassette, and chain. The helmet materials will be considered separately from the other bicycle applications. The standard helmet materials are crushable foams. Helmet design factors are weight, cost, and safety. ILLUSTRATION (using graphic aids) ◦ Tables and figures are used often as visuals in scientific writing that is why it is important to develop your visuals effectively and back it up with a good oral presentation TABLE/COLUMN – usually allows a reader to compare statistical information FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM is a convenient graphical representation of input/output behavior of a system where the signal into the block represents the input and the signal out of the block represents the output  DEFINITION OF TECHNICAL REPORT ❖It is an objective, organized presentation of specialized factual information that are collected, analyzed and presented for an immediate and practical purpose. ❖They are sometimes called as professional report FORMATS OF TECHNICAL REPORT 1. Memorandum – as a letter on a printed form, in a conventional report format or as an oral report Purposes of Technical Report 1. To recommend information for future references 2. To ensure an accurate, efficient means of transmitting information to different people in different locations in an organizations 3. To record what has been accomplished 4. To identify problems in management and then offer solutions 5. To improve standards for effective performance of the job basis on the results of the technical report 6. To determine the order of priority tasks  Characteristics of Technical Report R - Reader friendly E - Error free P - Prompt O - Objective R - Results Oriented T - Thorough S - Short and Straightforward  Classification of Technical Report BASIS KIND SUBJECT MATTER AREA OF SPECIALIZATION FREQUENCY REGULAR/PERIODIC SPECIAL FUNCTION INFORMATIVE PERSUASIVE AUTHORSHIP INTERNAL/INSIDE EXTERNAL/OUTSIDE PUBLIC PRIVATE READERSHIP INDIVIDUAL-READER GROUPREADER LENGTH LONG SHORT FORMAT PRINTED/FORM LETTER - FORM BOOK- FORM PURPOSE INFORMATION EXAMINATION RESEARCH RECOMMENDATION FORMALITY INFORMAL FORMAL  PARTS OF TECHNICAL REPORT PARTS DESCRIPTION TITLE PAGE IT BEARS THE TITLE OF THE REPORT, WRITERS’ NAME AND DATE OF SUBMISSION DEDICATION PAGE AN OFFERING OF THE REPORT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IT CONTAINS WORD OF THANKS TO THOSE WHO HAVE HELPED IN THE COMPLETION OF THE REPORT PREFACE STATES THE PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE REPORT FOREWORD CONTAINS WORD OF A PERSON OTHER THAN THE WRITER ABOUT THE REPORT ABSTRACT VERSION OF THE REPORT EITHER IN LONG OR SHORT FORMAT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ITEMS CONTAINED IN THE REPORT LIST OF FIGURES CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF TABLES, CHARTS AND MAPS AND OTHER GRAPHIC AIDS WITH PAGES REPORT PROPER PRESENTATION OF DATA APPENDIX SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL ADDED AT THE END OF THE REPORT GLOSSARY ALPHABETICALLIST OF TECHNICAL TERMS AND THEIR MEANINGS BIBLIOGRAPHY ALPHABETICAL LIST OF REFERENCE MATERIAL INDEX ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOPICS DISCUSSED IN THE REPORT  BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE STARTER  FIVE C’s OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS 1. Clearness 2. Conciseness 3. Completeness 4. Consideration 5. Correctness  Function Business letters are an important communication tool. This type of business communication allows for professional correspondence with other businesses, as well as with clients.  Effects Properly written, business letters can give a positive reflection on a business and individual. Effective communication can shape your company’s reputation, improve productivity, develop clientele and allow the company to run more efficiently.  Types Examples of a business letter include letters seeking employment or addressing customer complaints, sales promotion, legal issues, or any other correspondence between business and client or business to business.  Expression Choosing the appropriate words for a business letter is the key for a clear, concise letter that persuades, encourages or influences the reader. Leave out corporate lingo and get to the point quickly. A business letter should be one page.  BUSINESS LETTER VS FRIENDLY LETTER Differences between business letters and the less formal format and style of friendly or personal letters can be found in the structure of a proper business letter. Personal, friendly letters allow a writer discretion as to the layout and other ingredients. Business letters should follow strict guidelines for style and form. Key elements such as layout, paragraph structure and technical formatting differentiate a proper business letter from a less formal personal letter. FOLDING LEGAL DOCUMENT Legal documents should be handled as a business or professional document. This includes using the proper technique for folding the document before it is mailed. Folding a specific way may seem unimportant, but it shows a level of professionalism and sophistication equivalent to a speaker's use of proper grammar. Legal documents are much more professional than a letter to Mom, and taking the time to fold them professionally may help you to be taken more seriously.  