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fcgkj xtV vlk/kkj.k vad fcgkj ljdkj }kjk çdkf'kr ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------...

fcgkj xtV vlk/kkj.k vad fcgkj ljdkj }kjk çdkf'kr -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- …01 Hkkæ 1939 ¼'kñ½ iVuk] cq/kokj 23 vxLr 2017 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 fcgkj yksd lsok vk;ksx -------------- 15] tokgj yky usg: ekxZ] iVuk& 800001 fcgkj yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk lapkfyr 60oha ls 62oha lfEefyr la;qDr çfr;ksfxrk çkjfEHkd ijh{kk rFkk eq[; ijh{kk ,oa Hkfo"; esa vk;ksftr dh tkusokyh la;qDr çfr;ksfxrk çkjfEHkd ijh{kk rFkk eq[; ijh{kk dh v|ru la'kksf/kr lajpuk ,oe~ v|ru la'kksf/kr ikB~;ØeA  fcgkj xtV vlk/kkj.k vad fcgkj ljdkj }kjk çdkf'kr fcgkj yksd lsok vk;ksx -------------- 15] tokgj yky usg: ekxZ] iVuk& 800001 fcgkj yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk lapkfyr 60oha ls 62oha lfEefyr la;qDr çfr;ksfxrk çkjfEHkd ijh{kk rFkk eq[; ijh{kk ,oa Hkfo"; esa vk;ksftr dh tkusokyh la;qDr çfr;ksfxrk çkjfEHkd ijh{kk rFkk eq[; ijh{kk dh v|ru la'kksf/kr lajpuk ,oe~ v|ru la'kksf/kr ikB~;ØeA ¼ikB~;Øe dks FkksM+k&cgqr la'kksf/kr fd;k tk ldrk gS½ Hkkx& 1 çkjfEHkd ijh{kk çkjfEHkd ijh{kk nks ?k.Vksa dh gksxh] ftlesa lkekU; v/;;u dk ,d i= 150 ¼,d lkS ipkl½ vadksa dk gksxkA ç'u i= fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth nksuksa esa gksaxsA çkjfEHkd ijh{kk ds lkekU; v/;;u i= ds ç'u&i= oLrqfu"B ,oe~ cgqfodYi çdkj ds gksaxsA mEehnokj oLrqiwjd ç'u&i=ksa ¼ç'u iqfLrdk½ dk mÙkj nsus ds fy;s dSydqysVj dk ç;ksx ugha dj ldrs gSaA çkjfEHkd ijh{kk egt tk¡p ijh{kk gksxh] ftlds vk/kkj ij eq[; ijh{kk gsrq mEehnokjksa dk p;u fd;k tk;sxkA vr% blesa çkIr fd;s x;s vadksa dk eq[; ijh{kk ls dksbZ laca/k ugha gksxkA blesa mÙkh.kZrk vfuok;Z gksxh vkSj blds fy, vk;ksx }kjk fu/kkZfjr U;wure vgZrkad çkIr djuk gksxkA eq[; ijh{kk ds fy, pqus tkus okys mEehnokjksa dh la[;k dqy lalwfpr fjfDr;ksa dh nl xquh gksxhA çkjfEHkd ijh{kk ds çkIrkadksa ds tksM+ dh 'kq)rk tk¡p djkus ,oa blds çkIrkad fuxZr djus dk çko/kku ugha gSA Hkkx& 2 eq[; ijh{kk eq[; ijh{kk ds vfuok;Z fo"k; fo"k; dksM fo"k; iw.kk±d ijh{kk dh vof/k 01 lkekU; fgUnh 100 vad dk 03 ?kaVs dh gksxhA 02 lkekU; v/;;u& i=& 1 300 vad dk 03 ?kaVs dh gksxhA 03 lkekU; v/;;u& i= &2 300 vad dk 03 ?kaVs dh gksxhA lkekU; fgUnh esa 30 çfr'kr yC/kkad ¼vad½ çkIr djuk vfuok;Z gksxk] fdUrq es/kk fu/kkZj.k ds ç;kstukFkZ bldh x.kuk ugha dh tk;sxhA fVIi.kh%& ,sfPNd fo"k;ksa dk ekud yxHkx ogh gksxk] tks iVuk fo'ofo|ky; ds rhu o"khZ; vkWulZ ijh{kk dk gSA 2  ,sfPNd fo"k;& çR;sd fo"k; 300 vad dk çR;sd vH;FkhZ dks fuEukafdr oSdfYid fo"k;ksa ds fo"k; dksM& 04 ls fo"k; dksM& 37 rd esa ls ek= ,d oSdfYid fo"k; dk p;u djuk gksxk] ftlesa iwoZ ds nksuksa i=ksa ds ikB~;Øeksa ¼Syllabus½ dks feykdj 300 vadksa dk ek= ,d gh ç'u&i= gksxk ,oe~ ijh{kk dh vof/k 03 ?kaVs dh gksxhA fo"k; fo"k; fo"k; fo"k; dksM dksM 04 Ñf"k foKku 05 Ik'kqikyu rFkk Ik'kq fpfdRlk foKku 06 ekuo foKku 07 ouLifr foKku 08 jlk;u foKku 09 flfoy bathfu;fjax 10 okf.kfT;d 'kkL= rFkk ys[kk fof/k 11 vFkZ'kkL= 12 fo|qr bathfu;fjax 13 Hkwxksy 14 Hkw&foKku 15 bfrgkl 16 Je ,oa lekt dY;k.k 17 fof/k 18 çcU/k 19 xf.kr 20 ;kaf=d bathfu;fjax 21 n'kZu 'kkL= 22 HkkSfrdh 23 jktuhfr foKku rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; laca/k 24 euksfoKku 25 yksd ç'kklu 26 lekt 'kkL= 27 lkaf[;dh 28 çk.kh foKku 29 fgUnh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; 30 vaxzsth Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; 31 mnwZ Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; 32 caxyk Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; 33 laLÑr Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; 34 Qkjlh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; 35 vjch Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; 36 ikyh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; 37 eSfFkyh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; fVIi.kh%& ¼1½ ç'u&i= fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth nksuksa esa gksaxsA ¼2½ lHkh Hkk"ksÙkj fo"k;ksa ds mÙkj fgUnh ;k vaxzsth ;k mnwZ esa ls fdlh ,d gh Hkk"kk esa fn;s tk ldrs gSAa mEehnokjksa dks vU; Hkk"kk esa mÙkj nsus dh NwV ugha gksxhA ¼3½ ç'u i=ksa ds mÙkj nsus dk fodYi ysus okys mEehnokj ;fn pkgsa rks dsoy rduhdh 'kCnksa@okD;ka'kksa@m)`r va'kksa dk ;fn dksbZ gS] fooj.k dk muds }kjk pquh xbZ Hkk"kk ds lkFk vaxzsth :ikUrj ns ldrs gSaA ¼4½ mEehnokj dks vius ç'u&i= ds mÙkj Lo;a vius gkFk ls fy[kus gksaxsA fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa blds fy;s nwljs ls lgk;rk ysus dh vuqefr ugha nh tk;sxhA ¼5½ ijh{kk ds lHkh fo"k;ksa esa de&ls&de 'kCnksa esa dh xbZ laxfBr] lw{e vkSj l'kDr vfHkO;fDr dks Js; feysxkA ¼6½ ç'u&i=ksa esa tgk¡ dgha Hkh vko';d gks] eki rkSy ls lEc) ç'u ehVjh ç.kkyh esa gksaxsA ¼7½ mEehnokj ç'u i=ksa ds mÙkj nsrs le; dsoy Hkkjrh; vadksa ds vUrjkZ"Vªh; :i ¼tSls& 1] 2] 3] 4] 5] 6] 7] 8] 9½ dk gh ç;ksx djsaA ¼8½ mEehnokj ;fn pkgsa rks eq[; ijh{kk esa dSydqysVj dk ç;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ijh{kk esa fdlh ls dSydqysVj ek¡xus ;k vkil esa cnyus dh vuqefr ugha gSA 3  Hkkx& 3 O;fDrRo ijh{k.k ¼1½ eq[; ijh{kk esa lQyhHkwr mEehnokjksa dk O;fDrRo ijh{k.k 120 vadksa dk gksxkA ¼2½ rnqijkar eq[; ijh{kk ds 900 vad ,oe~ lk{kkRdkj ds fy, 120 vad( dqy 1020 vadksa ds vk/kkj ij es/kk lwph rS;kj dh tk;sxhA ¼3½ vk;ksx lQy mEehnokj dks muesa ls fdlh Hkh lsok ;k in ds fy;s vuq'kaflr djus dk vf/kdkj j[krk gS] ftlds fy, mEehnokj us bPNk çdV dh gS rFkk ftlds fy;s vk;ksx mls ;ksX; le>rk gSA çkjfEHkd ijh{kk dk ikB~;Øe lkekU; v/;;u bl i= esa Kku foKku ds fuEufyf[kr {ks=ksa ls lacaf/kr ç'u gksaxs%& lkekU; foKku%& jk"Vªh; rFkk lkekU; foKku] vUrjkZ"Vªh; egRo dh lelkef;d ?kVuk,a] Hkkjr dk bfrgkl rFkk fcgkj ds bfrgkl dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡A lkekU; Hkwxksy%& fcgkj ds çeq[k HkkSxksfyd çHkkx rFkk ;gk¡ dh egRoiw.kZ ufn;k¡] Hkkjr dh jkT; O;oLFkk vkSj vkfFkZd O;oLFkk] vktknh ds Ik'pkr~ fcgkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds çeq[k ifjorZu] Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; vkanksyu rFkk blesa fcgkj dk ;ksxnkuA lkekU; ekufld ;ksX;rk dks tk¡pus okyk ç'u lkekU; foKku ds vUrxZr nSfud vuqHko rFkk çs{k.k ls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa lfgr foKku dh lkekU; tkudkjh rFkk ifjcks/k ij ,sls ç'u iwNs tk;saxs] ftldh fdlh Hkh lqf'kf{kr O;fDr ls vis{kk dh tk ldrh gS] ftlus oSKkfud fo"k;ksa dk fo'ks"k v/;;u ugha fd;k gSA bfrgkl ds vUrxZr fo"k; ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd ifjçs{; esa fo"k; dh lkekU; tkudkjh ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk;sxkA ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ls vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd os fcgkj ds bfrgkl dh eq[; ?kVukvksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA Hkwxksy fo"k; esa ^^Hkkjr rFkk fcgkj** ds Hkwxksy ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tk;sxkA ^^Hkkjr rFkk fcgkj dk Hkwxksy** ds vUrxZr ns'k ds lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd Hkwxksy ls lacaf/kr ç'u gksaxs] ftuesa Hkkjrh; Ñf"k rFkk çkÑfrd lk/kuksa dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ lfEefyr gksaxhA Hkkjr dh jkT; O;oLFkk vkSj vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr ns'k dh jktuhfrd ç.kkyh] iapk;rh jkt] lkeqnkf;d fodkl rFkk Hkkjrh; ;kstuk ¼fcgkj ds lanHkZ esa Hkh½ lEcU/kh tkudkjh dk ijh{k.k fd;k tk;sxkA ^^Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; vkanksyu** ds vUrxZr mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds iqu:RFkku ds Lo:Ik vkSj LoHkko] jk"Vªh;rk dk fodkl rFkk Lora=rk çkfIr ls lacaf/kr ç'u iwNs tk;saxsA ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ls vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd os Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke esa fcgkj dh Hkwfedk ij iwNs x, ç'uksa ds Hkh mÙkj nsaA 4  eq[; ijh{kk ijh{kk ds fy;s ekud ,oa ikB~;Øe dh fooj.kh vfuok;Z fo"k; 01- lkekU; fgUnh bl i= esa ç'u fcgkj fo|ky; ijh{kk lfefr ds ek/;fed ¼lsds.Mjh½ Lrj ds gksaxsA bl ijh{kk esa ljy fgUnh esa vius Hkkoksa dks Li"Vr% ,oa 'kq)&'kq) :Ik esa O;Dr djus dh {kerk vkSj lgt cks/k 'kfDr dh tk¡p le>h tk;sxhA vadksa dk fooj.k fuEu çdkj gksxk%& fucU/k & 30 vad O;kdj.k & 30 vad okD; foU;kl & 25 vad la{ksi.k & 15 vad lkekU; v/;;u lkekU; v/;;u ds ç'u i= ^^1** vkSj ç'u i= ^^2** ds Hkkx ds fuEufyf[kr {ks= gksaxs%& 02- lkekU; v/;;u& i= 1 1- Hkkjr dk vk/kqfud bfrgkl vkSj Hkkjrh; laLÑfrA 2- jk"Vªh; rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; egRo dk orZeku ?kVuk pØA 3- lkaf[;dh fo'ys"k.k vkjs[ku vkSj fp=.kA 03- lkekU; v/;;u& i= 2 1- Hkkjrh; jkT; O;oLFkkA 2- Hkkjrh; vFkZ O;oLFkk vkSj Hkkjr dk HkwxksyA 3- Hkkjr ds fodkl esa foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh dh Hkwfedk vkSj çHkkoA i=& 1 esa vk/kqfud Hkkjr ¼rFkk fcgkj ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa½ ds bfrgkl vkSj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds vUrxZr yxHkx méhloha 'krkCnh ds e/; Hkkx ls ysdj ns'k ds bfrgkl dh :i js[kk ds lkFk&lkFk xk¡/kh] johUæ vkSj usg: ls lacaf/kr ç'u Hkh lfEefyr gksaxsA fcgkj ds vk/kqfud bfrgkl ds lanHkZ esa ç'u bl {ks= esa ik'pkR; f'k{kk ¼çkS|ksfxdh f'k{kk lesr½ ds vkjEHk vkSj fodkl ls iwNs tk,axsA blesa Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke esa fcgkj dh Hkwfedk ls lacaf/kr ç'u jgsaxsA ;s ç'u eq[;r% laFkky foæksg] fcgkj esa 1857 fojlk dk vkUnksyu] pEikj.k lR;kxzg rFkk 1942 dk Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu ls iwNs tk,¡xsA ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa ls vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd os ekS;Z dky rFkk iky dky dh dyk vkSj iVuk dye fp=dyk dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k vkjs[ku vkSj lfp= fu:i.k ls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa esa lkaf[;dh; vkjs[ku ;k fp=kRed :Ik ls çLrqr lkexzh dh tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij lgt cqf) dk ç;ksx djrs gq, dqN fu"d"kZ fudkyuk vkSj mlesa ikbZ xbZ dfe;ksa] lhekvksa vkSj vlaxfr;ksa dk fu:i.k djus dh {kerk dh ijh{kk gksxhA i=& 2 esa Hkkjrh; jkT; O;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr [kaM esa Hkkjr dh ¼rFkk fcgkj dh½ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr ç'u gksaxsA Hkkjrh; vFkZ O;oLFkk vkSj Hkkjr rFkk fcgkj ds Hkwxksy ls lacaf/kr [kaM esa Hkkjr dh ;kstuk vkSj Hkkjr ds HkkSfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd Hkwxksy ls lacaf/kr ç'u iwNs tk,¡xsA Hkkjr ds fodkl esa foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ds egRo vkSj çHkko ls lacaf/kr rhljs [kaM esa ,sls ç'u iwNs tk,¡xs] tks Hkkjr rFkk fcgkj esa foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ds egRo ds ckjs esa mEehnokj dh tkudkjh dh ijh{kk djsA buesa çk;ksfxd i{k ij cy fn;k tk,xkA 5  ,sfPNd fo"k; 04- Ñf"k [k.M& I (Section- I) ifjfLFkfr foKku vkSj ekuo ds fy;s mldh çklafxdrk] çkÑfrd lalk/ku] mudk çca/ku rFkk laj{k.kA Qlyksa ds mRiknu vkSj forj.k ds dkjd&rRo] HkkSfrd vkSj lkekftd okrkoj.k] Qly o`f) esa tyok;q rRoksa dk çHkko] Qly Øe ij okrkoj.k lwpd ds :Ik esa ifjorZu'khy okrkoj.k dk çHkkoA Qly] Ik'kq vkSj ekuo ij çnwf"kr okrkoj.k dk çHkko vkSj lacaf/kr [krjsA fcgkj ds Ñf"k tyok;q {ks=] ns'k ds fofHké Ñf"k&tyok;q {ks=ksa esa Qly Øe( mÙkjh fcgkj] nf{k.kh fcgkj vkSj NksVkukxiqj igkM+h ds fof'k"V lUnHkZ esa fcgkj esa Qly Øe esa ifjorZu ij vf/kd iSnkokj okyh vkSj vYidkyhu fdLeksa dk çHkkoA cgqQlyh; ç.kkyh] fefJr Qly ç.kkyh] vuqin vkSj vUrj Qly ç.kkyh dh ladYiuk rFkk [kk| mRiknu esa mudk egRo ns'k ds fofHké {ks=ksa esa [kjhQ vkSj jch ekSleksa esa eq[; vukt] nygu] rsygu] js'kk] 'kdZjk rFkk O;kolkf;d Qlyksa ds mRiknu dh los"Vu jhfr;ksaA fcgkj dh eq[; elkyk Qlysa& fepkZ] vnj[k] gYnh vkSj /kfu;k¡A ouksa ds çlkj] lkekftd okfudh] Ñf"k okfudh ,oa çkÑfrd ou( tSls& ou jksi.k dh fofHké fof/k;ksa dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡] lEHkkouk vkSj çpkjA [kj&irokj] mudh fo'ks"krk,¡] çlkj.k rFkk fofHké Qlyksa ds lkFk lgokl] xq.ku] lefUor [kj&irokj fu;a=.k lao/kZfud] tSfod rFkk jklk;fudA e`nk&fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k rFkk dkjd] Hkkjrh; e`nkvksa dk oxhZdj.k vk/kqfud vo/kkj.k lfgr] fcgkj dh e`nk ds çeq[k çdkj] e`nkvksa ds [kfut rFkk dkcZfud lajpukRed rRo rFkk e`nk dh mRikndrk cuk, j[kus esa mudh HkwfedkA leL;kRed e`nk,¡& Hkkjr esa mudk foLrkj rFkk forj.k] e`nk yo.krk] [kkjh;rk vkSj vkEyh;rk dh leL;k rFkk mudk çca/kuA e`nk vkSj ikS/kksa ds vko';d iks"kd rFkk vU; ykHkdkjh rRo] feV~Vh esa muds forj.k fØ;k vkSj vkoÙkZu dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjdA lgthoh rFkk vlgthoh us=ou] fLFkfjdj.k] e`nk moZjrk ds fl)kar rFkk mfpr moZjd ç;ksx ds fy, mldk ewY;kadu] tSfod moZjd] fcgkj dh Vky] fn;kjk vkSj pkSj Hkwfe dh leL;k rFkk ,slh fLFkfr esa Qly ç.kkyhA ty foHkktu ds vk/kkj ij e`nk laj{k.k ;kstuk] igkM+h] in&igkM+h rFkk ?kkVh tehuksa esa vijnu vkSj vçokg dh lEHkkouk] mudks çHkkfor djus okyh fØ;k,¡ vkSj dkjdA okjkuh Ñf"k vkSj mlls lacaf/kr leL;k,¡] o"kkZ ç/kku Ñf"k {ks=ksa esa mRiknu esa fLFkjrk ykus dh rduhdA 'k"; mRiknu ls lacaf/kr ty mi;ksx {kerk] flapkbZ Øe ds vk/kkjHkwr] flapkbZ ty ds vçokg gkfu dks de djus dh fof/k;k¡A tykØkar Hkwfe ls ty fudklA fcgkj ds Ñf"k fodkl esa fofHké dekUM {ks= fodkl ,tsalh dh HkwfedkA Ñf"k {ks= çca/k fo"k;( {ks=] egRo rFkk fo'ks"krk,¡A Ñf"k {ks= vk;kstu vkSj ctV] fofHké çdkj dh Ñf"k ç.kkfy;ksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkA Ñf"k fufo"Vksa vkSj mRiknksa dk foi.ku vkSj ewY; fu/kkZj.k] ewY; mrkj&pkSrk vkSj fu.kZ;] m|ksx esa vuq'kklu rFkk f'kdk;rksa dh ns[kjs[kA 30  19- xf.kr ----------------------------------- [k.M I rFkk [k.M II esa ls fdlh ,d [k.M ls rhu ls vf/kd ç'uksa ds mÙkj ugha nsus gksaxsA [k.M& I (Section- I) jSf[kd chtxf.kr lfn'k lekf"V] vk/kkj] ifjfertfur lef"V dh foHkk] jSf[kd] :ikUrj.k] jSf[kd LFkkukUrj.k dh tkfr ,oa 'kqY;rk] dSyh gsfeYVu çeso] vfHky{kf.kd eku rFkk vfHky{kf.kd lfn'kA jSf[kd :ikurj.k dk vkO;:g çafDr rFkk LrEHk la;a=.k] lksikud :iA rqY;rk] loksZxlerk rFkk mi:irk] fofgr :iksa esa leku;uA ykfEcd] lefer] fo"k;&lefer] ,sfdd] gfeZVh rFkk fo"ke gfeZVh vkC;wg] mudk vfHky"k.kd eku] f}ikrh rFkk gfeZVh :ikdsa] yfEcd rFkk ,sfØd leku;uA /kukRed fuf'pr f}ikrh :i] lgdkfyd leku;uA dSydqyl okLrfod la[;k,¡] lhek,¡] lkrR;] vod~yuh;rk] ek/;eku] çes;] Vsyj çes;] vfuok;Z :i] mfPp"B rFkk vfYi"V oØrk vuqjs[k.k] vuUrLi'khZA cgqpj Qyu] vkaf'kd vod~yt] mfPp"B rFkk vfYi"V] tdkoh;A fuf'pr rFkk vfuf'pr lekdyA f}'k% RkFkk f='k% lekdy ¼dsoy çfrfof/k;k¡½ chVk rFkk xkek Qyuksa esa vuqç;ksxA {ks=Qy vk;ru xq#Ro dsUæA nks vkSj rhu foHkkvksa dh oS'ysf"kd T;kfefr dkÙkhZ; rFkk /kzqoh; funs'kkadksa esa nks foHkkvksa esa igyh vkSj nwljh fMxzh ds lehdj.kA ,d vkSj nks ijrksa ds lery] xksyd ij cy;t] nh?kZo`Ùkt ij vfriapys;u rFkk muds çkjfEHkd xq.k/keZA lef"V esa oØrk] oØrk rFkk ejksM+A ÝsusV ds lw=A vody lehdj.k%& vody lehdj.k dh dksfV rFkk ?kkr çFke dksfV rFkk çFke ?kkr dk lehdj.k] i`Fkôj.kh; pj le/kkr] jSf[kd rFkk ;Fkkor~ vod~y lehdj.kA vpj xq.kkadksa lfgr vod~y lehdj.kA eax, cosax , sinax,xm, eax , cosbx, eax, sinbx ds iwjd Qyu rFkk fo'ks"k lekdyA lkafn'k çfn'k] LFkSfrdh xfrdh rFkk æoLFkSfrdhA (i) lafn'k fo'ys"k.k& lafn'k chtxf.kr] vkfn'kpj ds lafn'k Qyu dk vod~yyq] ço.krk] MkbZotsZUl] dkrhZ;] csyuh vkSj xksyh; funs'kkadksa esa MkbotsZUl rFkk Dys muds HkkSfrd fuoZpuA mPprj dksfV vod~ytA lfn'k rRled rFkk lanh'kdj.k] xkml rFkk LVksDl çes;A (ii) çfn'k fo'ys"k.k& çfn'k dh ifjHkk"kk] funs'kkadksa dk :ikarj.k] çfrifjorhZ vkSj lgifjorhZ çfn'kA çfn'kksa dk ;ksx vkSj xq.ku çfn'kksa dk ldqpu] vkUrj xq.kuQy] ewy çfn'k] fØLVksQy çrhd] lgifjorhZ vod~yu] çfn'k ladsru es ço.krk] dy rFkk MkbotsZUlA (iii) LFkSfrdh& d.k fudk; dk larqyu] dk;Z vkSj foHko mtkZ] ?k"kZ.k] dkeu dkWVujh] dfYir dk;Z ds fl)karA larqyu dk LFkkf;Ro] rhu foHkkxksa esa cy dk lkE;A (iv) xfrdh& Lora=rk vkSj vojks/kksa dh dksfV] ljy js[kh; xfr] ljy vkorZ xfrA lery ij xfr] ç{kseh] O;oLFkk xfr dk;Z rFkk mtkZA vkosxh cyksa ds v/khu xfrA dsiyj fu;e] dsUæh; cyksa ds v/khu d{kk,¡A ifjoÙkh æO;eku dh xfrA çfrjks/k ds gksrs gq, xfrA (v) æo LFkSfrdh& xq# rjyksa dh nkcA cyksa ds fu/kkZfjr fudk;ksa ds vUrxZr rjyksa dk larqyuA nkc dsUæA cd lrgksa ij ç.kksnA Iyoeku fiaMksa dh larqyu] larqyu LFkkf;Ro vkSj xSlksa dks nko ok;qeaMy lEcU/kh leL;k,¡A [k.M& II (Section- II) Hkkx ^^d** chtxf.kr] okLrfod fo'ys"k.k] lfe= fo'ys"k.k] vkaf'kd vod~y lehdj.kA Hkkx ^^[k** ;kaf=dh æoxfrdh] la[;kRed fo'ys"k.k çkf/kDrk lfgr lkaf[;dh] lfØ; foKkuA 31 chtxf.kr lewg] mi lewg] lkekU; mi&lewg] mi lewgksa dh lekdkfjrk foHkkx] lewgA vk/kksjh rqY;kdkfjrk çes;q] flyksa çes;] Øep; lewg] dSyh çes;] oy; rFkk xq.kkoyh] eq[; xq.kkoyh çkar] vf}rh; xq.ku [kaM çkar rFkk ;wfDyMh; çkUr] {ks= foLrkj] ifjfer {ks=A okLrfod fo'ys"k.kA nwjhd lef"V% nwjhd lef"V esa vuqØe ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ lfgr mudh lkaf[;dh dks'kh vuqxze] iw.kZrk] iwfÙkZ] lrr Qyu] ,d leku ekuR;] lagr leqPp;ksa ij lrr Qyuksa ds xq.k&/keZA jheku LVksYts lekdy] varrlekdy rFkk muds vfLrRo çfrca/k cgqpj iyuksa ds vod~yu] vLi"V iyu çes;] mfPp"B rFkk vfyi"B] okLrfod rFkk lafEJ inksa dh Jsf.k;ksa dk fujis{k vkSj lçfrca/kh vf/kljvk] Jsf.k;ksa dh iw.kZ O;oLFkk] ,d leku vfHklj.k] vuar xq.kuQy] lkrRo Jsf.k;ksa ds fy, vod~yuhxrk vkSj lekdyuh;rk cgqlekdyA lfEe.ka fo'ys"k.k& o'kSysf.kd Qyu] dks.kksa] çes;] Dykmph dkWoh lekdy lw=/kk; Jsf.k;k¡] Vsyj Jsf.k;k¡ fofp=rk,¡] dks.kksa vo'ks"k çes;] ifjjs[kk lekdyuA vkaf'kd vod~y lehdj.k% vkaf'kd vod~y lehdj.kksa dk fojpu] çFke dksfV ds vkaf'kd vod~y lehdj.kksa] lekDyksa ds çdkj 'kkafiVZ fof/k;k¡] vpj xq.kkadksa lfgr vkaf'kd vod~y lehdj.kA ;kaf=dh O;kihÑr funsZ'kkad] O;ojks/k] gksyksukseh vkSj xSj gksyksukseh fudk;] fM ,yEoVZ fl)kar rFkk yxzkUt lehdj.k] tM+Ro vkiw.kZ] nks foHkkxksa esa n`qdko] f'k{kk ,oa lekthdj.k esa fofHkUu lk/ku] ifjokj] fo|ky;] lekt] jkT; ,oa /keZ dh Hkwfedk] tula[;k f'k{kk vo/kkj.kk ,oa rRo] lkaLd`frd iqutZUe] lS)kfUrd erkjksiu] lkekftd Lrjhdj.k] xfr'khyrk ,oa vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lk/ku ds :Ik esa f'k{kk dh HkwfedkA 10- /keZ& /kkfeZd rF;] ikou ,oa vikou dh vo/kkj.kk,¡] /keZ dk lkekftd çdk;Z ,oa vdk;Z] tknw&Vksuk] /keZ ,oa foKku] /keZfujis{khdj.k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZuA 11- lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa fodkl& lkekftd ifjorZu ds vkfFkZd] tSfod ,oa çkS|ksfxd dkjd] lkekftd ifjorZu ds fodkloknh çdk;Zokn ,oa la?k"kZokn fl)kUr] lkekftd ifjorZu] vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa mUufr] çtkrka=hdj.k] lekurk ,oa lkekftd U;k;] lkekftd iqufuZekZ.kA [k.M& II (Section- II) Hkkjrh; lekt ¼1½ Hkkjrh; lekt& ikjEifjd fgUnw lkekftd laxBu dh fo'ks"krk,¡] fofHké le; ds lkekftd lkaLd`frd ifjorZu] Hkkjrh; lekt ij ckS)] bLyke rFkk vk/kqfud if'pe dk çHkko] fujUrjrk vkSj ifjorZu ds dkjd rRoA ¼2½ lkekftd Lrjhdj.k& tkfr O;oLFkk ,oa blds :ikUrj.k] tkfr ds lanHkZ esa vkfFkZd lajpukRed ,oa lkaLd`frd er] tkfr çFkk dh mRifÙk] fgUnw ,oa xSj&fgUnw tkfr;ksa esa vlekurk ,oa lkekftd U;k; dh leL;k;sa] tkfr xfr'khyrk] tkfrokn] fiNM+h tkfr cuke fiNM+s oxZ] vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vLi`';rk] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu] vLi`';rk dk mUewyu] vkS|ksfxd ,oa d`f"k ç/kku lekt dh oxZ lajpuk] eUMy deh'ku ,oa lqj{kk uhfr ds vUrxZr fcgkj ds vUrtkZrh; lEcU/kksa ds cnyrs >qdkoA ¼3½ ifjokj] fookg ,oa lxks=rk& lxks=rk O;oLFkk esa {ks=h; fofo/krk ,oa muds lkekftd lkaLd`frd lg lEcU/k] lxks=rk ds cnyrs igyw] la;qDr ifjokj ç.kkyh] bldk lajpukRed ,oa O;kogkfjd i{k] blds cnyrs :Ik ,oa fo?kVu] fofHkUu u`tkfrd lewgksa] vkfFkZd ,oa tkfr oxksZa esa fookg] Hkfo"; esa muds cnyrs çd`fr] ifjokj ,oa fookg ij dkuwu rFkk lkekftd&vkfFkZd] ifjorZuksa dk iM+rs çHkko] ihk& fefFkyk Hkk"kk jkek;.k& lqUnj dk.M ek=A ¼5½ ;k=h& fp=kA ¼6½ vkjñlhñ çlkn flag& lw;Zeq[khA ¼7½ eqa'kh j?kquUnu nkl& fefFkyk ukVdA ¼8½ çksñ gfjeksgu >k& dU;knkuvks f}jkxeuA ¼9½ çksñ jkeukFk >k& çcU/k laxzgA ¼10½ jktdey& yydk ikxA 54  PRELIMINARY TEST COMPULSORY SUBJECT GENERAL STUDIES. The paper on General Studies will include questions covering the following fields of knowledge:- General Science Current events of national and international importance. History of India and salient features of the history of Bihar. General Geography and geographical division of Bihar and its major river systems. Indian Polity and Economy and major changes in the economy of Bihar in the post independence period. Indian National Movement and the part played by Bihar in it and also Questions on General Mental Ability. Questions on General Science will cover general appreciation and under-standing of science, including matters of everyday observation and experience, as may be expected of a well educated person who has not made a special study of any scientific discipline. In History, emphasis will be on broad general under-standing of the subject in its social, economic and political aspects. The candidates are expected to be familiar with the broad aspects of the history of Bihar. In Geography, emphasis will be on geography of India and Bihar. Questions on the Geography of India and Bihar will relate to physical, social and economic Geography of the country including the main features of Indian agricultural and natural resources. Questions of Indian Polity and Economy will test knowledge on the country’s political system, panchayati raj, community development and planning in India and Bihar. Question on the Indian National Movement will relate to the nature and character of the nineteenth century resurgence, growth of nationalism and attainment of Independence and candidates will be expected to answer questions on the role of Bihar in the freedom movement of India. 55  MAIN EXAMINATION COMPULSORY PAPER 01- GENERAL HINDI ¼lkekU; fgUnh½ bl i= esa ç'u fcgkj fo|ky; ijh{kk lfefr ds ek/;fed ¼lsds.Mjh½ Lrj ds gksaxsA bl ijh{kk esa ljy fganh esa vius Hkkoksa dks Li"Vr% ,oa 'kq)&'kq) :Ik esa O;Dr djus dh {kerk vkSj lgt cks/k 'kfDr dh tk¡p le>h tk;sxhA vadksa dk fooj.k fuEu çdkj gksxk%& fucU/k & 30 vad O;kdj.k & 30 vad okD; foU;kl & 25 vad la{ksi.k & 15 vad MAIN EXAMINATION GENERAL STUDIES General studies papers I and paper II will cover the following areas of knowledge:- 02. GENERAL STUDIES PAPER- I (1) Modern History of India and Indian culture. (2) Current events of national and international importance. (3) Statistical analysis, graphs and diagrams. 03. GENERAL STUDIES PAPER- II (1) Indian Polity: (2) Indian economy and Geography of India; and (3) The role and impact of science and technology in the development of India. In paper-I, Modern History of India and Indian Culture will cover the broad history of the country (with special reference to Bihar) from about the middle of nineteenth century. The modern history of Bihar will include questions on the introduction and expansion of western education (including technical education). It will also have questions on Bihar’s role in the freedom struggle of India. Questions will relate to the Santhal Uprising, 1857 in Bihar, Birsa movement, Champaran Satyagrah and the Quit India Movement 1942. A knowledge of the chief features of Mauryan and Pal art and Patna Qulam painting will be expected from the examinees. It would also include questions or Gandhi, Tagore and Nehru. The part relating to statistical analysis, graphs and diagrams will include exercises to test the candidate’s ability to draw common sense conclusions from information presented in statistical, graphical or diagrammatical form and to point out deficiencies, limitations or inconsistencies therein. In Paper II, the part relating to Indian Polity, will include questions on the political system in India including Bihar. In the part pertaining to the Indian Economy and Geography of India, questions will be put on planning in India and the physical, economic and social geography of India and Bihar. In the third part relating to the role and impact of science and technology in the development of India, questions will be asked to test the candidate’s awareness of the role and impact of science and technology in India and Bihar Emphasis will be on applied aspects. 