Spanish Art Masters Glossary: 18th-20th Centuries PDF

GLOSSA RY: 1 8 TH -2 0 TH C E N TU R I ES SPANISH ART MASTERS IN THE MUSEUMS OF MADRID INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL 2023-24  INDEX GLOSSARY ____________________________________________ 3 Glossa...

GLOSSA RY: 1 8 TH -2 0 TH C E N TU R I ES SPANISH ART MASTERS IN THE MUSEUMS OF MADRID INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL 2023-24  INDEX GLOSSARY ____________________________________________ 3 Glossary: 18th-20th Centuries GLOSSARY Intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe, especially Western Europe, in the 17th and 18th centuries, with global influences and effects. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on the Enlightenment value of human happiness, the pursuit of knowledge obtained by means of reason and the evidence of the senses, and ideals such as natural law, liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state. There are two different meanings for this term: a) “Academies of the arts”: educational institutions in which artistic techniques and principles were taught in accordance with the prevailing rules of aesthetics and taste (i.e., Académie de peinture et de sculpture in Paris, established by the monarchy in 1648; Real Academia de Académie Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid, founded 1744); b) “Academic societies”: institutions formed by specialists in a given subject, with restricted access and a limited number of members, in order to generate, present and share knowledge, as well as to support the research and work of the academics themselves. A gathering of people held by an inspiring host, during which they amuse one another and increase their Salon knowledge through conversation. The salon was an Italian invention of the 16th century, but flourished in France from the 18th century on. Art History II Página 3 de 10 Glossary: 18th-20th Centuries A style in art of the early 18th century identified with the reign in France of Louis XV, characterized by the Rococo elaborate and profuse ornamentation, asymmetrical forms, motifs imitating rockwork, scrolls, shells, plants and ribbons. (From French roc). Style of art and architecture that spread through Europe from the 18th century to the early 19th century. It was inspired in the ancient Greece and Rome classical art*, as a reaction against the Rococo style*, following the classical principles of order and symmetry; it is Neoclassicism characterized by an inclination for the linear and for the mythological topics. Artists associated with this style were the Italian sculptor A. Canova (1757-1822) and the French painter J.L. David (1784-1825). In Spain it is represented by Juan de Villanueva (Museo del Prado) Beauty, together with art and taste, is the main subject of aesthetics. Until the 18th century, the notion of Beauty/ “beautiful” was categorized as one of the main aesthetic Beautiful properties besides other properties, like grace or elegance. As a positive aesthetic value, beauty is contrasted with ugliness as its negative counterpart. In aesthetics, it is the quality of greatness, whether physical, moral, intellectual, metaphysical, aesthetic, spiritual, or artistic. The term especially refers to a Sublime greatness beyond all possibility of calculation, measurement, or imitation. It emerged as a new aesthetic category during the 18th century as an alternative to the “beautiful” experience, and became Art History II Página 4 de 10 Glossary: 18th-20th Centuries one the most important concepts in Romantics aesthetics and theory of art. Aesthetic category that arises in the 19th century for those visually pleasing subjects, usually taken from other Picturesque cultures because of its exotism, that make them suitable for a picture. Artistic and cultural movement, beginning at the end of the 18th century until the mid-19th century, born as a reaction to the neoclassicism and characterized by its nostalgia for the past, its tendency for spontaneity, Romanticism lyricism, individualism, the importance granted to feeling and imagination, color and movement. The German landscape painter C.D. Friedrich (1774-1840), the French E. Delacroix (1798-1863) and the English J.M.W. Turner (1775-1851) were some outstanding Romantic painters School of French painting that is characterised by the most realistic possible search for the reflection of Nature, mainly of the countryside surrounding the village of Barbizon school Barbizon, which functions as a reaction to the progressive industrialisation of the city of Paris. Its main representatives are Jean-François Millet, Camille Corot and Théodore Rousseay. Imitation or depiction of aspects of the Eastern world by writers, designers, and artists from the Western world. Orientalist painting, particularly of the Middle East, was Orientalism one of the many specialties of 19th-century academic art, and Western literature was influenced by a similar interest in Oriental themes. Art History II Página 5 de 10 Glossary: 18th-20th Centuries The objective depiction of reality –people, objects, scenes, etc. –without any idealization whatsoever. The Realism French painters H. Daumier (1808-1897) and G. Courbet (1819-1877), were leading artists of this aesthetic tendency. An art movement originated in France at the end of the XIXth century. The Impressionists sought to depict, through the vividness and proximity of nature plus the natural light of the open air, the impressions made by the subjects on the artist; in other words, to capture “the fleeting moment”. They would freely use odd colors and Impressionism a lighter palette. The name of this movement derives from a painting by Monet entitled Impression: Soleil levant (1872). Some leading members of this group were C. Pissarro (1830-1903), E. Degas (1834-1917), A. Sisley (1839-1899), C. Monet (1840-1926) and P. Renoir (1841-1919). Technique granting a great importance to light and