Horizontal Thirds The correct way to fold a business letter is to fold it twice into horizontal thirds, starting with the bottom half, then folding the top half over so that the text faces in. The bottom fold should actually be slightly more than a 1/3 fold; the top will fold down to slightly less than a 1/3 fold. When finished, any recipient of your mail will simply have to flip open the top half to see the sender's name and contact information, assuming you have properly headed the business letter. 8 KEYS TO BETTER BUSINESS WRITING 1. KNOW WHY YOU’RE WRITING: Be clear about objectives. Address your audience appropriately. State the goals you want to achieve 2. UNDERSTAND YOUR READERS: Get to the point quickly. Focus on what’s relevant. Use a tone that fits your audience. 3. WRITE YOUR FIRST DRAFT IN 4 PARTS: Madman – Research Architect – Organizes the material Carpenter – Writes first draft Judge – Edits and tightens 4. REVISE AND EDIT: Do I have a clear, concise opening? Have I said all I need to say? Have I proved my point with specifics? Have I avoided repetitions? Have I closed smoothly? 5. BE RELENTLESSLY CLEAR: Illustrate your points with specifics – SHOW – DON’T TELL 6. DON’T WASTE WORDS: Trim wordy passages Get rid of “filler words” 7. NEVER USE BUSINESS-SPEAK: Stay away from trite expressions, such as “mission-critical” or words like “enormity.” Avoid jargon that others might not understand. Watch the use of abbreviations such as APW, PDS, SOP, CEU, etc. RELAX AND FIND THE RIGHT TONE: Avoid stuffiness by using contractions. Vary the length and structure of your sentences. Use courtesies like “thank you” and “we appreciate.” Use personal pronouns instead of formal language. PUNCTUATION IN BUSINESS LETTER Good and effective writers therefore, should have a grsp of the correct use of punctuation to make the message clear to the reader. 1. PERIOD (.) It is an end punctuation It is a mark that the thought is already complete Ex. I shall be looking forward to having your favorable response. Please reply as soon as possible Thank you. 2. It is also used in the following ways: a. To end an abbreviation: Mr., Jan., a.m. b. To serve as decimal points for figures:.14344, Php. 2,005.80 c. To conclude COMMA 1. Use comma in complimentary closing. Ex. Very truly yours, Sincerely yours, 2. The comma separates dependent clauses or appositive phrases Ex. Dr. Aimee M. Guia, who is the coordinator for Extension programs, was suggesting some changes in the report. 3. It separates item or elements in a series Ex. After filling the data form, submit it to the person in charge, proceed to the next step and pay the fee at the cashier’s office. 4. It separates introductory phrases and clauses from the main sentence Ex. If there are questions, feel free to contact us at the number given 5. It is used in convention in dates, numbers, address, informal salutations, and titles or degrees. Ex. October 21, 2019 1000.06 B8 L2 St. Vincent Homes Dear Ana, COLON 1. The colon is a convention in formal salutations, citations, time and title. Ex. Dear Sir: The Philippine Daily Inquirer (October 12, 2019):p.23 12:30 nn Writing Technical Reports: It’s Approach  Daang Bakal Liko liko St Dako RoonCity Mandaue October 23 2019 General Manager Praise Me Enterprises Gulong gulong Ave Derecho City Attn Maria Kapra HR Staff Dear Madam  Good Day May I tender my resignation as Quality Inspection Supervisor effective November 21 2019. My eight fruitful years in your company gave me enough courage to establish my own credibility in line of product quality. Such gratitude is to be given to your office for sharing knowledge professional growth confidence and a lot more Recently my family had been busy preparing our papers for migration into another country hence continuous working in the company may prohibit me in making necessary arrangement for our abode. Hope you will take favorable consideration towards this matter Thank you Truly yours Ms. Diwatang Marikit  RESEARCH Research Definition of research Purpose of research Characteristics of research Business research Steps in business research and report writing  What is Research? ❖It is seeking for the TRUTH ❖It is a PROCESS of identifying FACTS about the event or occurrences through a systematic process of identifying the PROBLEMS, COLLECTING and ANALYZING DATA to arrive at a correct and reliable decision  Purpose of Research ❖ it is used to explain and understand a phenomenon ❖It is used to uncover a specific problem and to accomplish a specific task based on the findings in the analysis of data gathered Goal of Research Explore and gain an understanding of human behavior and social life, and thereby, gain a greater control over them Other Goals 1. To liberate the researcher in some measure from the domination of common source and the viewpoint of the superior 2. To discover facts independently 3. To inculcate inductive thinking and scientific method 4. To develop logical habits of thinking and organization Questions to Ponder!!! 