56  04. AGRICULTURE Section- I Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their management and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Climatic elements as factors of crop growth, impact of changing environment on cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans. Agro-climatic Zones of Bihar; Cropping pattern in different agro-climatic zones of the country-with special reference to North Bihar, South Bihar, and Chotanagpur and Santhal Pargana plateau. Impact of high-yielding and short duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns in Bihar. Concept of multiple cropping, mixed cropping, relay and inter-cropping and their importance in relation to food production. Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fibre, sugar and commercial crops grown during kharif and rabi seasons in different regions of the country. Important spices crops of Bihar-chillies, ginger, turmeric and coriander. Important features, scope and propagation of various types of forestry plantations, such as extension/social forestry, agro forestry and natural forests. Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops, their multiplication; integrated weed management; cultural, biological and chemical control of weeds. Processes and factors of solid formation, classification of Indian soils including modern concepts, Major soil types of Bihar; Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity. Problem soils-extent and distribution in India; Problems of soil salinity, alkalinity and acidity and their management. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial clements in soil and plants, their occurrence, factors aftecting their distribution, functions and cycling in soils. Symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation, Principles of soil fertility and its evaluation for judicious fertilçer use; bio-fertilçers. Problems of Tal Diara and chour lands inBihar, cropping system in such situations. Soil conservation planning on water-shed basis, Erosion and runoff management in foot hills and valley lands; processes and factors aftecting them Dry land agariculture and its problems. Technolgoy for stabilising agriculture production in rainfed agriculture area. Water use efficiency in relation to crop production criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and means of reducing runoff losses of irrigation water. Drainage of Water-logged soils. Role of different command area Development Agencies in agricultural development of Bihar. Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics. Farm planning and budgeting. Economics of different types of farming systems. Marketing and pricing of agricultural inputs and outputs; price fluctuations, Types and systems of Farming and factors affecting them. Role of Co-operative marketing and credit in agricultural development of Bihar. Trend of agricultural production during the last two decades in Bihar Pace of land reforms in Bihar and result out impact on agriculatural productivity. Argicultural extension, its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension programmes; Important extension methods and media, rural leader ship, socio-economic survey and status of big, small and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers. Farm mechançation and its role in agricultural production and rural employment. Training programmes for extension workers. Krishi Vigyan Kendras, role of non-government organçations (N.G.Os) in extension. Section- II Genesis and growth of Agricultural research and education system in Bihar. Application of principles of plant breeding to the improvement of major field crops, methods of breeding of self and cross-pollinated crops. Introduction selection, hybridçation heterosis and its exploitation. Male sterility and self incompatability, utilçation of Mutation and polyploidy in breeding, use of biotechnology and tissue culture in agriculture. Heredity and variation, Mendal's law of inheritance, chromosomal theory of inheritance, cytoplasmic inheritance, sex linked, sex influenced and sex limited characters. spontaneous and induced mutations. Quantitative characters. Important recommended varieties of principal crops in Bihar. Origin and domestication of field crops. Morphology patterns of variation in varieties and related species of important field crops, causes and utilçation of variation in crops improvement. 57  Seed Technology and its importance; production, processing and testing of seeds of crop plants. Role of National and State seed organçation in production, processing and marketing of improved seed. Physiology and its significance in agriculture, Nature, physical properties and chemical constitution of protoplasm, Imbibation, surface tension, diffusion and osmosis. Absorption and translocation of water, transpiration and water economy. Eæymes and plant pigments photosynthesis, modern concepts and factors affecting the process, aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Growth and development: photo periodism and vernalçation. Auxim, harmones and other plant regulators and their mechanism of action and importance in agriculture. Climatic requirements and cultivation of major fruits and vegetables in Bihar; their recommended package of practices. Handling and marketing problems of fruits and vegetables; principal methods of preservation, important fruits and vegetable products. Processing techniques and equipments. Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition; landscape and floriculture including raising of ornamental plants and design and lay-out of lands and garden. Diseases and pests of field, vegetable, orchard and plantation crops of Bihar and their causes and management. Classification of plant diseases; principles of plant diseases control including exclusion, eradication, immunçation and protection. Biological control of pests and diseases. Intergarted management of pests and diseases. Pesticides and their formulation. Plant quarantine. Storage pests of cereals and pulses; hygiene of storage godown, preservation and remedial measures. Hazards of pesticides use and safety measures. Status and scope of rearing beneficial insects in Bihar; honey bees, silk worm and lac insect. Rice fish culture in Bihar. Recurrent menace of flood and drought in Bihar and contingency crop planning, food Production and consumption trends in India, in general and Bihar, in particular. National and International food policies, procurement, distribution, processing and production constraints, Relation of food production to national dietary pattern, major deficiencies of calorie and protein. 05. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY SCIENCE Section- I 1. Animal Nutrition- Energy sources, energy metabolism and requirements for maintenance and production of milk, meat, eggs and wool. Evaluation of feeds as sources of energy. 1.1 Advanced studies in Nutrition Protein- Sources of protein, metabolism and synthesis, protein quantity and quality in relation to requirements. Energy protein ration in a ration. 1.2 Advanced studies in Nutrition Minerals. – Sources, functions, requirements and their relationship of the basic mineral nutrients including trace elements. 1.3 Vitamins, Hormones and Growth Stimulating substances—Sources, functions, requirements and inter- relationship with minerals. 1.4 Advanced Ruminant Nutrition Dairy Cattle– Nurtients and their metabolism with reference to milk production and its composition. Nutrients requirements for calves, heifers, dry and milking cows and buffaloes. Limitations of various feeding systems. 1.5 Advanced Non-Ruminant Nutrition Poultry- Nutrients and their metabolism with reference to poultry, meat and egg production. Nutrients requirements and feed formulation and broilers at different ages. 1.6 Advanced Non-Ruminant Nutrition Swine – Nutrients and their metabolism with special reference to growth and quality of meat production Nutrients requirements and feed formation for baby-growing and finishing pigs. 1.7 Advanced Applied Animal Nutrition- A critical review and evaluation of feeding experiments, digestibility and balance studies. Feeding standards and measure of feed energy. Nutrition requirements for growth, maintenance and production. Balanced rations. 2. Animal Physiology: 2.1 Growth and Animal Production- Prenatal and post-natal growth maturation , growth curves, measures of growth, factors affecting growth, conformation, body composition, meat quality. 2.2 Milk Production and Reproduction and Digestion– Current status of hormonal control of mammary development milk secretion and milk ejection, composition of milk of cows and buffaloes. Male and female reproduction organs, their components and function. Digestive organs and their functions. 58 2.3 Environmental Physiology- Physiological relations and their regulation; mechanisms of adaption, environmental factors and regulatory mechanism involved in animal behavior, methods of controlling climatic stress. 2.4 Semen quality, Presevation and Artificial Insemination – Components of semen, composition of spermatozoa, chemical and physical properties of ejeculated semen, factors affecting semen in vivo and in vitro. Factors affecting semen preservation compostition of diluents, sperm concentration transport of diluted semen. Deep Freezing techniques in cows, sheep and goats, swine and poultry. 3. Livestock Production and Management: 3.1 Commercial Dairy Farming- Comparison or dairy farming in India with advanced countries. Dairying under mixed farming and as a specialised farming; economic dairy farming, starting of a dairy farm. Capital and land requirement, organisation of the dairy farm, Procurement of goods; opportunities in dairy farming factors determining the efficiency of dairy animal. Herd recording, budgeting, cost of milk production; pricing policy; Personnel Management. 3.2 Feeding practices of dairy cattle – Developing Practical and Economic ration for dairy cattle; supply of greens throughout, the year, field and fodder requirements of Dairy farm. Feeding regimes for day and young stock and bulls heifers and breeding animals; new trends in feeding young and adult stock: Feeding records. 3.3 General Problems of sheep, goat, pigs and poultry management. 3.4 Feeding of animals under drought conditions. 4. Milk Technology: 4.1 Organçation of rural milk procurement, collection, and transport of raw milk. 4.2 Quality testing and grading raw milk. Quality storage grades of whole milk, skimmed milk and cream. 4.3 Processing packaging storing distributing marketing defects and their control and nutritive properties of the following milks. Pasteurçed, standardçed, toned, double tones sterilçed, Homogençed, reconstituted, recombined, field and flavoured milks. 4.4 Preparation of cultured milks, cultures and their management Vitamin D soft curd acidified and other special milks. 