SSED 123 PDF: Human Social Organizations

HUMAN RACE Sunday, April 13, 2025 8:59 PM Emergence of Civilization and Civilized Man civilization is etymologically derived from the Latin word civicas which translates to city A civilization at least resembling a city may be taken as a permanent settlement of people having an organized w...

HUMAN RACE Sunday, April 13, 2025 8:59 PM Emergence of Civilization and Civilized Man civilization is etymologically derived from the Latin word civicas which translates to city A civilization at least resembling a city may be taken as a permanent settlement of people having an organized way of life through its established social institutions. Before the dawn of civilization, people roamed the face of the earth. They are called Nomads or Wanderers because they were in constant move searching for food and resources. (hunters and gatherers) emergence of civilization began at the point in time when people permanently settled down and sustained themselves by planting crops and domesticating plants and animals. Rivers - ideal locations because of the following: Fertile soil, Provisions, Transport system, Trading channel, Sanitation 1. Fertile soil. Rivers wash and deposit Minerals to the soil making it a fertile ground for cultivation suitable for agriculture. 2. Provisions. The river is a source of fresh drinkable water, irrigation for crops, and food such as fishes. 3. Transport system. People get from one place to another by river transportation such as rafts or boats which is faster compared to walking especially if one has to travel with a heavy payload. 4. Trading channel. Rivers extend out to the open sea which allows foreigners from other distant places to establish contact and trade with the local people. 5. Sanitation. People depend on rivers for bathing, washing, and cleaning. A society is a geographical territory wherein people interact and share a culture. It is the totality of social organizations and social relationships. A civilized man is one who is raised by civilization with his fellow men and has acquired its social and cultural settings Civilizations decline or perish because civilizations fail to adapt to the changing times and environment brought about by situational challenges such as wars, famine, epidemics, natural calamities and disasters. According to Arnold Toynbee: Each of these historical entities, through its physical and historical environment and through its inner development, is faced with problems of which it must stand the test. Civilizations arise by the response of creative individuals to challenges presented by situations of special difficulty. Progress in civilization consists in meeting difficulties by responding in creative ways that are internal and spiritual rather than external and material. New Section 1 Page 1  SOCIAL DIMENSION OF MAN Sunday, April 13, 2025 9:17 PM Social Organization and Social System We have to consider the society as a whole, live by its norms for the betterment of the whole community. This is where my concept of discipline on the sidewalks was put to good use. — Bayani F. Fernando Mayor of Marikina City from 1992-2001...little doubt that a society with communitarian values, where the interests of society take precedence over that of the individual, suits them better. — Lee Kuan Yew Prime Minister of Singapore from 1959-2004 For success to continue, correct economic policies alone are not enough. Equally important are the noneconomic factors — a sense of community and nationhood, a disciplined and hardworking people, strong moral values and family ties. The type of society determines how we perform. — Goh Chok Tong Prime Minister of Singapore from 2004-2011 It was the English literary writer John Donne (1572-1631) who popularized the saying “no man is an island” taken from his literary work Meditation XVII. Devotions upon Emergent Occasions. Man is a gregarious animal who associates with his fellow men which makes him a social being. This gregariousness or sociability is seen in social groups that he forms, joins, and participates in. SOCIETY Society is the totality of social organization which includes the social structure and social system 1. Social Organization. It refers to a stable pattern of relationships brought about by social processes that bring order and meaning into social life. The following characterizes social organizations: 1.1 Structured. There is recurrent interrelation of the usual activities which are governed by a value system and a normative system that is geared towards a repeated function. 1.2 Patterned. There exists a system of rules and regulations that are reinforced by a sanction system. 1.3. Arranged. There can be observed various ordered activities and different kinds of repeated behavior according to assigned or assumed status and role. 2. Social Structure. It refers to the stable pattern or configuration of social relationships and social interactions in society. 3. Social System. It refers to the interacting, interrelated, and interdependent components of society functioning within a stable network of social relationships forming a complex whole SOCIOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS OF SOCIETY Sociological perspectives pertain to how society is viewed and treated Sociological theories pay attention to existing social realities and attempts to formulate an explanation as to the cause and effect. Several principal theories in sociology can be considered to construct a model view of society. New Section 2 Page 2 Several principal theories in sociology can be considered to construct a model view of society. 