STS 100 Module: Biodiversity and GMOs PDF

STS 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education Prepared by: Prince Solmer G. Sabusap and China Shayne M. Andaya...

STS 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education Prepared by: Prince Solmer G. Sabusap and China Shayne M. Andaya P MODULE 5 SPECIFIC ISSUES IN STS: BIODIVERSITY & GMOs Brief Introduction or Description This module provides an in-depth exploration of biodiversity and its critical relationship with human health, biotechnology, and genetic modification. Lesson 1 highlights the fundamental role of biodiversity in sustaining life, emphasizing how various ecosystems and species contribute to essential goods and services. It explores the impacts of biodiversity loss on human health and well-being, including food security, medicinal resources, and environmental stability. Lesson 2 delves into the technology behind GMOs, their applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry, and the potential environmental and health implications. By integrating these topics, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of how technological advancements and conservation efforts intersect to influence both ecological balance and human health. Learning Outcomes: By the end of the module, you should be able to: 1. Define and describe the concept of biodiversity and its significance to human health and well-being. (R, U) 2. Identify and explain the types of biodiversity (species, genetic, and ecological) and their importance to ecosystem stability. (U, A) 3. Describe the process of genetic modification and its applications in agriculture and medicine, including the benefits and potential risks. (U, A) 4. Evaluate the impact of genetically modified organisms on environmental and human health, considering both benefits and concerns. (A, E) Pre-Activity - Motivational activity Activity Title: "Biodiversity in Our Lives" Objective: To introduce the concept of biodiversity and its importance to human society by connecting it with students' everyday experiences. Instructions:  Ask students to list five things they rely on daily for their well-being (e.g., food, medicine, clean water). Have them share their lists with a partner or small group.  Divide the class into small groups (3-4 members each). Provide each group with a set of cards, each representing different elements of biodiversity (e.g., specific plants, animals, ecosystems). Examples can include food sources, medicinal plants, and ecosystem services like pollination or clean water.  Instruct each group to match their daily needs to the corresponding biodiversity cards (e.g., if a student listed "food," they would match it with a card representing crops or livestock).  Each group presents their matches, explaining how biodiversity fulfills their daily needs.  Lead a discussion on how biodiversity impacts their lives by asking: 1. What would happen if these elements of biodiversity disappeared? 2. How do human activities affect these natural resources? Page 1 of 10  STS 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education Prepared by: Prince Solmer G. Sabusap and China Shayne M. Andaya P LESSON 1: BIODIVERSITY & THE HEALTHY SOCIETY Biodiversity was originated from the Greek word “bios” means “life” and from the Latin word “diversitas” means “variety/differences.” Biodiversity comprises all living forms that we see around us. These include all essential goods and services we derive from the environment. Therefore, we can say that we depend on the richness of biodiversity for our survival. Any alteration in the biodiversity of species can affect our lives whether directly or indirectly. Biodiversity refers to the richness and variety of life forms on Earth. It includes all the species of living organisms, whether bacteria, plants, animals, and humans, that can be found in one distinct area. To date, it has been recorded that there are approximately 8.7 million species of plants and animals on earth. Surprisingly, only about 12 million species have been identified and classified properly. Insects have the greatest number of organisms that have been identified. Because of this, millions of species or organisms are waiting to be explored and named accordingly (National Geographic Society, 2020). Evolution is a mechanism allowing organisms to develop traits favorable for their survival and growth and also making them distinct from other species in the environment. Because of these unique features, the species can be easily recognized from others. In general, species that can reproduce with their fellow species belong to one species while those that cannot reproduce among themselves often belong to different species of groups. There are so much to explore and work on in terms of biodiversity globally. There are certain regions in the globe where species are rich and abundant while others may contain just a few. Hotspots are the areas with high levels of biodiversity. Endemic species or species that are located in one particular region are usually found in hotspots. Scientists are in continuous study of identifying, classifying, and characterizing different species of microorganisms, plants, and animals. They are also looking