4.5 Legal standards, Sanitation requirement for clean and safe milk and for the milk plant equipment. Section- II 1. Genetics and Animal Breeding: Probability applied to Mendelian inheritance Hardy Weiberg Law Concept and measurement of inbreeding and heterozygosity Wright's approach in contrast to Melecot's Estimation of Parameters and Measurements. Fisher's theorem of natural selection, polymorphism polygenic Systems and inheritance of quantitative traits. Casual Components of Variation Biometerical models and covariance between relatives. The theory of pathocoefficient applied to quantitative genetic analysis. Heritability Repeatability and selection models. 1.1 Population, Genetics applied to Animal Breeding. – Population vs. individual, population sçe and factors changing it. Gene numbers, and their estimation in farm animals, gene frequency and zygotic frequency and forces changing them, Mean and variance approach to equilibrium under different situations, sub-division of phenotypic variance; estimation of additive, Non additive genetic and environmental variances in Animal Population, Mendelism and blending inheritance. Genetic nature of differences between species, races, breeds and other sub specific grouping and the grouping and the origin of group differences Resemblances between relatives. 1.2 Breeding systems- Heritability, repeatability, genetics and environmental correlations methods of estimation and the precision of estimates of animal data Review of biometrical relations between relatives. Mating system, inbreeding, out breeding and used phenotypic assertive mating Aids to selections. Family structure of animal population under non-random mating systems. Breeding for threshold traits, selections index, its precision. General and specific combining ability. Choice of effective breeding plans. Diffferent types and methods of selection, their effectiveness and limitations, selection indices construction of selection in retrospect; evaluation of genetic gains through selection, correlated response in animal experimentations. Approach to estimation of general and specific combining ability, Diallete fractional diallete crosses, reciprocal recurrent selection; in breeding and hydrçation. 2. Health and Hygiene- Anatomy of Ox and fowl. Histological technique, freezing, paraffin embeding etc. Preparation and staining of blood films. 2.1 Common histological stains, Embryology of a cow. 2.2 Physiology of blood and its circulation, respiration; excretion, Endocrine glands in health and disease. 2.3 General Knowledge of pharmacology and the repeutics of drugs. 59 2.4 Vety-Hygiene with respect of water, air and habitation. 2.5 Most common cattle and poultry diseases, their mode of infection, prevention and treatment etc. Immunity, General Principles and Problems of meat inspection Jurisprudence of Vet practice. 2.6 Milk Hygiene. 3. Milk Product Technology– Selection of raw materials, assembling production. processing, storing, distributing and marketing milk products such as Butter, Ghee, Khoa, Channa, Cheese, condensed, evaporated dried milk and baby foods; Ice cream and Kulfi, by products; whey products, butter milk, lactose and casein; testing Grading, gudging mill products – ISI and Agmark specification, legal standards, Quality control nutritive properties. Packaging processing and operational control Costs. 4. Meat Hygiene. 4.1 Zoonosis Diseases transmitted from animals to man. 4.2 Duties and role of Veterinarians in a slaughter house to provide meat that is produced under ideal hygienic conditions. 4.3 By products from slaughter houses and their economic utilçation. 4.4 Methods of collection, preservation and processing of hormonal glands for medicinal use. 5. Extension: 5.1 Extension Different methods adopted to educate farmers under rural conditions. 5.2 Urilisation of fallen animals for profit-extension education etc. 5.3 Define Trysem. – Different possibilities and methods to provide self Employment to educated youth under rural conditions. 5.4 Cross breeding as a method of upgrading the local cattle. 06. ANTHROPOLOGY Section- I There are three sections. Section- I, Section-II & Section- III. Each Section carries 100 marks. Section I & Section III are compulsory. Candidates may offer either Section II-a or II-b. in Section- II SECTION- I I. Meaning and scope of Anthropology and its main branches: (1) Social-Cultural Anthropology, (2) Physical Anthropology, (3) Archaeological Anthropology, (4) Linguistic Anthropology, (5) Applied Anthropology. II. Community and Social Institutions, Group and association; culture and civilisation; band and tribe. III. Marriage.- The problems of universal definition; incest and prohibited categories preferential forms of marriage; marriage payments; the family as the corner stone of human society; universality and the family, funcation of the family forms of family-usnclear, extended, joint etc. Stability and change in the family. Forms of marriage. Family and marriage among polyandrous tribes. IV. Kinship, Desecent, residence, alliance, kins terms and kinship behavior, Lineage and clan Kinship categories. V. Economic Anthropology; Meaning and scope; mode of exchanger; barter and ceremonial exchange, reciprocity and redistribution; market and trade. VI. Political Anthropology; Meaning and scope; The locus and power and the functions of legitimate authority in different societies. Difference between State and Stateless political systems. Nation-building processes in new State, law and Justice in simpler societies. VII. Origins of religion animism and animatism. Difference between religions and magic. Totemism and Taboo. VIII. Fieldwork and fieldwork traditions in Anthropology. IX. Study of social organçation, youth organçation, Economic organçation, Political organçation and Religion among Indian Tribes-Oraon, Munda, Ho, Santhal and Birhors of Bihar. SECTION II (a) 1. Foundation of the theory of organic evolution Lamarckism. Darwinism and the Synthetic theory, Human evolution, biological and cultural dimensions, Microevolution. 2. The Order Primate.- A comprative study of Primates with special reference to the anthoropoid apes and man. 2. (a) Place of Man among animals. – Pisces, Amphibia, Reptiles, Aves, Mamalia, clarification of Mamalia and anthroids. 60 2. (b) A comparative analysis of anatomical similarities and dissimilarities in man and apes. Intelligence and social life of monkey and apes. 3. Fossil evidence of human evolution.- Lemurids, Tamrioids, Poragpithicus, Prophilopithicus, pliopithicus, Lemnopithicus, Procunsul, Driopithicus, Ramapithecus, Australopithecines, Australopithecus Africanus, Plesianthropus transvalensis, Australopithecus, Prometheus, Paranthropus robustus, Homoertus and Homosapiens. 4. Genetics; Definitaion- The Mendelian principles and its application to human populations. The effects of nutrition, inbreeding and hy-bridçation. 5. (a) Definition of Race;- concept of pure race; race, nation and linguistic groups; race and cultural activities; Racism and dangerous myth. (b) Racial differentiation of Man and bases of racial classification morphological serilogical and genetic, Role of heredity and environment in the formation of races. (c) Bass/criterias of racial classification skin colour, Hair, stature, Head form, face form, nose, eye, types of blood groups. 6. Varieties of the Modern Races of Man- the three major races and their sub-races, caucaosoids and its subdivisions. Archaic caucosoid races, Mongoloids and its subdivisions, Negroids and its subdivisions. The American Negros, a comparative study of their Physical genetic and intelligence, similarties and differences. 7. Races in India:- 1. Classification of Riseley with his criticisms Classification of Haldon Classification of Eickutodt Classification of Guha Classification of Sarkar The Negrito Racial Elements In India SECTION II (b) 1. Technique, method and methodology distinguished. 2. Meaning of evolution biological and socio-cultural. The basic assumptions of 19th century evolutionism. The comparative method. Contemporary trends in evolutionary studies. 3. Diffusion and diffusionism—American distributionism and historical ethnology of the german speeking ethnologists. The attack on the "the" comparative method by diffusionists and Fraæ Boas. The nature, purpose and methods of comparision in social cultural, anthoropology. Redcliffe-Brown, Eggan Oscar Lewis and Sarana. 4. Patterns basic personality construct and model personality. The relevance of anthropological approach to national character studies. Recent trends in sychological anthropology. 5. Funcation and cause. Malinowski's contribution to functionalism in social anthropology. Function and structure Redcliffe-Brown. Firth Fortes and Nadel. 6. Structuralism in linguistics and in social anthropology Levistrauss and Leach in viewing social structure as a model. The structuralist method in the study of myth. New ethnography and formal semantic analysis. 7. Norms and Values. Values as a category of anthropological description. Values of anthropologist and anthropology as source of values. Cultural relativism and the issue of universal values. 8. Social anthropology and history, Scientific and humanistic studies distinguished. A critical examination of the plea for the unity of method of the natural and social sciences. The nature and logic of anthropological field work method and its autonomy. 9. (a) Theories and Methods in Anthropologyl Evolution and comparative Methods; Herbert Spencer, L H. Morgan, and Edward Burnett Tylor. Limitations. (b) Particularism:- Fraæ Boas, A. L. Kroeber, Ruth Benediet Ralph Lintani and Abram Kardiner. Limitations of particularistic approach. (c) Structive and Function approach. Emile Durkheim, Pronislar Malinowski, A.R. Redcliffe Brown, Leslic A white, Evans Pritchard and Levi Strous. 10. Contributions of Anthropology to planning and Development: Development studies Socio-cultural dimensions of planned development socio-cultural parameters of Directed change, cultural hurdles to technological changes among tribes in India. Tribal problems-causes, consequences and solutions. 61 11. Social movement tribal movement, meaning and features. Tribal movement in Bihar Tana Bhagat and Birsa Movement, Changing scenes of tribal movement in Bihar. Tribal leadership in Bihar. SECTION- III INDIAN ANTHROPOLOGY 1. Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic Protohistoric (Indus civilçation) dimensions of Indian culture. 2. Distribution of racial and linguistic elements in Indian population. 3. The bases of Indian social system: Varna, Ashram, Purushartha, Caste, Joint Family. 4. The growth of Indian anthropology. Distinctiveness of anthropological contribution in the study of tribal and peasant sections of the Indian population. The basic concepts use. Great tradition and little tradition; Sacred complex Universalçation and chialçation. Sanskritçation and Westernçation; Dominant Caste Tribe-Caste continuum. Nature-Man-Spirit complex. 5. Ethnographic profiles of Indian tribes racial linguistic and socio-economic characteristic. Problems of tribal peoples; Land-alienation, indebtedness, lack of educational facilities, shifting cultivation, migration forests and tribls unemployment agricultural labour. Special problems of hunting and food gathering and other miner tribes. 6. The problems of culture contact; impact of urbançation and industrialçation depopulation regionalism economic and sychological frustrations. 7. History of tribal administration. The constitutional safeguards for the Scheduled Tribes Policies, Plans programmes of tribal development and their implementations. The response of the tribal people to the Government measures for them. The different approaches to tribal problems. The role of anthropology in tribal development. 