1. Social Darwinism Perspective - Society is viewed at the macro-level. It is likened to a biological organism that evolves from simple to complex and continues adapting to changes through time. Theory - Societies make selections and adjustments leading to social change for adaptation purposes in order to improve social conditions, cope with social problems, and survive social crises. Examples Genocide, ethnic cleansing, eugenics, capital punishment, revolution. Weakness - Diverts from social explanations and discards socio-cultural factors. Proponents - Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner. Herbert Spencer - The law is not the survival of the “better” or the “stronger”... It is the survival of those which are constitutionally fittest to thrive under the conditions in which they are placed… 2. Structural-Functionalism Perspective - Society is viewed at the macro-level. It is likened to the human body formed by different interdependent parts with different coordinated functions that are integrated into a whole system. Theory - Organization and stability in society is determined by harmonious social functions in the social structure. Changing social roles, linkages, and social institutions affects parts of society and disrupts the social system. Examples - Caste system, commune system, feudal - system Weakness - Conservative view and undermines role of conflict, and places emphasis on maintaining the status quo in the social order. Proponents - Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, Talcott Parsons, Robert Merton American sociologist, Robert Merton distinguishes three functions in the social structure: 1. Manifest Functions. These are consequences of social structure both recognized and intended. 2. Latent Functions. These are unrecognized and unintended consequences of social structure. 3. Dysfunctions. These are undesirable or negative effects in the social system 3. Conflict Theory Perspective - Society is viewed at the macro level. It is likened to a tug-of-war between two opposing forces which represent a major social force in shifting social outcomes. Theory - Economic determinism or economic factors determine the course of social change which also accounts for social class conflict in a struggle towards control of economic resources that brings about social changes. Examples War, competition, subordination, exploitation, _ coercion, domination, oppression, etc. Weakness - Overlook shared values and mutual interdependence in unifying members of society and pursuing common goals and aspirations. Proponent - Karl Marx, Max Weber, William Edward Burghardt Du Bois. German sociologist Karl Marx, principal proponent of Conflict Theory observed. The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, New Section 2 Page 3 existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another… 4. Symbolic Interactionism Perspective - Society is viewed at the micro-level. It is likened to a stage play whereby the speech and actions of actors suggest meaning which is interpreted by other actors who respond accordingly resulting in interaction. Theory - People derive meaning from symbols attached in interactions which in turn determines their course of action or reaction. Meaning is modified and situations are defined base on how they interpret those ascribed symbols. Examples - Love, parenthood, handshake, smile, diamond, money. Weakness - Subjective view and tends to overlook cultural context and other social factors such as race, gender, and social class when meaning is derived from perceived and interpreted symbols. Proponents - George Herbert Mead, Herbert Blumer, Charles Cooley, Erving Goffman American sociologist, Herbert Blumer coined the term “symbolic interactionism", and from his perspective:...the social action of people is treated as an outward flow or expression of forces playing on them rather than as acts which are built up by people through their interpretation of the situation in which they are placed. 5. Exchange Theory Perspective - Society is viewed at the microlevel. It is likened to a market place where buyers and sellers transact based on mutual agreements, interests, cost, and benefits. Social life is a life-long dealing of reciprocal gives and takes of mutual expectations. Theory - Social relationships form and continue insofar as it is rewarding, and dissolves when it is no longer mutually beneficial or satisfying. Examples - Husband-wife, teacher-student, employer-employee, landlord-tenant, entrepreneur-client. Weakness - Limited to dyadic relationships focused on self interest and rationalized social interactions Proponents - George Homans, Peter Blau, Richard Emerson. Put in the words of American sociologist George C. Homans, principal proponent of Exchange Theory:...social action is an exchange of tangible or intangible activities and rewards/costs between individuals on the grounds that people have always explained their conduct by means of its benefits and costs to them. Human Social Organization and Social System American sociologist, Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) developed a general analytic model (AGIL) suitable for analyzing all types of collectivities which, represents four basic functions that all social systems must perform in order to maintain stable social life in relation to both external environment and internal organization The four basic functions are: 1. Adaptation. The acquisition of sufficient resources to sustain the functioning of the system. Examples: business firms, capital investments, etc. 2. Goal Attainment. The setting of objectives and the capability of pursuing and achieving end-results. New Section 2 Page 4 2. Goal Attainment. The setting of objectives and the capability of pursuing and achieving end-results. Examples: government agencies, banks, etc. 3. Integration. The maintenance of solidarity and coordination among the subunits of the