JET 2025 Syllabus PDF: Agriculture Entrance Exam

ANNEXURE-II Broad Outlines of Syllabus for JET 2025 Syllabus Objective of such type of Entrance Test is to select the best candidates; therefore, no syllabus can be prescribed, however, broad outlines are given as follows: AGRICULTURE Unit-A:...

ANNEXURE-II Broad Outlines of Syllabus for JET 2025 Syllabus Objective of such type of Entrance Test is to select the best candidates; therefore, no syllabus can be prescribed, however, broad outlines are given as follows: AGRICULTURE Unit-A: (15 Questions) Food production and its importance in the economy and nutritional security. History of Indian agriculture, branches, importance and scope. Weather and Climate - Definition, elements, effects on crops, general introduction to weather related equipment - Rain gauge, maximum minimum thermometer, dry and wet hygrometer, wind vane, and anemometer. Irrigation– Requirement, time and quantity, methods of irrigation. Concept of precision and pressure irrigation- drip and sprinkler irrigation. Weed - Definition, peculiarities, classification, harmful effect, extension, methods of multiplication, weed control (mechanical, chemical & biological), Arid Agriculture - Definition, importance & principle, Crop rotation - Definition, importance and principle. Soil- Definition, composition, structure, texture, soil water, air, soil temperature, soil porosity and factors affecting it. Saline, acidic and alkali soil and their management, soils of Rajasthan. Soil samplings and its methods. Introduction to soil pH and organic carbon. Nutrient fertilizer- Essential plant nutrients, importance and deficiency symptoms, importance of fertilizer, type (NPK) and methods of application. Irrigation - Importance of irrigation, sources of irrigation, water requirement of crops. Water drainage - Definition, need, importance, water logging, need of water conservation and methods (well, water recharge, water harvesting), Introduction to agriculture machinery- Definition and type of tillage, deshi plough, harrow, cultivator, combine harvester, seed cum fertilizer drill, planter, MB plough. Seed - Definition, type & quality of seed, seed production, seed dormancy. Role of Genetics and Plant breeding in self and cross-pollinated crops improvement, methods of breeding in field crops-introduction, Selection, Hybridization, Mutation. Agricultural Economics, Cooperative system in Agriculture, Crop insurance. Kisan Credit Cards. Marketing of Agricultural products (supply chain, retailing, wholesale), haats. Agronomy- Definition, importance and scope, soil fertility and productivity– Factor affect soil erosion & conservation. Crop production - Study of following crops under Rajasthan climate condition in following points: botanical name, family, importance, climate, soil, preparation of field, improved varieties, seed rate, seed treatment, time of sowing, sowing method, manure & fertilizers, irrigation, intercropping plant protection & harvesting, threshing, yield and post-harvest management: Cereal - Rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, wheat & barley. Pulses - Black gram, green gram, mothbean, gram, pegionpea, and cowpea. Oilseed - Mustard & rapeseed, groundnut, soybean, linseed and sunflower. Fodder - Lucerne and berseem, Cash crops- Sugarcane, potato, and cluster bean, Fiber crops- Cotton and sunhemp. Organic farming: Definition, importance, concept, history, present status and future scope of organic farming, contribution in national economy, important food products grown organically. Organic manure and their utility, farm yard manure. Bio-fertilizer - Type & methods of application. Biological control of insect & diseases. Preparation of bio-pesticides (plant based). General introduction to sustainable agriculture. P a g e 26 | Unit-B: (15 Questions) Importance and scope of fruit and vegetable crops, present position and future scope. Orchard management- Selection of site, planning, layout, pit filling, plantation, adverse weather condition- Frost, hot wind, hailstorm, drought, dust storm, heavy rainfall and their remedies. Unfruitfulness and their remedies. Alternate bearing in orchard and their solution. Application of plant growth regulators in orchards. Study of following important fruit crops with special reference to - Botanical name, family, importance, climate, soil, improved varieties, plant propagation, planting, manure & fertilizer, irrigation, weeding & hoeing, yield and plant protection of- Mango, citrus (orange mandarin and lime), banana, guava, pomegranate, papaya, grapes, aonla, ber, date palm, & bael. Vegetable - Classification of vegetable, on the basis of season and vegetable parts used, type of vegetable cultivation- Commercial & kitchen gardening. Nursery - Definition, importance, soil preparation and layout, sowing, transplanting, plant propagation- sexual and asexual. Vegetable cultivation - Botanical name, family, importance, climate, soil & field preparation, sowing, seed rate and treatment, improved varieties, manures & fertilizer, irrigation, weeding and hoeing, plant protection, yield - Tomato, brinjal, chilli, cauliflower, cabbage, pea, okra, carrot, radish, spinach, onion, garlic, round gourd, bitter guard, bottle guard, ridge guard, pumpkin. Ornamental gardening - Type of garden (formal and informal), private, public and school garden, Study of ornamental plant - trees, bush, climbers, and seasonal flower. Flower