8. The constitutional provisions regarding the Scheduled Castes. Social disabilities suffered by the scheduled castes and the socio-economic problems faced by them. 9. Issues relating to national Intergration. 07. BOTANY Section- I 1. Microbiology:- Viruses, bacteria plasmids-structure and reproduction. General account of infection and immunology. Microbes in agriculture, industry and medicine, and air, soil and water. Control of pollution using micro-organisms. 2. Pathology- Important plant diseases in India caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma fungi and nematodes. Modes of infection, dissemination, physiology of parasitism and methods of control. Mechanic of action of biocides. Fungal toxins. 3. Cryptogams- Structure and reproduction from evolutionary aspect, and ecology and economic importance of algae, fungi, bryophytes and pteridophytes. Principal distribution in India. 4. Phanerogams:- Anatomy of wood secondary growth Anatomy of C2 and C2 plants, stomatal types, Fmbroyology, barriers to sexual incompatibility. Seed structure. Apomixis and polyembroyony Polynology and its applications. Comparison of systems of classification of angiosperms. Modern trends is biosystematics. Taxonomic and economic importance of cyadacoae, Pinacoee, Gentabes, Magnoliacea. Ramunculaceae, Cruciferac, Rosaceae. Leguminosee Euploiacece, Malvaceae. Dipterocarpaceae, Umbellifcrae, Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solanaoceae, Pubiaceae Cucuribitaceae, Compositae, Gramineae, Palmae, Liliaceae, Musaceae and Orchidaceae. 5. Morphogenesis – Polarity, symmetry and totiuotency. Differentiation and dedifferentiation of cells and organs, Factors of morphogenes Methodology and applications of cell, tissue, organ and protoplant cultures from vegetative and reproductive parts Somatic hybrids. Section- II 1. Cell Biology—Scope and perspective. General Knowledge of modern tools and techniques in the study of cytology. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic selis-structural and ultrastructural details Functions of organelles including membrances. Detailed study of mitosis, meiosis. Numerical and structural variations in chromosome and their significance, study of polytene and lampbrush chromosomes structure, behavior and cytological significance. 2. Genetics and Evolution- Development of genetics and gene concept. Structure and role of nucleic acids in protein synthesis and reproduction. Genetic code and regulation of gene expression, Gene amplification Mutation and evolution. Multiple factors linkage and crossing over. Methods of gene mapping. Sex chromosomes and sex- linked inheritance. Malesterility, its significance in plant breeding. Cytoplasmic inheritance elements of human 62 genetic. Standard deviation and Chi-square analysis Gene transfer in micro-organisms. Genetic engineering. Organic evolution evidence, mechanism and theories. 3. Physiology and Biochemistry- Detailed study of water relations. Mineral nutrition and ion/transport. Mineral deficiencies Photosynthesis mechanism and importance, photosystems I and II, photorespiration, Respiration and fermentation. Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism. Protein synthesis. Eæymes, Importance of secondary metabolites. Pigments as photoreceptors, photoporiodism, flowering. Growth indices, growth movements. Sahescence. Growth substance- Their chemical nature, role and applications in agrihorticulture. Agrochemicals, Stress physiology, Vernalçation Fruit and seed physiology- dormancy, storage and germination of seed, Perthenocarphy fruit ripening. 4. Ecology- Ecological factors. Concept and dynamics of community, succession. Concept of biospheres. Conservation of ecosystems. Pollution and its control. Forest types of India. Aforestation, deforestation and social forestry. Endangered plants. 5. Economic Botnay- Origin of cultivated plants. Stydy of plants as sources of food, fodder and forage, fatty oils, wood and timber, fiber, paper rubber, bevarages, alcohol, drugs, narcotics, resins and gums essential oils, dyes, mucilage, insecticides and pesticides. Plant indicators, Ornamental plants, Energy plantation. 08. CHEMISTRY Section- I 1. Atomic structure and Chemical bonding: Quantum theory, Haisenberg's uncertainty principle, Schrodinger wave equation (time independent). Interpretation of the wave function, particle in a one-dimensional box, quantum members, hydrogen atom wave functions. Shapes of s p and d orbitals Ionic bond; Lattice energy, Born- Haber Cycle, Fajan's Rule dipole moment, characteristics of ionic compounds, electronegativity differences covalent bond and its general characteristics valence bond approach. Concept of resonance and resonance energy. Electronics configuration of H2+H2. N2, O2, F2, NO, CO and HF molecules in terms of molecular orbital approach. Sigma and pibonds. Bond order, bond strength and bond length. 2. Thermodynamics – Work heat and energy. First law of thermodynamics. Enthalpy, heat capacity Relationship between Cp and Cv. Laws of thermochemistry, Kirchoff's equation. Spontaneous and non- spontaneous changes, second law of thermodynamics. Entropy changes in gases for reversible and irreversible processes. Third law of thermodynamics. Free energy, variations of free energy of a gas with temperature, pressure and volume. Gibbs-Helmbolty equation. Chemical potential. Thermodynamic criteria for equilibrium. Free energy change in chemical reactions and equilibrium constant. Effect of temperature and pressure on chemical equilibrium. Calculation of equilibrium constants from thermodynamic measurements. 3. Solid State—Forms of solids, law of constancy of interfacial angles. Crystal systems and crystal classes (crystallorgaphi groups) Designation of crystal faces, lattice structure and unit cell. Laws of rational indices. Bragg's law, X-ray diffraction by crystals. Defects in crystals. Elementary study of liquid crystals. 4. Chemical kinetics- Order and molecularity of reaction. Rate equations (differential and intergrated forms) of zero, first and second order reaction. Half life of a raction. Effect of temperature, pressure and catalysts on reaction rates. Collission theory of reaction rates of bimolecular reactions. Absolute reaction rate theory. Kinetics of polymerçation and photo chemical reactions. 5. Electrochemistry – Limitations of Arrhenius theory of dissociation, Debye Muckel theory of strong electrolytes and its quantitative treatment. Electrolytic conductance theory and theory of activity coefficients. Derivation of limiting laws for various equalibria and transport properties of electrolyte solutions. 6. Concentration cells, liquid junction potential, application of e.m.f. measurements of fuel cells. 7. Photochemistry- Absorption of light. Lambert-Beer's law, Laws of photo chemistry. Quantum efficiency. Reasons for high and low quantum yields. Photoelectric cells. 8. General Chemistry of 'd' block elements: (a) Electronic configuration: Introduction to theories of bonding in transition metal complexes, crystal field Theory and its modification; applications of the theories in the explanation of magnetism and electronic spectra of meta complexs. (b) Metal Carbonyls: Cyclopentadienyl, Olefin and acetylene complexes. (c) Compoundes with metal- metals bonds and metal atom clusters. 9. General Chemistry of 'f ' block elements: Lanthanides and actinides; separation, Oxidation, states, magnetic and spectral properties. 10. Reactions in non-aqueous solevent (liquid ammonia and sulphur dioxide). 63  Section- II 1. Reaction mechanisms; General methods (both kinetic and non-kinetic) of study of mechanisms of organic reactions illustrated by examples. Formation and stability of reactive intermediates (carbocations, carbanious free radicals. carbenes, nitrenes and beæynes). SN1 and SN2 mechanisms. – H, E2 and E1 CB eliminations-cis and trans addition to carbon to carbon double bonds mechanisms of addition to carbon-oxygen double bonds-Micheal addition addition to conjugated carbon- carbon double bonds aromatic electrophillic and nuclephilic substitutions allylic and beæylic substitutions. 2. Pericyclic reactions: classification and examples an elementary study of Woodward Hoff-mann rules of pericylic reactions. 3. Chemistry of the following name reactions: aldol condensation, Claysen condensation, Dieck mann reaction, Perkin reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Cannçzaro reaction. 4. Polymeric Systems: (a) Physical chemistry of polymers; End group analysis, Sedimentation, Light Scattering and Viscosity of polymers. (b) Polythylene Polystyrene, Polyvinyl Chloride, Ziegler Natta Catalysis, Nylon, Terylene. (c) Inorgenic Polymeric Systems; Phosphonitric halide compounds; silicones; Borazines. Friedel- Craft reaction Reformatsky reaction, pinacol-pinacilone wagner Meerwein and Backman rearrangements and their mechanisms uses of the following reagents in organic synthesis O5 O4, HIO4, NBS dibocrane, Na- liquid ammonia NaBH4, LiAN4. 5. Photochemical reactions of organic and inorganic compounds types of reactions and examples and synthetic uses- Mehods used in structure determination: Prinicples and applications of uv- Visible IR, IH, NMH and mass spectra for structure determination of simple organic and inorganic molecules. 6. Molecular structural deter mination; Prinicples and application to simple organic and inorganic Molecules. (i) Rotational spectra of diatomicmolecules (Infrared and Raman) isotopic substitution and rotational constants. (ii) Vibrational spectra of diatomic, linear symmetric, linear asymmetric and bent tri-atomic molecules (Infrared and Raman). (iii) Specificity of the funcational groups (Infrared and Raman) (iv) Electronic Spectra singlet and triplet states, conjugated double bonds, unsaturated carbonyl compounds. (v) Nuclear Magenetic Reasonance; chemical shift, spin-spin coupling. (vi) Electron Spin Reasonance, Study of inorganic complexes and free radicals. 09. CIVIL ENGINEERING Section- I Part- A Theory and Design of Structures: (a) Theory of structures: Energy theorems – Castigliano theorems I and II, unit load method and method of consistent deformation applied to beams and pinjointed plane frames, Slope deflection, moment distribution and Kani method of analysis applied to indeterminate beams and rigid frames. Moving loads, criteria, for maximum sheer force and bending moment in beams traversed by a system of moving loads. Influence Lines for simply supported plane pinjointed girders. Arches: Three hinged, two hinged and fixed archesfrib shortening and temperature effects Infiuence lines. Matrix methods of analysis: Force method and displacement method. (b) Structural steel: Factors of safety and load factors. Design of tension and compression members, beams of built up section, riveted and welded plate girders, gantry girders, stanchions with battons and lacings, Slab and gusseted braces. Design of highway and railway bridges- Through and deck type plate girder, Warren girder and Pratt Truss. (c) Reinforced concrete. Limit state method design- Recommendations of IS codes- Design of one way and two-way slabs, staircase slabs, simple and continuons beams of rectangular, T and L sections. Compression members under direct load with or without eccentricity, footings, isolated and combined. Retaining walls, cantilever and counterfort types- Methods and systems of prestressing, Anchorages. Analysis and design of sections for flexure, loss of prestress. 