system. Examples: political parties, law enforcement agencies, etc. 4. Latency. The preservation and transmission of the system’s distinctive culture. Examples: cultural heritage museums, educational organizations, etc. SOCIAL GROUP The smallest unit of social organization is the social group. It is composed of two or more person interacting and associating with each other who share commonalities and integrated cultures. Characteristics of a Social Group at least a dyad or at least two members sense of belongingness and purpose reciprocal relationships through status and role consciously and recurrently interact and engage in an activity adhere to an integrated and shared culture Classifications of Social Groups I. Based on Organization 1. Formal Group - intentionally formed and planned 2. Informal Group - unplanned and spontaneously established Il. Based on Membership 1. Open Group - open for everyone to join and participate (Online gaming groups, fan clubs, public forums, etc.) 2. Closed Group - exclusive to a selected number of persons either by quota or qualification (Exclusive school for girls, political party, online closed-group) III. Based on Structure 1. Primary Group - level of intimate relationships. American sociologist Charles H. Cooley (1864-1929) introduced and described this type of group in 1909. 2. Secondary Group - engages in transactional relationships IV. Based on Association and Orientation Ferdinand Tonnies (1855-1936) distinguished two types of social groups which he introduced in 1887 as: 1. Gemeinschaft - means community; associates itself with community ties and community life; homogenous culture. Revolves around large interacting kinship groups and neighbors who live and work together in community interest. Ex; tribal groups, farming, hunting, fishing villages. 2. Gessellschaft - means society; associates. itself with societal ties and societal life.; heterogenous culture in which individualism prevail over communitarianism and social contact and interaction is only but superficial and transitory. Ex; city, metropolis, public, civil society, etc. V. Based on Purpose 1. Interest Group - purpose of protecting and promoting their trade, interests, and well-being of its members. Ex; Guilds, art clubs, labor unions, professional associations, consumer groups, etc. 2. Pressure Group - private sector of society that are formed for the purpose of influencing the course of public opinion and public policies. Ex; lobby groups, militant groups, advocacy groups, etc. New Section 2 Page 5 public opinion and public policies. Ex; lobby groups, militant groups, advocacy groups, etc. 3. Task Group - assembled with assigned roles following a chain of command for the purpose of completing a task. Ex; steering committee, production team, sports team, orchestra, etc. VI. Based on Perspective - perception formed in the mind in such that the classifications are made insofar as it exists in the mind. 1. In-Group - members identify with a sense of loyalty, solidarity, and camaraderie. Non-members of the group are considered “outsiders’, “the others’, or “strangers”. 2. Out-Group - one does not belong and perceived to be differently apart such that out-groups are perceived with either oddity, indifference, or aversion; William G. Sumner introduced it on 1906. 3. Minority Group - less dominant in terms of group size, status, presence, or degree of influence. 4. Reference Group - one is not necessarily a member of but serves as a comparative basis for self- evaluation to which one relates and attributes to as a representation of one’s identity and status with an orientation towards its subculture. Ex; Goths, rockers, hip-hop, socialites, geeks, etc. Herbert H. Hyman (1918-1985) introduced the concept of a reference group in 1942. Group Formation and Dynamics Group Formation - formed because individuals are only able to meet certain needs whether physical, emotional, psychological, material, etc. with the help of others in similar situations. Several theories explain group formation: 1. Propinquity - Individuals who share confined limits of territory or are in close proximity with each other tend to associate and interact with one another. 2. Reciprocity - Individuals organize themselves into groups for mutual benefits in the pursuit of goals, accomplishment of tasks, and attainment of satisfaction or rewards. 3. Social Cohesion - People who share the same attitudes, ideas, and interests tend to be drawn towards another that results in a chain of interaction thereby unwittingly forming a group. 4. Social Categorization - people who belong to the same social class or category such as in the category of the rich or poor, male or female, freshmen or old students, etc. 5. Emergent Situation - The demands and urgencies of a situation or sudden developments of events instinctively call on individuals to group and pool their resources and efforts as in the case of emergencies, disasters, etc. Professor of Educational Psychology, Dr. Bruce W. Tuckman of Ohio State University in the United States published “Tuckman's Stages of Group Development". The stages are enumerated as follows: 1. Forming- an initial meeting of members. The stage is complete once the individuals acquire and accept a sense of membership being a part of the group. 2. Storming - an attempt to resolve differences among group members who have reservations or disagreements with the rest. The stage is complete once a compromise and consensus is arrived at. 3. Norming - an attempt to demonstrate group cohesiveness through structuring relationships among its members. The stage is complete once the group structure becomes concretely established and the members have assimilated a common set of expectations defining behavior. 