at possible applications in the society and benefits we can derive from these species. Aside from studying biodiversity on a global scale, scientists also look at diversity of species within ecosystems. They delve into characterizing ecosystems such as terrestrial (forest, tundra, grassland, and valley) and aquatic (river, swamp, lake, sea, and ocean) habitats. Some of these habitats may consist of a wide range of species while others support minimal number of species. Both macroscopic and microscopic organisms are present in ecosystems. Each component of an ecosystem plays a role for the sustainability of the ecosystem. Producers, consumers, and decomposers have their own unique and significant functions in the ecosystem. For instance, microscopic decomposers do play their role of breaking down waste materials that can be toxic to other living components of the ecosystem. Manure from dead organisms fertilize soil and helps promote growth of plants. Humans benefit from other components of the ecosystem for food, shelter, clothing, livelihood, and medicine among others. Nonetheless, these diverse components of the environment are in danger because of destructive activities of humans. Deforestation, pollution, soil erosion, kaingin farming, conversion of forest lands into industrial purposes, and climate change are just among the major threats to our biodiversity. These have led to escalating rate of extinction of species. Scientists even estimate that within the next century, half of the species on Earth will be wiped out. Therefore, preservation and conservation efforts are a must to protect the remaining species of organisms together with their respective habitats. These wonders of nature are not only for our generation's enjoyment but even for the any generations that will follow. The future of these rich diversity of organisms is in our hands. 1. BIODIVERSITY AND THE HUMAN HEALTH Health is our most essential human right. Most people consider health as treasure and wealth. It means overall wellness that secures our physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, and social aspects. Therefore, health is a reliable indicator for the country's sustainable development. The health of people affects economic flow and growth (Cohabinitiative 2010). Page 2 of 10  STS 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education Prepared by: Prince Solmer G. Sabusap and China Shayne M. Andaya P Human health rests on biodiversity. The diverse collection of goods and services provide unending benefits to human health. On the contrary, the unprecedented loss of biodiversity globally impose threat to human health and well-being. Hence, the call to maintaining a healthy and sustainable biodiversity should not be disregarded. Life is impossible without a healthy and sustainable global environment (CohabInitiative 2010). Here are the points on how does biodiversity affect our health (Cohablnitiative 2010). 1. Biodiversity helps secure food, health, and livelihood for people. Diverse collection of food systems maintain crop supply and also promote resistance of crops and livestock to pests and other stressors. Diets containing various types of food promote good health and provide the necessary nutrients and vitamins for humans. 2. Biodiversity serves as a rich source of materials for medical research. Research endeavors on wildlife diversity, anatomy and physiology, ecology, and biochemistry can contribute to great developments in human medicine. Some organisms of interest in research include horseshoe crabs, bears, sharks, and cetaceans. 3. Biodiversity provides abundant resources for traditional and modern medicine. Nowadays, there are still a lot of people who rely on traditional medicine for maintaining their health. Modern drugs are also derived from natural products including pain killers, drugs against cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Meanwhile, millions of species are still waiting to be discovered for their potential application in medicine. 4. Biodiversity helps in the control and prevention of infectious diseases. Destruction of biodiversity contributes to the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases not only in humans but also in animals and plants. Disease outbreaks due to SARS, avian influenza, malaria, Ebola, Marburg, and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome have been accounted to human induced abuse of biodiversity. 5. Biodiversity serves important roles for the communities' cultural, spiritual, and social growth. Biodiversity loss causes negative implications for physical, mental, and social well-being of humans. There has been an increasing rate of pathologic conditions including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiopulmonary diseases because of such loss. Access to greenspace are linked to better health outcomes and faster recovery rate for the sick. 6. Biodiversity conservation is very important for climate change adaptation. Biodiversity loss exposes the communities at greater risk of experiencing adverse effects of climate change particularly floods and droughts among others. 