64 Part- B Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties and their role in fluid motion, fluid statics including forces acting on plane and curved surfaces. Kinematics and Dynamics of Fluid Flow: Velocity and accelerations, stream lines, equation of continuity, irrotational and rotational flows, velocity potential and stream function, flow-nets and methods of drawing flow net, sources and sinks, flow separation and stagnation. Euler's equation of motion, energy and momentum equations and their applications to pipe flow, free and forced vortices, plane and curved stationary and moving vanes, sluice gates, weirs, orifice meters and venturimeters. Dimensional Analysis and similitude: Buckinghham's Pi-theorem, similarities, model laws, undistorted and distorted models, movable bed models, model calibration. Laminar Flow: Laminar flow between paralled stationary and moving plates, flow through tubes, Reynolds' experiments, lubrication principles. Boundary Layers: Laminar and turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate, laminar sub-layer, smooth and rough boundaries, drag and lift. Turbulent Flow Through Pipes: Characteristics of turbulent flow, velocity distribution and variation of friction factor, hydraulic grade line and total energy line, siphons, expansions and contractions in pipes, pipe network, water hammer. Open Channel Flow: Uniform, non-uniform flows, specific energy and specific force, critical depth, resistance equations and variation of roughness coefficient, Rapidly varied flow, flow in contractions, flow at sudden drop, hydraulic jump and its applications, surges and waves, Gradually varied Flow, differential equation of gradually varied flow, classification of surface profiles, control section, step method of integration of varied flow equation. Part- C Soil Mechanics and foundation Engineering: Soil Compositoin, influence of clay minerals on engineering behavior, Effective stress principle, change in effective stress due to water flow condition, static water table and steady flow conditions permeability and compressibility of soils. Strength behavior, strength determination through direct and triaxial tests, total and effective stress strength parameters, total and effective stress path. Methods of site exploration, planning a subsurface exploration programme, sampling procedures and sampling disturbance, penetration tests and plate load tests and data interpretation. Foundation types and selection, footings, rafts, piles, floating foundations, effect of footing shape, dimexnsions, depth of embedment, load inclination and ground water on bearing capacity, settlement components, computation for immediate and consolidation settlements, limits on total and differential settlement, correction for rigidity. Deep foundations, philosophy of deep foundations, piles, estimation of individual and group capacity, static and dynamic approaches, pile load tests, separation into skin friction and point bearing, under-reamed piles, well foundations for bridges and aspects of design. Earth pressure, states of plastic equilibrium, Culmann's procedure for dertermination of lateral thrust, determination of anchor force and depth of penetration, reinforced earth retaining walls, concept, materials and applications. Machine foundations, modes of vibration, determination of natural frequency, criteria for design, effect of vibration on soils, vibration isolation. Part- D Computer Programming: Types of computers, components of computers, history and development, different languages. FORTRAN/Basic programming, constants, variables, expressions, arithmetic statements library funcations, control statements, unconditional GO-TO Statements computed GO-TO statements, IF and DO statements, CONTINUE, CALL RETURN, STOP, END statement, I/O statements, FORMATS,field specifications. Subscripted variables, arrays, DIMENSION statement, function and subrouting sub-programmes, application to simple problems with flow charts in civil engineering. Section- II Note:- Candidate shall answer questions from any two parts:- Out of four parts below. Part – A. Building Construction: Physical and mechanical properties of construction materials, factors influencing selection, brick and clay products, limes and cements, polymorfic materials and special uses, damp-proofing materials. 65  Brickwork for walls, types, caving walls, design of brick masonary walls per I.S. code, factors of safety, serviceability and strength requirements, detiling of walls, floors, roots, ceiling, finishing of buildings, plastrxing, pointing, painting. Functional planning of building, orientation of buildings, elements of fire-proof construction, repairs to damaged and cracked buildings, use of ferrocement, fibre-reinforced and polymer concrete in construction, techniques and materials for low cost housing. Building estimates and specifications, construction scheduling PERT and CPM methods. Part – B. Transportation Engineering: Roads, Traffic engineering and traffic surveys, intersections, road signs, signals and markings. Classification of roads, plannings and geometric design. Design of flexible and rigid pavements, Indian Road Congress guidelines on pavement layers and design methodologies. Part – C. Water Resources and Irrigation Engineering, Hydrology: Hydrologic cycle, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, depression storage, infiltration, hydrograph, unit hydrograph, frequency analysis, flood estimation. Ground water flow: Specific yield, storage co-efficient, co-effficient of permeability, confined and unconfined aquifers, radial flow into a well under confined and unconfined conditions, tube-wells, pumping and recuperation tests, ground water potential. Water resources planning: Ground and surface water resources, single and multipurpose projects, storage capacity of reservoirs, reservoirs losses, reservoir sedimentation, flood routing through reservoirs, economics of water resources projects. Water requirement for crops: consumptive use of water, quality of irrigation water, duty and delta, irrigation methods and their efficiencies. Canals: Distribution system for canal irrigation, canal capacity, canal Losses, alignment of main and distributary canals, most efficient section, lined channels, their design, regime theory, critical shear stress, bed load and suspended load transport cost analysis of lined and unlined canals, drainage behind lining. Water logging: causes and control, drainage system design, salinity. Canal structures: Design of regulation, cross drainage and communication works, cross regulators, head regulartors, canal falls, aqueducts metering flumes and canal outlets. Diversion head works: Principles of design of weirs on permeable and impermeable foundations, Khosla' s theory, energy dissipation, stilling basins, sediment exclusion. Storage works: Types of dams, design principles of rigid gravity and earth dams, stability analysis, foundation treatment, joints and galleries, control of seepage. construction methods and machinery. Spillways: Types, crest gates, energy dissipation. River training: objectives of river training, methods of river training. Part – D. Environmental Engineerig: Water supply: Estimation of water resources, ground and surface water, ground water hydraulics, predicting demand of water, impurities of water and their significance, Physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis, water borne diseases, standards for potable water Intake of Water: Pumping and gravity schemes. Water treatment: Priniciples of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation, slow, rapid, pressure, bifolw and multi-media filters, chlorination, softening removal of taste, odour and salinity. Water storage and distribution: Storage and balancing, reservoirs types. location and capacity. Distribution System: layout, hydraulies of pipelines, pipe fittings, valves including check and pressure reducing valves, meters, analysis of distribution systems using Hardy Cross methods general principles of optimal design based on cost headloss ratio criterion, leak detection, maintenance of distribution systems, pumping stations and their operations. Sewerage system: domestic and industrial wastes, storm, sewage separate and combined system, flow through sewers, design of sewers, sewer appurtenances, manholes inlets, junctions, siphon. Sewage characerisation: BOD, COD, solids, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and TOC. Standards of disposal in normal water course and on land. 66  Sewage treatment: working, Priniciples, units, chambers, sedimentation tank, trickling filters, oxidation ponds, activated sludge process, septic tank, disposal of sludge, recycling of waste water. Solid waste: Collection and Disposal. Environmental Pollution: ecological balance, water pollution control acts. radioactive wastes and disposal environmental impact assessment for thermal power plants, mines. Sanitation: site and orientation of buildings, ventilation and damp proof courses, houses drainage, conservancy and waterbone system of waste disposal, sanitary appliances, latrines and urinals, rural sanitation. 10. COMMERECE AND ACCOUNTANCY Section- I Accounting and Finance Part-I : Accounting, Auditing and Taxation. Accounting as a financial information system- Imapact of behavioral sciences – Methods of accounting of changing price levels with particular reference to current Purchasing Power (CPP) accounting Advanced problems of companies accounts – Amalgamatiin absorption and reconstruction of companies- Accounting of holding companies – Valuation of shares and goodwill. Controllership functions- Property control legal and management. Important provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961 – Definition Charge of Income Tax- Exemptions Depreciation and investmet allowance – Simple problems of computation of income under the various heads and determination of assessable income – Income Tax authorities. -- Nature and functions of Cost Accounting – Cost classification – Tenchiques of segregating semivariable costs into fixed and variable components – job costing – FIFO and weighted average methods or calculating equivalent units of production – Reconcilation of cost and financial accounts-Marginal Costing-Cost volume profit relationship: Algebraic formula and graphical representation – Shut down point – Techniques of cost control and cost reduction – Budgetary control flexible Budgets – Standard costing and variance analysis –Responsibility accounting-Bases of charging overheads and their inhererent fallacy – Costing for pricing decisions. Significance of the attest function – Programming the audit work – Valuation and verfication of assets, fixed, wasting and current assets – Verification of liabilities – Audit of limited companies – appointment status, powers, duties and liabilities of the auditor – Auditor's report – Audit of share capital and transfer of shares – Special points in the audit of banking and insurance companies. Part – II Business Finance and Financial Institutions. Concept and scope of Financial Management – Financial goals of corporations – capital Budgeting Rules of the thumb and discounted cash flow approaches – Incorporating uncertainty in investment decision–designing an optimal capital structure – Weighted average cost of capital and the controversy surrounding the Modigliani and Miller model, sources of raising short term, intermediate and longterm finace – Role of public and convertible debentures–Norms and guidelines regarding debtequity rations – Determinants of an optional divident policy– optimissing models of James E. walter and John Lintner– Forms of divident payment – Structure of working capital and the variable, affecting, the level of difference of components – Cash flow approach of forecasting working capital needs – Profiles of working capital in Indian industries – Credit management and credit policy – Consideration of tax in relation to financial planning and cash flow statements. Organisation and deficiencies of Indian Money Market structure of assets and liabilities of commercial banks – Achievements and failures of Nationalisation – Regional rural banks – Recommendations of the Tandon (P.L) study group on following of bank credit, 1976 and their revision by the Chore (K.B) Committee, 1979 – An assessment of the monetary and credit policies of the Reserve Bank of India- Constituents of the Indian Capital Market – Functions and working of All India term financial institutions (IDBI. IFCI. ICICI and IRCI) – Investment policies of the Life Insurance Corporation of India and the Unit Trust of India – Present State of stock exchanges and their regulation. Provision of the Negotiable instruments Act, 1881. Crossings and endorsements with particular reference to statutory protection to the paying and collecting bankers – Salient provision of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 with regard to chartering, supervision and regulation of banks. 