4. Performing - an attempt to deal with the task at hand as members get down to work with their respective assigned roles and carry out their function. The stage is complete once the goals are realized. 5. Adjourning - an attempt to decide whether to disband or reorganize the group for a new purpose, setting the stages all over again. Group Dynamics - changes developing in a group as a result of the social processes and activities occurring in a group; a division of social psychology looks into how groups form, develop structure, carry out its functions, and the changes that occur along processes. The study of this is useful in determining the strengths and weaknesses of a group. New Section 2 Page 6 strengths and weaknesses of a group. Kurt C. Lewin - founded the Research Center for Group Dynamics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1945 popularized the term group dynamics Several factors influence group dynamics as enumerated in the following: 1. Constitution of Members - profile of its members in terms of their age, sex, status, role, and personalities The membership constitution of a group would determine the structure or relationships that would be formed and how the group is organized. 2. Group Size - total number of members that constitute a group. The interaction of members in a group is affected by its group size The larger the group, the more channels of communication and interaction emerge which require systematic coordination along with established standard operating procedures and so a large group becomes more rigid and formal in structure Loafing is the tendency of individuals to lessen their effort when they are part of a group and reduce it further as the group size increases thereby resulting in less group productivity, less motivation, less coordination, and less cohesion. also known as the Ringelmann Effect (Maximilien Ringelmann) 1. A member's perception that the other members are working less compared to his efforts which gives him the excuse to reduce his own efforts. 2. A member's opinion that reducing his own efforts would have insignificant effect on the outcome. 3. A member's dislike for plenty or hard work. 4. A member's assumption that his lack of hard work would not be: noticed since the efforts of other members would cover it up 3. Group Goals - objectives or purposes of the group as to what it intends to accomplish and targets to achieve 4. Group Motivation - agenda or motives of members in joining the group which may pertain to their needs, interests, noble intentions or whatever it may be that keeps them going with their work and responsibilities. Members who are highly motivated perform tasks efficiently and increase group productivity. Incentive is a way to develop motivation such as recognition, reward, promotion, etc. 5. Group Norms - rules and regulations, code of conduct, protocol, and standard operating procedures that are in effect for members to follow. 6. Group Cohesion - degree of attachment that members have towards their group as to the extent of their involvement or participation, loyalty, and sense of unity Members who have lesser degree of attachment do not get along well for each other and ineffectively perform together so having a strong sense of bonding not only keeps the group intact but also keeps it running as to the way it is supposed to function like greased parts in a machine. Human Clusters 1. Aggregate - non-interacting people who have no other connection to one another who just happens to be found together at the same place at the same time. Ex: Passengers on a bus ride, pedestrians crossing the streets, shoppers in a mall, etc. 2. Social Category - non-interacting people who possess identifiable common characteristics or features as basis for their categorization. Ex: People categorized according to sex, civil status, economic status, religion, occupation, etc. 3. Collectivity - short-term and transitory basis of association and interaction with one another that unlike social groups do not adhere to an integrated and shared culture. The different forms of collectivities are: 3.1 Crowd - spontaneously drawn together at a converging point where the inviting stimulus or attraction is situated. Ex: Individuals making their way to get a live close-up glimpse of a celebrity figure 3.2 Audience - gathered together at predetermined time and place where they behave and react passively in accordance to the norms of the situation and place. Example: Individuals attending concerts, conventions, etc. New Section 2 Page 7 etc. 3.3 The Masses - widely dispersed cluster of contrasting individuals in all social strata that are responding independently in different ways to something they are similarly attentive to. Ex: Individuals from their respective homes, work places, and vehicles listening to FM radio music. 3.4 The Public - dispersed cluster of individuals who are only drawn together towards an interest that concerns them or issue that affects them. The public dissolves with the loss of interest or with the passage of the issue. Ex: Individuals riding on a political scandal Concept and Classifications of Community Concept of Community Community refers to a network of social groups that connect, collaborate, and interrelate in an organized way of sharing common resources (territory or land, sources of water and food, sources of energy, sources of livelihood, etc.)and culture. Classifications of Community 1. Locality-based Communities- found in localized territories 1.1 The State - living in a definite territory and possessing an independent government of their own. A community of States in the world is referred to as the international community. 1.2 Rural Community - sparse community with a homogenous culture; localized outside the city area where social, cultural, and economic development and progress is relatively slow and less dynamic. 