7. Stable and sustainable ecosystems support relief and recovery efforts. Healthy ecosystems serve as natural buffers against devastating natural phenomenon including typhoons, floods, landslides, and droughts among others. These can also provide essential resources for rebuilding livelihood during post-crisis events. It is alarming that we cannot fully enjoy such advantages because of natural and/or human activities that destroy these gifts of nature. One of the factors that can pose threat and destroy our biodiversity is habitat loss and destruction. This could be due to conversion of forests and mountains to industrial lands for business purposes and also from natural disasters like typhoons and earthquakes, although the outcome from the latter event can still be rehabilitated later on. So, Why is Biodiversity important? Biodiversity is essential for the processes that support all life on Earth, including humans. Without it, our entire support system for human, as well as animal life, would collapse. Humans rely on nature to get water, clean air and food, to get raw materials for medicines, and to prevent flooding and other extreme weather effects. Our natural ecosystems provide so much that they’re truly vital to life on earth. Page 3 of 10  STS 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education Prepared by: Prince Solmer G. Sabusap and China Shayne M. Andaya P What will happen if we lose biodiversity? The loss of biodiversity threatens food supplies, opportunities for recreation and tourism, and sources of wood, medicines, and energy. Without a wide range of animals, plants and microorganisms, we cannot have the healthy ecosystems that can better withstand and recover from a variety of disasters. Healthy Biodiversity Biodiversity Loss 2010, International Year of Biodiversity. The United Nations (UN) declared 2010 to be the International Year of Biodiversity, the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, and the International Year of Youth. It focuses on boosting awareness of biodiversity’s importance by promoting actions to foster biodiversity worldwide. 2. TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY A. Species Diversity - refers to the variety of the different types of species found in a particular area. It includes all the species ranging from plants to different microorganisms. Example/s:  The Amazon Rainforest is home to various species, including plants, animals, insects, and microorganisms.  Coral reefs support various marine life, including fish, sea turtles, and coral species. B. Genetic Diversity - refers to the variations among genetic resources of the organisms. Every individual of a particular species differs from each other in their genetic constitution. Example/s:  Different Dog Breeds (e.g., Labrador, Bulldog, Husky) https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/the- diversity-of-life/  Variation in Human Eye Color (e.g., blue eyes, brown eyes, black) C. Ecological Diversity - refers to the diversity observed among the different ecosystems in a region. Different ecosystems like desserts, rainforests, mangroves, etc. , show a variety of life residing in them. Example/s:  Different Dog Breeds (e.g., Labrador, Bulldog, Husky)  Variation in Human Eye Color (e.g., blue eyes, brown eyes, black) 3. PESSURES TO BIODIVERSITY Page 4 of 10  STS 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education Prepared by: Prince Solmer G. Sabusap and China Shayne M. Andaya P The Philippines is considered to be a biodiversity hotspot. However, while it boasts of high biodiversity and endemism, it also experiences high rates of extinction and environmental collapse. Following are several factors that put pressure on biodiversity locally and globally. 1. Habitat destruction. Alteration or complete destruction of natural habitats is a major factor that impacts biodiversity. The way humans rapidly alter the ecosystem can decrease species diversity and may cause species extinction. For example, the continuous logging and conversion of forests may decrease the number of species thriving in the area. Deforestation results in the loss of natural habitats of birds, mammals, and other vertebrates. Coastal developments geared for tourism result in destruction of marine life. 2. Invasive alien species. Alien species are non-natural or exotic species that are not native in a particular area. The introduction of non-indigenous species to an area can cause species diversity to decline, as these species are often invasive and compete for resources such as food and space. They are often characterized with high reproductive rates and may outnumber natural and endemic species. 3. High population density and growth rates. The continuous increase in human population increases the demand for food supply and resources. The conversion of land for food production and human habitation causes biodiversity loss. Products and services from natural ecosystems may be exploited. 4. Climate change. Climate change is the direct and dominant driver of biodiversity loss. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, 50% of Asia's coral reefs are at risk because of climate change. ASEAN countries are predicted to be the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. 