67  Section- II Organisation Theory and Industrial Relations. Part I : Organisation Theory: Nature and concept of Organisation – Organisation goals; Primary and Secondary goals, Single and multiple goals, ends-means chain – Displacement, succession, expansion and multiplication of goals – Formal organisation : Type, Structure – Line and Staff. functional matrix and project – Informal organçation, functions and limitations. Evolution of organçation theory: (classical, Neo-classical and system approach)- Bureaucracy Nature and basis of power, sources of power, power structure and politics – Organisational behaviour as a dynamic system : technical social and power systems interrelation sand interactions – Perception – Status system : Theoretical and empirical foundations of Maslow Megergore, Horzberg Likert, Vroom, Porter and Lawler, Odam and Human Models of motivation. Morale and productivity – Leadership. Theories and styles – Management of Conflicts in organçation – Transactional Analysis – Significance of culture to organçations. Limits of rationality – Simon- March approach. Organisatinoal change, adaptation growth and development – Organisational control and effectiveness. Part II : Industrial Relations: Nature and scope of industrial relations. Industrial labour in India and its commitment – Theories of unionism – Trade union movement in India – Growth and structure – Role of outside leadership in – Worker education and other problems – Collective bargaining approaches conditions limitations and its effectiveness in Indian conditions – Korkers participation in management: philosophy, rationale, present day State of affairs and its future prospects. Prevention and settlement of industrial disputes in India: Preventive measures, settlement machinery and other measures in practice- Industrial relations in public enterprises – Absenteeism and labour turnover in Indian industries – Relative wages and wage differentials: wage policy in India – The Bonus issue – International Labour Organisation and India – Role of personnel department in the organçation – Executive development personnel policies, personnel audit and personnel research. 11. ECONOMICS Section- I 1. The Framework of an Economy. National Income Accounting. 2. Economic choice, Consumer behaviour. Producer behaviour and market forms. 3. Investment decisions and determination of income and employment, Micro-economic models of income, distribution and growth. 4. Banking objectives and instruments of Central Banking and credit policies in a planned developing economy. Performance of Commercial Banks in Bihar. 5. Type of taxes and their impacts on the economy. The impacts of the sçe and the content of budgets. Objectives and Instruments of budgetary and fiscal policy in a planned developing economy. 6. International trade. Tariffs. The rate of exchange. The balance of payments. International monetary and banking institutions. Section- II 1. The Indian Economy: Culding priniciples of Indian economic planned growth and distributive Justice' Eradication of poverty. The institutional framework of the Indian economy – federal Governmental structure – agricultural and industrial sector public and private sectors. National income its sectroal and regional distribution. Extent and incidence of poverty. 2. Agricultural Production: Agricultural Policy. Land reforms. Technological change. Relationship with the industrial sector. 3. Industrial Production: Industrial Policy. Public and private sector. Regional distribution. Control of monopolies and monopolistic practices. 4. Pricing Policies of agricultural and industrial outputs: Procurement and Public Distribution. 68 5. Budgetary trends and fiscal policy: 6. Monetary and credit trends and policy, Banking and other financial institutions. 7. Foreign trade and the balance of payments. 8. Indian Planning: Objectives, strategy, experience and problems. 9. Bihar Economy: Relative position of agriculture and industry, retarders of economic growth, poverty and unemployment, Progress in Land Reforms. 12. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Section- I Network: Steady state analysis of D.C and A.C., networks, network theorems, Matrix Algebra, network functions, transient response, frequency response, Laplace transform, fourier series and fourier transform, frequency spectral plezero concept, elementary network synthesis. Static and Magnetics: Analysis of electrostatic and magentostatic fields, Laplace and Poisson Equations, solution of boundary value problems, Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic wave propagation, ground and space waves, prospagation between earth station and satellites. Measuremetns: Basic methods of measurements, standards, error analysis, indicating instruments cathode ray oscillo-scope, measurement of voltage current, power, resistance, inductance, Capacitance, time, frequency and flux, electronic meters. Electronics: Vaccum and semiconductor devices, equivalent circuits transistor parameters, determination of current and voltage gain and input and output impedances biasing techniques, single and multistage, audio and radio small signal and large signal amplifiers and their analysis reedback amplifiers and oscillators: wave haping circuits and time base generators, analysis of different types of multivilerator and their uses, digital circuits. Electrical Machines: Generator of e.m f., m.m.f. and torque in rotating machinens, motor and generator characteristics of d.c synchronous and induction machines equivalent circuits, computation parallel operation, phasor diagram and equivalent, circuits of power transformer, determination of performance and efficiency, auto-transformers, 3- phase transformers. Section-II Part-A Control systems: Mathematical modeling of dynamic linear control systems, block diagrams and signal flow graphs, transient surprise response steady state error, stability, frequency response techniques, rootlocus techniques series compensation. Industrial Electronics: Principles and design of single phase and polyphase rectifiers controlled rectification, smoothing filters, regulated power supplies speed control circuits for drivers, inverters, d.c to d.c conversion, choppera, timers and welding circuits. Part – B (Heavy Currents) Electrical Machines: Induction Machines- Rotating magnetic field, Polyphase motor, principle of operation phaser diagram, Torque slip characteristic, Equivalent circuit and determination of its parameters, circle diagram, starters, speed control double cage motor, Induction generator. Theory, Phaser diagram, characteristies and application of single phase motors. Application of two phase induction motor. Synchronous Machines – e.m.f equation phase and circle diagram, operation on infinite bus, synchronçing power, operating characterstic and performance by different methods, sudden short circuit and analysis of oscillogram to determine machine reactances and time constants, motor characteristics and performance methods of starting applications. 69  Speical Machines – Amplidyne and metadyne operating characteristics, and their applications. Power system and Protection – General layout and economics of different types of power stations, Baseload, peakload and pumped storage plant, Economics of different systems of d.c. and a.c power distribution, Transmission line parameter calculation, concept of G.M.D. short, medium and long transmission line, Insulators, Voltage distribution in a string of insulators and grading, environmental effects on insulators. Fault calculation by symmetrical components, load flow analysis and economic operation steady state and transient stability, Switchgear methods of extinction, Re-strilking and recovery voltage, Testing of ciruit breaker, Protective relays, Protective schemes for power system equipment. C.T. and P.T Surges in transmission lines, Travelling waves and protection. Utilisation – Industrial drives electric motors for various drives and estimates of their rating; Behaviour of motors during starting acceleration, breaking and reversing operation; Schemes of speed control for d.c and induction motors. Economic and other aspects of different systems of rail traction; mechanies of train movement and estimation of power and energy requirements and motor rating characteristics of traction motors, Dielectic and induction heating. OR Part – C (Light currents) Communication System – Generation and detection of amplitude – frequency phase and Pulsemodulate signals using oscillators, modulators and demodulators, Comparison of modulated systems, noise problems, channel efficiency sampling theorem sound and vision broadcast transmitting and receiving system, antennas, feeders and receiving circuits, transmission line at audio radio and ultra, high frequencies. Microwaves – Electromagnatic wave in guided media wave guide components cavity resonaters, microwave tubes and solid-state devices, microwave generator and amplifiers, filters microwave measuring techniques, microwave radiation pattern, communication and antenna systems, Radio aids to navigation. D.C Amplifiers – Direct coupled amplifiers, difference amplifiers, choppers and analog computation. 13. GEOGRAPHY Section- I Principles of Geography:- Part- A. Physical Geography: (i) Geomorphology – Origin and evolution of the earth's crust: earth movements and plate tectonics; volcanism; cycle of erosion.- Davis and Penck; fluvial, glacial, arid and karst land-forms; rejuvenated and polycyclic land- forms. (ii) Climatology: - The atomosphere, its structure and composition; air masses and fronts; cyclones and related phenomena; climatic classification; koeppon and Thornthwait; groundwater and hydrological cycle. (iii) Soils and vegetation- Soil genesis, classification and distribution: ecological aspects of savanna and monsoon forest biomes. (iv) Oceanography: - Ocean bottom relief. Relief of Indian Ocean floor. Salinity. currents and tides; ocean deposits and coral reefs; (v) Ecosystem. – Ecosystem concept, Man's impact on the ecosystem, global ecological imbalances. Part B. Human and Economic Geography. (i) Devleopment of Geographical Thought: - Contributions of European and British Geographers, determinism and possiblilism; Dualism in Geography, quantitative and behavioural revolutions in geography. (ii) Human Geography- Emergence of man and races of mankind cultural evolution of man; major cultural relams of the world; international migrations, past and present; world population-distribution and growth; demographic transtition and world population. (iii) Settlements Geography: - Concepts of rural and urban settlements, Organs of Urbançation; Rural settlement patterns; city classifications; urban spheres of influence and the rural urban fringe, the internal structure of cities; problems of urban growth in the world. (iv) Political Geography:- Concepts of nation and state; frontiers, boundaries, and buffer zones; concept of heartland and rimland;federalism. (v) Economic Geography.