1.3 Urban Community - highly dense community with a heterogeneous culture that is localized in the city area where social, cultural, and economic development is relatively rapid and dynamic 2. Virtual Communities - all online groups of Internet users called netizens who share the resources of the internet and collaborate and interact through online network channels with a common culture called cyberculture. 3. Associational-based Communities - These are communities of social categories to which its members identify with, or social organizations that they are affiliated with. Ex; Boxing community, scientific community, business community, etc. Community Development and Rural Problems Community development - strategic intervention and process of empowering and sustaining the community; a collective process that works at the grassroots level through local groups and organizations rather with individuals or families Fundamental to community development are the following considerations: 1. Building and reinforcing relationships among members of a community. 2. Motivating and mobilizing people for active involvement and participation throughout the entire decision- making, planning, and implementing process. 3. Formulation of easy, practical, and sustainable programs and projects to stimulate and facilitate development. 4. Orientation for awareness and understanding, and training people for empowerment and self-reliance and being able to do the same to others. 5. Establishing linkages and cooperation with stakeholder organizations. The problems encountered in rural provinces especially in the far-flung interior areas are usually economic- related in nature due to the sluggish rural economy. New Section 2 Page 8 related in nature due to the sluggish rural economy. Asian Development Bank 2004 key indicators show that poverty incidence in the rural areas is 47.4% compared to 20.4% in the urban areas. Some of these common problems at least in the Philippine situation are high poverty incidence, low educational attainment, low levels of income, and inadequate public infrastructures and services such as roads, bridges, transportation, schools, hospitals, healthcare services, water and electricity supply, etc. agrarian problem of poor landless farmers - biggest problem and issue in the rural provinces Republic Act No. 6657 or Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) was signed into law by President Corazon C. Aquino on June 10, 1988 with a 10-year duration of implementing its targets. Upon the expiration of CARL, Republic Act No. 9700 referred to as Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension and Reform (CARPER) was signed into law by President Gloria M. Arroyo on August 9, 2009 extending the duration of the amended CARL until 2014. The National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) had identified the primary causes for the slow and protracted pace of CARP implementation as follows: 1. Inadequate Funding - lack of sustainable sources of financing resulting in shortfalls in the budget for land acquisition and financing for support infrastructures and services 2. Landowner Resistance - Landowner's resistance unduly delays the processing of lands to be acquired and distributed by the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR). 3. Problematic Lands - Lands without documentation further aggravates the problem in resolving land ownership claims and legitimizing land transfer. 4. Unstable Peace and Order - The incidence of conflict in some areas had slowed down the implementation of the program. 5. Missing Adjudication Boards - failure to install adjudication boards in some places resulted in many pending cases of landowner counterclaims, questions of technicalities, and pending applications for retention, exemption or conversions. Urbanization and Urbanity Urbanization - all the processes contributing to city development whereby demographic and ecological changes occur. The trend towards urbanization and its rapid process was triggered by the Industrial Revolution that started in England. Industrial Revolution - The transition from agrarian farming to industrial manufacturing, from cottage production to factory production, and from slow laborious handmade processing to machine processing of raw materials into finished products. Republic Act No. 7160 also known as The Local Government Code of 1991 classifies cities in the Philippines into three categories upon meeting the requirements prescribed accordingly: 1. Highly Urbanized Cities - minimum population of 200, 000 inhabitants with the latest annual income of at least fifty million pesos (P50,000,000.00) New Section 2 Page 9 2. Independent Chartered Cities - charters prohibit their voters from voting for provincial elective officials, Independent component cities are independent of the province but are subject to the direct general supervision of the national government through the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). 3. Component Cities - Cities which do not meet the prescribed requirements of the law Out of the 122 cities in the Philippines, 84 are classified as component cities and five (5) cities are independent component cities, and 33 cities are classified as highly urbanized cities. New definition of urban areas for official adoption by all concerned requires either one of the following to qualify according to National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) Executive Board through NSCB Board Resolution No. 9 series of 2003 approved on October 13, 2003: 1. A barangay with a population size of 5,000 or more 2. A barangay with at least one establishment with a minimum of 100 employees. 