5. Illegal wildlife trade. According to ASEAN-WEN (Wildlife Enforcement Network), 100 million animals are being hunted for their meat. Illegal wildlife trade which directly reduces biodiversity is valued at $10 to 20 billion. 6. Deficiencies in the knowledge on biodiversity. Public awareness and education on the importance of biodiversity are necessary to conserve it. Raising consciousness among individuals and communities may help in addressing threats to the Earth's biodiversity and improving natural ecosystems. 7. Inadequate enforcement of environmental laws and poor political will. Regulations, policies, and laws have been enacted to preserve the environment; however, they are not properly enforced. 8. Failure to put value on the environment. According to the study The Value of the World's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capita published in Nature in 1997, the value of ecosystem services amount to $33 trillion per year, and majority of the value of these services is outside the market system. LESSON 2: GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM’S LESSON 2: GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM’S Based on evolutionary theory, the concept of survival of the fittest implies that living organisms have a natural spectrum of characteristics such as size, mass, or length. The characteristics of an organism and its successors can be modified today by modern technology, giving rise to what are called Genetically Modified Organisms or GMOs (Mayr, 2001). 1. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOs) A Genetically Modified Organism’s (GMO), also referred to as transgenic, is a product of genetic engineering. GMOs is a plant, animal, microorganism, or other organism whose genetic makeup has been modified using recombinant DNA methods (also called Genre Splicing), gene Page 5 of 10  STS 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education Prepared by: Prince Solmer G. Sabusap and China Shayne M. Andaya P modification, or transgenic technology. GMO’s are among the promising solutions to ease some of the world's problems including food security, food safety, and environmental pollution and degradation. It is the result of a laboratory process where genes from the DNA of one species are extracted and artificially inserted into the genes of an unrelated plant or animal, also called genetic engineering (GE) or genetic modification (GM) or “transgenic” organisms. It aims to address issues with regard to food security, agriculture, drug production, and nutrition. Most of the GMOs are made to possess one of these attributes which are helpful to farmers. In the United States, among the GMO crops grown and sold are alfalfa, apples, canola, corn, cotton, papaya, potatoes, soybeans, summer squash, and sugar beets (www.fda.gov 2020). In research studies, animals that have been safely genetically engineered (GE) include cattle, pigs, chickens, goats, sheep, dogs, cats, fish, rats, and mice. GMOs and Health According to FDA, consumption of GMO food is safe and does not cause harm to our health similar with non-GMO food. Genetically modified plants are produced to improve nutritional quality of naturally growing plants. A classic example is genetically modified soybeans containing healthier oils which are actually used as good alternative to oils with trans fats. Since their introduction in the 1990s, genetically modified foods are believed to be just as safe as non-GMO foods (www.fda.org). Moreover, research shows that GM plants that are fed to farm animals or are used as ingredients for animal food are as safe as non-GMO animal food (www.fda.org). Hence, GMO and non-GMO foods pose no significant difference in their effect to health and safety of animals. In addition, the genetic material (DNA) in the GMO crop or product that an animal consumes is not transferred to the animal. The animal that eats GMO crop or GMO-derived product does not transform into GMOs. Then as well, foods that originate from animals that eat GMO food including eggs, dairy products, and meat possess similar quality, nutritional content, and safety like foods derived from animals that consume natural food or non-GMO food. GMOs will possibly play a significant role in biomedical research in the future. With the advent of advanced biotechnology methodologies, genetically modified organisms with important medicinal compounds will be manufactured that can serve as cure to some damaging or even fatal diseases. If all GMOs will be proven to be completely safe and healthful, consumer resistance will diminish and everyone may be encouraged to use them. GMOs and Pesticide Use Some of the GMO plants available consist of plant-incorporated protectants or PIPs enabling them to resist insects, thereby reducing the need for and use of many spray pesticides. Guided by the Insect Resistance Management Program, EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) collaborates with scientists to help establish GMOs that will resist insects effectively and for a longer period of time. In addition, other genetically-modified plants are developed to tolerate certain weed killers. This may cause farmers to use various options for weed control. However, some people are concerned that farmers who grow these GMOs will use more