its effects in a painting. It also refers to Sorolla’s style, Luminism derived from impressionism and characterized by the Mediterranean light that baths his landscape and genre paintings. The French term "avant-garde" comes from military parlance and refers to the infantry who occupied the front line. Also during the 19th century it was applied to Avant-garde revolutionaries who sought to change society in a profound way. In the case of art, it began to be applied to those artists and writers who sought to transform Art History II Página 6 de 10 Glossary: 18th-20th Centuries artistic creation and shed the shadow of academic norms, from the early 20th century (ca. 1905) onwards. Public declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of an artist or artistic movement. Manifestos are a standard feature of the various movements in the modernist avant-garde (futurism, surrealism, dadaism, etc.) and are still written today. Art manifestos are Art manifesto sometimes in their rhetoric intended for shock value, to achieve a revolutionary effect. They often address wider issues, such as the political system. Typical themes are the need for revolution, freedom (of expression) and the implied or overtly stated superiority of the writers over the status quo. Avant-garde movement (1908----), represented, among others, by painters Picasso, Braque and Gris, that wanted Cubism to represent the permanent, reduce nature to simple geometric volumes. The range of colours was narrowed, as the importance lay in form and volume. The first expression of cubism, with neutral, uniform tones and a great multiplicity of points of view that Analytical dissolve the figures. Volumes are dismantled into facets cubism in order to analyse them. Reality is viewed through a prism that breaks the object down into a thousand parts. (i.e., Picasso’s Portrait of Ambroise Vollard, 1910) The second expression of cubism, characterized by richer Synthetic colours and more figuration, within the decomposition cubism into facets characteristic of the movement, reduced to the essential (i.e., Juan Gris's Guitar and Mandolin, 1919). Art History II Página 7 de 10 Glossary: 18th-20th Centuries Term used to refer to Picasso's works made between 1903 and 1904, between Barcelona and Paris. The Blue Period personal and economic difficulties of these years were reflected in a palette dominated by different shades of blue, a color symbolically associated with sadness. Period in Picasso’s work from 1904 to 1906 that was characterised by a new sense of graceful, less stylised and more serene forms. The chromatic range is based Pink Period on pinks, oranges and other warm colours combined, sometimes, with light blues. From this period, we can highlight Family of Saltimbanques (1905). European art movement that followed the First World War, rejecting the extreme avant-garde art of the years up to 1918 and taking its inspiration from classical art Return to order instead. The movement was a reaction to the war. The return to order was associated with a revival of classicism and realistic painting. The Expressionist movement had different moments, manifestations and trends that developed from 1905 onwards, in two main directions: a) a first Expressionist tendency, born in Germany and developed around the group known as Die Brücke (The Expressionism Bridge: Ernst Kirchner, Emil Nolde…). Their main aim was to show inner anguish. They believed that art should not reflect the perfection of forms, but rather the artist's way of feeling, in which there was a profound criticism of the values of bourgeois society, European civilisation and the prevailing political and social structures. Art History II Página 8 de 10 Glossary: 18th-20th Centuries b) a second expressionist group, Der blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider, led by the Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky and more oriented towards abstract painting. A nonrepresentational art, i.e., an art where the forms, colors and lines do not reflect a conventional reality. It emerged around 1910 reaching its height during the Abstraction Twenties; the painters W. Kandinsky (1866-1944) and P. Mondrian (1872-1944) are regarded as two of the main abstract artists. Movement emerged in Zurich (ca. 1916) that sought an open attack on everything that implied order, highlighting the absurd and calling for the desacralisation of art. They Dadaism (or appealed to the incendiary anarchist motto that Dada destruction is also creation. The bourgeoisie will be the movement) focus of their critique; they made paintings with rubbish or provocative elements, such as The Fountain (1917), by Marcel Duchamp. Term coined by the Dadaist artist Marcel Duchamp, to refer to those mass-produced everyday objects taken out of their usual context and promoted to the status of Ready-made artworks by the mere choice of the artist. A performative act as much as a stylistic category, the readymade had far-reaching implications for what can legitimately be considered an object of art. Technique introduced by the cubism through the pasting of cut pieces of paper items on the canvas. Dadaists Collage extended their art to encompass items such as transportation tickets, maps, plastic wrappers, etc. to Art History II Página 9 de 10 Glossary: 18th-20th Centuries portray aspects of life, rather than representing objects viewed as still life. Avantgarde tendency that brought together the painters who sought to express the dreamlike and fantastic world of the subconscious mind, expressed through the creation of his own language or through the unusual association of objects. These experiences were encouraged by Surrealism Freud's theories on psychoanalysis. The movement did not have a formal unity, ranging from a very marked figuration to an almost cubist abstraction. René Magritte, Joan Miró and Salvador Dalí are the best representatives of this trend. Art History II Página 10 de 10