3. A barangay with 5 or more establishments with a minimum of 10 employees; and 5 or more facilities within the two-kilometer radius from the barangay hall. 4. All barangays in the National Capital Region are automatically classified as urban. Philippine urban setting - "melting pot" of different cultures with extremely contrasting ends brought about by the wide gap between the rich and the poor. Urbanity - Latin word urbanitas that translates to elegance and refinement - urbanity would mean the acquisition of good taste through civil or refined ways and manner of public conduct and behavior that is desirable and expected of people in a city. Urban Ecological Processes 1. Concentration - tight clustering of human settlements or establishments towards a center 2. Dispersion - outward spread of human settlements or establishments away from areas of congestion; residing in a quiet residential neighborhood or Village subdivision within a few minutes away from the city center 3. Centralization - clustering of human settlements or establishments of similar nature or pursuing similar form of activities such as in the case of Quezon City where computer establishments can be found along Gilmore, restaurant bars in Timog area. 4. Segregation - clustering of human settlements exclusively by different social categories such as the Filipino-Chinese community in Binondo district, the Muslim community in Quiapo district 5. Gradation - hierarchical pattern of human settlements or establishments proceeding in contrasting scale such as residential houses with highest land value to lowest land value 6. Invasion - entry of new types of human settlements or establishments in the place already occupied by another type such as farming settlement areas infiltrated by commercial real estate developers 7. Succession - total replacement and eventually disappearance of old types of human settlements or establishments by those of new types such as residential houses replaced with commercial establishments. 8. Conglomeration - coalescence of adjoining urban areas into a compact geographical cluster around a dominant city such as that of Metro Manila, ' Metro Cebu, Metro Davao, etc New Section 2 Page 10 dominant city such as that of Metro Manila, ' Metro Cebu, Metro Davao, etc Urban Problems and Urban Planning Urban Problems Congestion - results in increased pollution and is also a factor for the effective and fast spread of communicable diseases especially those airborne in nature informal settlers and as paupers, or desperately resort to a life of prostitution or crime by preying on the property of others - Migrants from the rural areas who could not meet the high cost of living or could not find employment and housing in the city could not return to the rural province where they came from, either because they had property sold and none left or still mortgaged, or simply avoiding the shame for ending up a failure in the city in the face of family, relatives, friends, and neighbors Legislating laws is one way of dealing with urban chaos and problems.. On the other hand, proper and effective planning also matters. As Dr. Daniel Gilbert, Professor of Social Psychology at Harvard University remarked: The greatest achievement of the human brain is its ability to imagine objects and episodes that do not exist in the realm of the real, and it is this ability that allows us to think about the future. The human brain is an “anticipation machine” and “making the future” is the most important thing it does. Urban Planning - deliberate set of interventions in the city landscape and environment aimed at directing and regulating land use and activities therewith in order to produce desired outcomes in line with the policy and objectives of the local government. classic example of urban planning - Spanish reduccion in the Philippines.t was a resettlement plan intended to encourage the natives to reside near the church and in the process facilitate their religious conversion. Filipino architect and urban planner Felino A. Palafox Jr. came out with a World Bank-funded Metro Manila Transport, Land Use and Development Planning Project (MMetroplan) that aimed to protect Metro Manila from future flood disasters in 1977. American architect and urban planner Daniel H. Burnham (1846-1912) envisioned a Manila modeled after the French city of Pant’ and the Italian city of Venice where the Pasig River and Manila's esteros or estuaries canals, and creeks were seen as important and integral geographical features incorporated in the plan in 1905. 5 P's to consider in Urban Planning 1. Population - it tell planners what dedicated infrastructures and services are needed for particular classes of people living and/or going to the place 2. Place - geological, topographical, and geographical features of the place serve as the canvass of the artist- planner to carve up plans for the use of spaces and its zoning allocation that will stimulate or stifle development. 3. Present - present situation calls for how conditions can be rectified or improved in ways providing accessibility, mobility, safety, ease, comfort, and enjoyment to people thriving in the city 4. Participation - consultation, cooperation and coordination with all stakeholders in the city that will initiate and facilitate the formulation and implementation of the plan with a strong will. 5. Plan - attempt to devise a strategic and workable model for the future by controlling the present, and New Section 2 Page 11 5. Plan - attempt to devise a strategic and workable model for the future by controlling the present, and anticipating contingencies through regulations, reservations, and remedies New Section 2 Page 12  Cont. Chapter V Saturday, April 19, 2025 3:08 PM Social Structure and Processes Social structure is the stable pattern or configuration of social relationships, connections, or bonds formed out of social processes in society. Components of Social Structure 1. Social Function - results or outcomes of actions and activities in relation to the social structure 2. Social Relationship - bonds or connections between and among individuals and groups that are forged or established out of social interaction and other social processes and activities. 