- World economic development-measurement and problems; concept of resources, world resources, their distribution and global problems; world energy crisis; and limits to growth; world agriculture-typology and world agricultural regions; theory of agriculturaral location, world industry-theory of location of industries; world industrial patterns and problems; world trade and world trade patterns. 70  Section- II GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA. Physical Aspects: - Geological history, Physiography and drainage systems; orign and mechanism of the Indian monsoon, soils and vegetation. Human Aspects – Tribal areas and their problems; population distribution, density and growth; population problems and policies. Resources – Conservation and utilçation of land mineral water biotic and marine resources; ecological problems and their management. Agriculture – Irrigation intensity of cropping, crop combinations, green revolution, agricultural land use policy, Rural economy-Animal husbandry, social forestry and household industry. Industry: - History of industrial development; factors of location study of mineral based, agro-based and forest- based industries, industrial complexed and industrial regionalisation. Transport and Trade – Study of the network of roadways railways, waterways, intra and inter-regional trade and the role of rural market centres. Settlements- Rural Settlement patterns; urban development in Indian and its problems, internal structure of Indian cities; town planning, slums nad urban housing; national urbanisation policy. Regional Development and planning. Five-years plan; multilevel planning; state, district and block level planning regional disparities in development in India. Political Aspects.- Political problem of India, state reorgançation; the international boundary of India and related issues; India and geopolitics of the Indian Ocean area. Geography of Bihar under the following heads: - Physiographic divisions, soils, forests, climate, pattern of agriculture, problems of drought-prone and flood affected regions and their solution, chief mineral resources-iron ore, copper, bauxite mica and coal; principal industries-iron and steel, aluminium, cement, Sugar: principal industrial regions, problems of population in Bihar, problem of tribal population and their solution; pattern of urbanisation in Bihar. 14. GEOLOGY SECTION- I (General Geology, Geomorphology, Structural Geology, Palacontology and Stratigraphy) (i) General Geology: Energy in relation to Geo-dynamic activities. Origin and interior of the Earth. Dating of rocksuoy various methods and age of the Earth. Volcanoes-causes and products; volcanic belts. Earthquakes-causes, geological effect and distribution. Geosynelines and their classification, Island areas, deep sea trenches and mid-ocean ridges, sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics. Isostrasy, Mountains types and origin. Brief ideas about continental drift, Origin of continents and oceans. Radioactivity and its application to geological problems. (ii) Geomorphology: Basic concepts and significance. Geomorphic processes and parameters. Geomorphic cycles and their interpretation. Relief features; Topography and its relation to structures and lithology. Major landforms. Drainage patterns. Geomorphic features of Indian subcontinent and Chotanagpur plateau. (iii) Structural Geology: Stress and strain ellipsoid, and rock deformation. Mechanics of folding and faulting. Linear and planer structures and their genetic significance Petrofabric analysis, its graphic representation and application to geological problems. Tectonic framework of India. (iv) Palacontology: Micro and Macro-fossils. Modes of preservation and utility of fossils, General idea about classification and nomenclature. Organic evolution and the bearing of pala contological studies on it. Morphology, classification and geological history including evolutionary trends of biachiopods, bivaleves, gastropods, ammonoids, trilobites, echinoids and corals. Prinicpal groups of vertebrates and their main morphological characters. Vertebraes life through ages; dinosaurs: siwalik vertebrates. Evolution of horses, elephants and man, Gondwana flora and its importance. Types of micro fossils and their significance with special reference to petroleum exploration. (v) Stratigraphy: 71 Principles of Stratigraphy Stratigraphic classification and nomenclature. Standard stratigraphic scale. Detailed study of various geological systems of Indian subcontienet. Boundary Problems in Indian stratigraphy. An outline of the stratigraphy of various geological systems in their type-areas. Brief study of climates and igneous activities in Indian symmetry during geological post Palaecogeographic reconstructions. Section – II (Crystallography Mineralogy. Petrology and Economic Geology) (i) Crystallography:- crystalline and non crystalline substances. Space groups. Lattice symmetry. Classification of crystals into 32 classes of symmentry. International system of crystallorgraphic notation. Use of stereographic projections to represent crystal symmetry. Twinning and twin laws Crystal irregularities. Application of X-Rays for crystal studies. (ii) Optical Mineralogy:- General principles of optics Isotropism and anisotropism, Concepts of optical indicatrix, pleochroisn, interference colours and extinction. Optic orientation in crystals. Dispersion. Optical accessories. (iii) Minerlogy: Elements of crystal chemistry-types of bondings Ionicradi, coordination number, isomorphism, polymorphism and pseudomorphism. Structural classification of silicates. Detailed study of rock-forming minerals-their physical, chemical and optical properties and uses, if any, study of the alteration products of these minerals. (iv) Petrology:- Magma, its generation, nature and composition. Simple phase diagrams of binary and ternary systems, and their significance, Bowen's Reaction Prinicple. Magmatic differentiation; assimilation, Textures and structures, and their petrogenetic significance. Classificaiton of igneous rocks. Petrography and petro genesis of important rock- types of India Genesis of granites; charnockites; anorthosites; and alkaline rocks. Processes of formation of sedimertary rocks. Diagenesis and lithification. Textures and structures of sedimentary rock and their significance. Classifcations of sedimentary rocks elastic and non-elastic. Heavy minerals and their significance. Elementary concept of depositional environments. sedimentary facies and provenance. Petrography of common sedimentary rock types. Agents of metamorphism. Types of metamorphism. Metamorphic grades, zones and facies. ACF, AKF and AFM diagrams. Textures, structures and nomencluature of metamorphic rocks. Petrography and petrogenesis of important metamorphic rock types. (v) Economic Geology: Concept of ore, ore mineral and gangue, tenor of ores. Processes of formation of mineral deposits. Common forms and structures of ore deposits. Classificaion of ore deposits. Control of ore deposition Metallogenetic enochs. Study of important metallic an no-metallic deposits oil and and natural gas fields and coalfields of India. Mineral wealth of Bihar, Mineral economics, National Mineral policy Conservation and utilçation of minerals. (vi) Applied Geology: Essentials of prospecting and exploration teachinques. Principal methods of mining sampling redressing and benefication. Application of geology in Engineernig works. Elements of soil and groundwater geology. Groundwater Provinces of Bihar. Use of Air related Diagrams in Geological Exploration. 15. HISTORY Section- I Part A- History of India (Down to A.D. 750) 1. The Indus Civilisation Origins extent, characteriatic features, major cities, trade and contacts, causes of decline, survival and continuity. 2. The Vedic age Vedic literature. Geographical area known to vedic texts. Differences and similarities between Indus Civilisation and Vedic culture. Politcal, social and economic patterns.Major religious ideas and rituals. 3. The Pre-Maurya Period Religious movements (Jainism. Budhism and other sects). Social and economic conditions. Republics and growth of Magadha imperialism. 4. The Maurya Empire Sources, rise, extent and fall of the empire administration.Social and economic conditions. Ashoka's policy and reform, art. 5. The Post-Maurya Period (200 B.C-300 A.D). 72 Prinicipal dynasties in Northern and Southern India. Economy and Society, Sanskrit, Prakrit and Tamil, Religion (Rise of Mahayana and theistic cults). Art (Gandhara, Mathura and other schools). Contacts with Central Asia. 6. The Gupta Age Rise and fall of the Gupta Empire, the Vakatakas. Administration, Society, economy, literature, art and religion. Contacts with South Asia. 7. Post-Gupta Period (B.C 500-750 A.D) Pushy-bhutis. The Muakharis. The later Guptas. Harshavardhana and his times. Chalukyas of Badami. The Pallavas society. administration and art. The Arab conquest. 8. General review of science and technology, education and learning. Part B- Medieval India India: 750 A.D. to 1200 A.D I. Political and social conditions: the Rajputs their polity and social Structure, Land structure, and its impacts on society. II. Trade and Commerce. III. Art, Religion and Philosophy, Sankaracharya. IV. Maritime activities, contacts with the Arabs, mutual, Cultural impacts. V. Rashtrakutas, their role in History- Contribution to art and culture. The chola Empire Local Self- Government, features of the Indian village system society, economy, art and learing in the South. VI. Indian Society on the eve of Mahmud of Ghazni's campaigns, Al-Biruni's observations. INDIA: 1200 – 1765 VII. foundation of the Delhi Sultante in Northern India, causes and circumstances, its impact on the Indian society. VIII. Khilji Imperialism, significance and implications, administrative and economic regulations and their impact on State and the people. IX. New orientation of State policies and administration principles under Muhamed Bin Tughluq. Religious policy and public works of Firoz Shah. X. Disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate; causes and its effects on the Indian policy and society. XI. Nature and character of State; political ideas and institutions. Agrarian structure and relations, growth of urban centres, trade and commerce, conditions of artisans and peasants, new crafts, industry and technology, Indian medicines. XII. Influence of Islam on Indian culture. Muslim mystic movements, nature and significance of Bhakti saints, Maharashtra Dharma, role of the Vaisnave revivalist movement social and religious significance of the chaitanya movement, impact of Hindu society on Muslim social life. XIII. The Vijayangar Empire: its origin and growth contribution to art, literatiure and culture; social and economic conditions, system of administration, break-up of the Vijayanagar Empire. XIV. Sources of History: important chronicles. Inscriptions and Travellers Accounts. XV. Establishment of Mughal Empire in Northern India: political and social conditions in Hindustan on the eve of Babur's invasion, Babur and Humayun Est