1. How does research make man appreciate the joys of life? ………. 2. How did research shape movements in the arts? ……… 3. How does research solve our daily problem? ……. 4. How does research brighten our future?  Characteristics of Research 1. Good research is systematic - follows process 2. Good research is logical - based on reasoning and decision making 3. Good research is empirical - valid thru the use of concrete data and real situations 4. Good research is replicable - makes research verifiable and served as a sound basis for decision  Business Research ❖ it deals with the problem that involves gathering and submitting data related to previous sales and other problems in the business industry ❖It serves as a guide in knowing the stand of the company in the past and it also helps in arriving at a good solution to the problem  Steps in Business Research and Report Writing 1. Define the problem 2. Develop the statement of purpose 3. Prepare a work plan 4. Gathering materials, organizing, analyzing and interpreting data 5. Finalizing business report paper Kinds of Research 1. Historical Research deals with what happened in the past. It also provides the present generation with a record of the past. Example: The Impact of Martin Luther King’s Speech Activity: 1. Identify the sources of historical researches Sources of Historical data 1. Municipalities 2. Museums and libraries 3. Churches 4. Community itself a. The elders b. Leaders c. Religious organizations d. Relics found in the community e. Old pictures, letters, other manuscripts owned and in possession of the town folks Descriptive Research 1. Descriptive research deals with the present situation. It is concerned with the current practices, problems in the community, in organizations, attitudes and behavior of the people Example: The Impact of the Integration of Social Innovation in the Science, Technology and Society program Activity: 1. Identify your given research title Types of Descriptive Research 1. Survey - it covers a large group 2. Case Study - narrow but intensive ❖ A descriptive research could either be quantitative or involving numbers “ historical research finding what was while descriptive research determine what is” DescriptiveResearch can be: Quantitative - which characterizes population or occurrences with numerical data and statistical measurements Qualitative - which provides an in-depth desvription of persons and groups 1. narrative research - which gathers stories 2. phenomenological studies - which seek to understand the lived experience of the group 3. correlational research - attempts to determine if a relationship exists between two or more variables 3. Causal Comparative Research -This can be used to investigate possible cause and effect relationships by observing some existing consequences and searching back through the data for plausible causal factors Ex. Comparing the time spent by two classes in doing FB and other Social media sites with their student achievement scores in High School English 4. Experimental Research it inquires into what will be It is used to test a causal relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable Ex. Educational TV Exposure and Student Scores I English Vocabulary and Writing Kinds of Experimental Research 1. Quasi- Experimental Research - to approximate the condition of the true experiment in setting which does not allow the control and manipulation of all relevant variables Ex. Effects of Social Problems of Delinquency, Drug Addiction and Smoking on the Academic Performance of Students 2. True Experimental Research -This can be utilized to investigate possible cause and effect relationships by exposing one or more experimental groups to one or more treatment conditions and comparing the results to one or more control groups not receiving the treatment -Ex. Effects of Organic Matters on the Growth of Okra 5. Action Research - It is used primarily to solve a problem either in the classroom or in an office. It can be done by one or a group of researchers. Ex. An Action Research on the Difficulties of Thirty – two CT E Students of BSEd Major in English in Writing LOVE COMES FROM THE GREEK WORD EROS, WHICH IS AN EMOTION FROM SEXUAL DESIRE