3. Social Interaction - language mediated process of reciprocal responses or reactions occurring between individuals. The types of social interaction prevailing in society may be enumerated as follows: 3.1 Cooperation - Individuals or groups agree and act together to promote and attain common interests and goals. Four types of cooperation may be mentioned as follows: 3.1.1 Spontaneous - Individuals or groups provide mutual aid as a matter of necessary response as the need or situation arises. 3.1.2 Traditional - Individuals or groups cooperate as a matter of customary practice and behavior as demanded by social norms. 3.1.3 Directed - Individuals or groups cooperate as directed by a third party in authority. 3.1.4 Contractual - individuals or groups expressly and formally agree to cooperate in specific ways. 3.2 Competition - Two or more individuals or groups in opposing interaction towards attaining similar interests or goals. 3.3. Conflict - Individuals or groups are in antagonistic or hostile interaction due to differences or disagreements. It should not be viewed on entirely negative functions since conflict can tend to unite Individuals struggle for a cause and promote social change. The types of conflict may be enumerated as follows: 3.3.1. Collision - It is a violent type of conflict directed towards inflicting damage or injury for the purpose of neutralizing or eliminating each other, Examples: War, assassination, riot, etc. 3.3.2. Confrontation - An altercation or quarrel between individuals or groups of different and contradicting point of views leading to disagreements, Examples. Contradictory political ideologies, protest rally, family feud, etc. 3.3.3. Contravention - Parties to a conflict attempt to obstruct or prevent each other from succeeding regardless of both of them failing, Examples: Harassment, sabotage, destabilization, etc. 3.3.4. Litigation - Parties to a conflict take recourse to the courts of law with the aim of convincing the court to render and enforce decisions in their favor regarding their disputed claims. 3.4 Accommodation - Arrangements made between individuals or groups in an effort to diffuse, suspend, or lessen conflict. The types of accommodation may be enumerated as follows: 3.4.1. Toleration - Allowing each other to go on with, their differences without minding each other and without getting into each other's way. 3.4.2. Compromise - A win-win situation favorable to both parties which entail negotiating for concessions or giving up some in exchange for some in order to find something acceptable half-way between. New Section 3 Page 13 or giving up some in exchange for some in order to find something acceptable half-way between. 3.4.3. Truce - The temporary cessation of hostilities until such time that both parties come to an agreement. 3.4.4. Mediation - A neutral third party is allowed to intervene and facilitate conciliation between parties to the conflict. 3.4.5. Arbitration - Parties to a conflict are made to submit to the settlement of disputes by an authorized third party. 3.4.6. Domination - One of the parties to the conflict decides and agrees to yield or surrender to the dominance of the other. 3.5. Coercion - Individuals or groups are compelled or forced to act against their will as in the case of blackmail, grave threat, intimidation, etc. Coercion should not however be viewed as an entirely negative function since it can prove to be an effective social control. Examples: (1) Compelling people to comply with laws out of instilling public fear of penalty. (2) Forcing a country to cease from its violations by threat of economic sanctions. (3) Obliging a child to obey parents by stirring frightening consequences. 3.6 Exchange - Interaction that is based on reciprocity occurring between individuals in a purposeful effort or motive to receive rewards or benefits. Example: Employee renders work to in exchange for salary while employer gives salary in exchange for work. Social Stratification and Social Mobility Components of Social Stratification Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangements of social statuses, social roles, and social functions within the framework of the social structure. The components that partake in the social stratification system are: 1. Social Status - the social standing or position that-a member occupies in the social structure. There are two types of social status based on how it is attained: 1.1 Ascribed Status - Social status that is effortlessly assumed by an individual as a matter of rightful inheritance or designation upon birth. Examples: (1) Being born a male. (2) The son of parents belonging to a family of aristocracy or nobility is also an aristocrat or noble. (3) The daughter of wealthy parents is heiress to the family wealth 1.2 Achieved Status - Social status that is merited by an individual through effort as a matter of choice. Examples: (1) Being promoted in a company for commendable job performance. (2) Accumulating wealth through hard-earned work. (3) Becoming an architect by passing the licensure exam through study efforts. 2. Social Class - particular social status group distinguished by its customary modes of behavior or lifestyle. Social class may be based on one of the following: 1. Economic - stratified according to possession of wealth or extent of control over economic resources. 