weed killer but EPA regulates the safety of all weed killers that farmers use on GMO crops and non-GMO crops alike (www.fda.gov 2020). GMO Animals in the Market Most of the genetically modified animals that are produced are being utilized for experiments or laboratory research. These animals serve as "models" which allow scientists to study the role of specific genes and how those genes affect human health or cause disease. Page 6 of 10  STS 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education Prepared by: Prince Solmer G. Sabusap and China Shayne M. Andaya P If not used as models and specimens for laboratory research, genetically modified animals are made for human consumption. Salmon, for example, has been genetically engineered to mature faster and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has stated that this fish is safe to eat. AquAdvantage salmon is one of the few animals allowed by the FDA to be made available in the market especially in the United States. It is an Atlantic salmon that has been genetically modified that grows faster than the usual type of salmon naturally available. FDA proved that AquAdvantage salmon is safe to eat and nutritious like the salmon that is not genetically modified (www.fda.gov 2020). Nonfood GMOs Genetically modified organisms are not always food or they are not always edible. The technique used in creating GMOs is also used in developing medicines. For instance, human insulin (Eli Lilly & Co.'s Humulin) which is a medicine made to treat diabetes was manufactured using genetic engineering. Medicines prepared through genetic engineering follow a rigorous process for FDA approval. They should be proven safe and effective before they are allowed to be used by humans. Aside from medicine, GMOs are also used in the textile industry. Some genetically modified cotton plants are utilized for the production of cotton fiber which is then used for manufacturing fabric for clothing and other materials (www.fda.gov 2020). Impacts of GMOs in the Environment Since one of the uses why GMOs are developed is for herbicide tolerance, the use of toxic herbicides increased fifteenfold from the time they were first introduced (Kustin, M.E. 2015). In 2015, the World Health Organization determined that the herbicide glyphosate, the key ingredient in Roundup is carcinogenic in humans. Moreover, genetically modified crops are also the reason for the existence of "superweeds" and "superbugs" that can be killed with poisonous substances (Mortensen, DA, et al. 2012). The long-term effects of GMOs in the environment are still unknown and we have to evaluate them well before using them. More research works should be done to fully understand the mechanism of action, long-term environmental impact of genetically modified organisms. 2. GENETIC MODIFICATION Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is a technology that uses enzymes to cut and paste together DNA sequences of interest. Recombinant DNA Technology (Genetic Engineering) In the process of recombinant DNA Technology, the needed information for an organism can be “borrowed” from another. Such a process means that a farmer can “design” an organism to have the characteristics necessary to address particular issues. Example: A farmer may want the crops to have less chance of getting bruised due to rough handling. If an organism containing a gene that prevents bruising in the GM’s Process: Producing GM crop mature fruit (employing the science of genetics) could be found, then this characteristic could then be used to modify crops through the process of recombinant gene technology. Page 7 of 10  STS 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education Prepared by: Prince Solmer G. Sabusap and China Shayne M. Andaya P What are the benefits of genetic engineering? Example: Enviro-Pig. Through genetic engineering, this animal emits 30 to 60 percent less phosphorus than traditional pigs fed the same conventional diet. This lessens livestock’s impact in the environment. Genetic engineering of animals offers solutions for improving public health and enhancing quality of life. The benefits include advancing human health, enhancing food production, reducing environmental impact, optimizing animal health and welfare and production of cutting edge industrial applications. Advantages of Genetic Engineering Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering Improved Crop Yield: GMOs can exhibit higher yields due Unknown Long-Term Effects: The long-term effects of to traits like pest resistance and drought tolerance. GMO consumption on human health and the environment are still not fully understood. Enhanced Nutritional Content: Genetic engineering can Potential for Genetic Contamination: GMOs can cross- enhance the nutritional content of crops, addressing pollinate with non-GMO crops, leading to genetic malnutrition issues. contamination. Reduced Environmental Impact: GMOs can reduce the Loss of Biodiversity: Large-scale cultivation of GMOs may need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers, leading to lead to reduced genetic diversity within plant less environmental pollution. populations. Genetic Engineering in the Philippines Agricultural biotechnology is recognized by the Philippine government as an effective tool in attaining food security, sustainable agriculture, and in the promotion of health and food/ environmental safety. Research involving transgenic crops is conducted at the following institutions: 1. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna which develops varieties of rice and works environmental sustainability in rice farming. 2. National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), Los Baños, Laguna which researches on and develops programs to achieve sustainability to create better food and feed products, as well as medical drugs. 3. Philippines Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija which is attached to the Department of Agriculture (DA) and develops methods and technology to improve crop yields, making agricultural processes more efficient and cost-effective. 4. Institute of Plant Breeding, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna that handles the development and improvement of plants and crops, other than rice. 5. Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija which is also attached to the DA and aims to conserve the country's carabao population. 3. POLICIES AND GUIDELINES Transgenic plants that are now being used in other countries have undergone strict laboratory and field tests to prove that they are safe for humans and the environment. In the United States, for example, transgenic plants are evaluated by three regulatory agencies-the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In the Philippines, researches on transgenic plants are regulated by the National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP), which was created in 1990 through Executive Order 430. NCBP formulates policies and guidelines on activities involving genetic engineering and the research, Page 8 of 10  STS 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education Prepared by: Prince Solmer G. Sabusap and China Shayne M. Andaya P production, and distribution of GMOS. It is a multisectoral body composed of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Department of Agriculture (DA), Department of Health (DOH), and Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). In 2002, DA issued Administrative Order No. 8 or the "Rules and Regulations on Importation and Release into the Environment of Plants and Plant Products Derived from the Use of Genetic Engineering." The Philippines is one of the signatories to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, an international agreement on biosafety as a supplement to the Convention on Biological Diversity effective since 2003. The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by GMOs, such as possible extinction of species, by providing guidelines in the distribution, handling, and use of GMOs. The guidelines ensure the safety of the public and the environment before granting permission for research in this field. Activity - Discussion Questions: 1. What is biodiversity, and why is it essential for maintaining a healthy society? How does the loss of biodiversity directly impact human health? 2. Explain the differences between species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecological diversity. Provide examples of each. 3. What are some ways biotechnology is used to solve problems related to food security, health, and the environment? 4. What are the main ethical concerns associated with the use of GMOs in agriculture and medicine? 5. Why is it essential for countries like the Philippines to adopt and implement Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, especially as a biodiversity hotspot? 6. How has your understanding of biodiversity and biotechnology changed after completing this module? 7. In your opinion, what is the most critical issue related to biodiversity that our society needs to address, and why? Learning Tasks: 1. Individual Activity: Searching Endemic plants and animals in the Philippines (each student will search endemic animals and plants in the Philippines and provide the following information below) a. Picture b. Description c. Ecological importance of the species 2. Individual Seatwork: Designing own GMO product (each student will design/ draw own (1) GMO with desirable characteristics that could be of great help to the society and share it in the class) 3. Pen and Paper Quiz: (15 pts.) References: Alata, E.J., et.al. (2021). A Course Module for Science, Technology, and Society. Manila: REX Book Store. Aldea, K. (2022). Science, Technology, and Society. Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. Page 9 of 10  STS 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, & SOCIETY College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education Prepared by: Prince Solmer G. Sabusap and China Shayne M. Andaya P Casas, J.M., et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc. Magalona, Ethel. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Intramuros, Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc. McNamara, DJ. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc. Tabotabo, C.V. , et.al. (2023). Science, Technology, and Society. Intramuros, Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc. Page 10 of 10