2. Education - stratified according to highest educational attainment or academic standing and background qualifications. 3. Occupation - stratified according to rank or prestige of work practice in terms of authority and extent of influence. New Section 3 Page 14 3. Social Role - expected behavior that is attached to a particular social status that one is supposed to carry out or perform in the social structure The expected behavior attached to a social role constitutes the following: 1. Rights - Something that is due to a person as a matter of just possession. Its compulsory entitlement is duty-bound. It is a requirement expected in the performance of an obligation. 2. Duties - It is the mandatory or obligatory performance of an assignment or task as expected of one’ social role. 3. Privileges - The enjoyment of an advantage or benefit received from having something. Privileges are given on a selective and optional basis which can be forfeited or revoked Social Mobility - movement of individuals or groups in the direction of the hierarchies of social statuses in the social stratification. It is caused by the changing social status and social roles of individuals. The rate of movement exerts social pressures due to new adjustments. 2 types of social mobility base on the direction of hierarchies in the social stratification: 1. Horizontal Mobility - direction of movement in the direction of the hierarchies of social statuses in the social stratification happens along the same social class 2. Vertical Mobility - direction of movement in the direction of the hierarchies of social statuses in the social stratification happens along the different levels of social classes. 2 Types of Social Stratification 1. Class System - an open type of social stratification based on free social mobility whereby anyone has equal opportunities with the rest in society to move along ranks of the social strata. 2. Caste System - closed type of rigid social stratification based on ascribed and permanently fixed social status of individuals restricting social mobility and maintaining their place in society. Socialization Socialization is the process and outcome of integration to society through association, social interaction, and social activities. Socialization has two dimensions: the individual acting on society, and the other one is society acting on the individual. Both dimensions entail the following functions: 1. Personality and Role Development - develop our sense of identity and sense of belongingness relative to our association with and perception of other people. 2. Skills Development and Training - needed social skills such as communication skills, interpersonal relationship skills, and occupational skills are developed through the process of socialization 3. Values Formation - individuals are influenced or engulfed by the prevailing values of social groups and society which serve as his mirror 4. Social Integration and Adjustment - allows us to fit-in an organized way of life by being accustomed not only to the social setting but including the cultural setting 5. Social Control and Stability - Integration to society binds individuals to the control mechanisms set forth New Section 3 Page 15 5. Social Control and Stability - Integration to society binds individuals to the control mechanisms set forth by society's norms with regards to acceptable social relationships and social behavior which results in social stability Agents of Socialization - various social groups or social institutions that play a significant role in introducing and integrating the individual as an accepted and functioning member of society. We may mention six of what might be considered as having significant good or bad influence in the individual: 1. School - often considered as the individual’s second home and the teachers as second parents for mentoring and training for future occupation 2. Peer Group - members see themselves in some considerable likeness wherein member regard and treat each other as equals; camaraderie; become a source of motivation for interests, attitude, and behavior 3. Church - members are united in their religion; religious formation and spiritual development; indoctrinated to its beliefs, religious norms, morals, and values. 4. Family - basic unit of society; miniature version of society at home and serves as the first and foremost agency that socializes the individual; nurturing the child until reaching independence; foundation of an individual’s knowledge, beliefs, values, morals, and norms. 5. Work Place - individuals socialize with a hierarchy of roles and statuses, develop work ethics, and become oriented to its standard operating procedures and protocols; allows for career growth and social mobility 6. Mass Media - institution of various information and entertainment agencies; influences public opinion and perception through information dissemination, advertising, and propaganda; informing, entertaining, and educating the masses. Collective Behavior - emergent, unstructured, and transitory behavior of a group of people. - falls under the study of social psychology and can be useful insight to other disciplines that need to understand the other dimension of group dynamics To wit, the behavior is characterized as: 1. Emergent - moment when the right circumstances or situations trigger the behavior; behavior is unintentionally planned nor deliberately organized. 2. Unstructured - behavior is not guided by prevailing social norms; does not follow any predefined rules or procedures, nor does it have predefined members and goals 3. Transitory - prevalence of the behavior depends on the volatility, ambiguity, or intensity of the existing situation Theories of Collective Behavior New Section 3 Page 16