cultivation - Botanical name, importance, climate, soil, field preparation, plant propagation, improved varieties, planting, manure & fertilizer, care, picking & yield of rose, marigold, chrysanthemum and gladiolus. Spices - Cumin, coriander, fenugreek & fennel. Introduction and utility of medicinal plant - Safed musali, Guggal, sanay, isabgol, Ashwagandha. Mushroom- Its nutritional status and methods of production. Beekeeping and its importance, uses and importance of honey, wax and royal jelly. Post-harvest- Importance, scope and future of post-harvest management of fruits, vegetables and flowers. Status of food processing in our country. Packaging, quality standards and their marketing including export. Preservation of fruits and vegetable- Present position of fruit and vegetable preservation, principle & methods of fruit preservation. Canning of fruit & vegetable, jam, jelly, marmalade, preserve, sauce, ketchup, pickle and squash. Flowers and their harvesting - Important processed flower products, packaging, storage and their marketing. Unit-C: (10 Questions) Importance of Livestock in Indian economy. Determination of age by teeth, horn, hoof and body condition of animals and weight - by using Shafer formula, Animal Breeding - Identification of heat, introduction to reproductive organs, natural & artificial insemination. General test of pregnancy. Care and management of pregnant & calwing animals. Animal nutrition - General principle of animal feeding. Determination of feed for - Pregnant & milking cow and bullock. Feed preservation - Hay and silage- Definition, importance, method for preparation. Animal health - Identification of healthy & suffering animals. Identification of general disease & treatment- Wounds, eczema, sprain, itching, inflammatory, indigestion, bloat, diarrhoea, dysentery & food poisoning. Parasite- Lice & kilni. General medicine for animals and their utility - Phenyl, potassium permanganate, magnesium sulphate, alcohol, copper sulphate, tincher iodine, carboxylic acid, laizol, castor oil, kapoor, phenovis, alum, terpentine oil. Milking methods - By hand and machine, Poultry: Importance and scope, breeds of poultry & their classification. Study of poultry breeds- White leghorn, rod island red, red carnish, ply mouth rock breeds. Structure of egg. Poultry feed and housing management. Important disease of poultry (cause, symptoms and treatment). Characteristics and utility of following animal breeds Cow - Gir, Tharparkar, Haryana, Nagori, Malvi, Mewati, Rathi, Jersy and Holestein Friesian. Buffalo - Murrah, Bhadawari, Surti, Neeli, Jafrabadi and Mehsana. Sheep - Marwari, Chokla, Malpuri, Marino, Karakul, Avivastra, Adikalin and Jaisalmeri. Camel - Bikaneri & Jaisalmeri, management of P a g e 27 | camel. Animal diseases - Rinderpest, foot & mouth disease, black quarter, anthrax, Hemorrhagic septicaemia, mastitis, tick fever, milk fever, enterotoxaemia, salmonellosis, bird flue, fowl fox, and Ranikhet trypanosome & itching. Dairy science - Milk and milk products- Curd and ghee. Development and dairy industry in India - White revolution and operation flood. Bio-Waste Management and Government: Utilization of animals in Bio-wastes and Biogas plant, Important government schemes for development of livestock dairy and poultry in India. Their important features and eligibility criteria. BIOLOGY Definition, branches, study area and importance in agriculture. Section-I Botany (25 Questions) Unit – A Taxonomy and classification of plants: Genus, species, binomial nomenclature, brief history of classification. Salient features and classification of plants into major groups- Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae and Angiospermae, Angiosperms- Classification upto class, characteristic features and examples. Morphology and anatomy of angiosperm plant - Morphology and modifications, internal morphology of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed. External morphology of angiosperm Plant- Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, seed and modification. Anatomy of flowering plants - Anatomy and functions of different tissues. Plant tissue - Definition, character & classification, meristematic tissue- Type and character. Tissue system - Epidermal, ground and vascular tissue system, internal structure of root, stem and leaf, secondary growth of root & stem. Permanent and special tissue. Sexual reproduction in flowering plants- Flower structure, development of male and female gametophytes, pollination - Types, agencies and examples, outbreeding devices, pollen-pistil interaction, double fertilization, post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit, special modes- Apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony, significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation. The Cell: The unit of life - Definition, cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life. Electron Microscopic structure of cell. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Plant and animal cells. Cell organelles and their functions-Nucleus (including DNA and RNA structure), mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, microbodies, microfilaments, ribosomes, centriole, cell wall, cilia and flagella, vacuoles, cell inclusions-starch grains, mineral crystals. Cell division - Amitosis, mitosis and meiosis. Comparison of mitosis and meiosis. Significance of meiosis, cell cycle. Genetics - Mendel’s experiments with pea and the reasons for his success. Mendel’s laws of inheritance, mono and dihybrid crosses. Chromosome structure and morphology, chromosomes and genes, chromosome hypothesis. Linkages and crossing over. Mutations. Sex determination, genetic code, transcription and translation. Chromosomal disorder. Plant Physiology: (i) Transport in Plants - Movement of water, gases and nutrients; cell to cell transport, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, plant water relation, semi permeable membranes, osmosis, diffusion, diffusion pressure deficit (DPD), water potential, plasmolysis. Transpiration-Types, factors affecting rate of transpiration. Guttation. Absorption of water, active and passive absorption of water and minerals. (ii) Ascent of sap - Path of ascent of sap, theories explaining ascent of sap. (iii) Mineral nutrition-Role of minerals in plant growth, macro and micro nutrient, trace elements and their importance. (iv) Enzymes - Introduction, enzymes as bio-catalysts, nature, classification and mode of enzyme action. (v) Respiration - Definition, comparison of respiration and fire. Types of respiration- Aerobic, anaerobic and fermentation processes. Respiratory substrate, respiratory quotient, respiration sites. Mechanism of aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis, Kreb cycle and P a g e 28 | alcoholic fermentation, Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Energy yield (kilo calories). Factors affecting respiration. (vi) Photosynthesis - Definition, role of water, chlorophyll and carbon-di-oxide, light and dark reactions, photophosphorylation, Hill reaction, red drop, two pigment system, Calvin cycle, photorespiration, chemosynthesis (brief account). Factors affecting photosynthesis. (vii) Growth - Definition, phases of growth, plant hormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinin and ethylene) and growth regulation, action on various physiological processes. Factors affecting growth. Unit – B Ecology and Environment - Definition of ecology and environment. Environmental factors climatic, edaphic and biotic. Plant communities and their characteristics (density, frequency and abundance). Interaction between environment and organism, ecosystem concept, trophic levels producers, consumers, decomposers, food chain and food web. Ecological pyramids. Environmental Issues: Type of pollution, air pollution and its control, sound pollution, soil pollution, water pollution and its control, agrochemicals and their effects, solid waste management, radioactive waste management, greenhouse effect and climate change impact and mitigation, ozone layer depletion, deforestation-any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s). Global climatic change, global warming, stratospheric zone depletion, acid rain, alnino effect. Classification of natural resources, conservation & management of rain water, soil, soil moisture, energy minerals and sea resources. Forest resources- Importance, forest resources in India, deforestation, forest conservation and management (Chipko movement & social forestry) Biodiversity - Concept, patterns, importance, loss of biodiversity, biodiversity conservation in Rajasthan. Unit – C Economic Botany and Human Welfare - Domestication of plants-historical account, improvement of crop plants-plant breeding and plant introduction. Economic botany (botanical name, family, plant parts used and uses) of the following: Cereals - Wheat, rice, maize and barley, Millets - Bajra and sorghum, Pulses - Gram, blackgram, pigeon pea, cowpea, mothbean and mungbean, Fibres - Cotton and sunnhemp, Oil seeds - Groundnut, rapeseed, linseed, sunflower, mustard and castor, Cash crop - sugarcane, potato and clusterbean, Fruits - Mango and banana, Medicinal plants - Guggal, sarpagandha, belladonna, opium and isabgol. Spices - Cumin, coriander, fennel and fenugreek. Use of bio- fertilizers, economic and ecological aspects. Use of pesticides: advantages and hazards, Unit-D Biotechnology and Its Applications Biotechnology: General introduction- Definition, history, scope of biotechnology & importance for different fields. Principles and processes - Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology) - definition, discovery, general method & equipment, enzyme & cloning vector, plasmid, bactriophase, cosmid, gene library, gene bank. Biotechnology and its Application-Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture, human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy, genetically modified organisms - Bt crops, transgenic animals, biosafety issues, bio piracy and patents. Plant tissue culture - Definition, history, Essential equipment - Type of culture, step of tissue culture, achievement in plant tissue culture. Different method for gene transfer in plant. Transgenic plant, genetically modified crops and food. Unit-E Major disease of crop and their control: Classification of diseases- i) on the basis of pathogen, ii) on the basis of season, iii) on the basis of crops and iv) on the basis of nutrient deficiency. Diseases of Kharif crops - Downy mildew and green ear of pearl millet, cotton wilt, tikka disease of groundnut, peanut clump virus, bacterial blight of cotton, yellow vein P a g e 29 | mosaic of okra, early blight and leaf curl of tomato. Diseases of Rabi crops - Wheat rust disease, white rust of mustard, loose smut and covered smut, little leaf of brinjal, blight and powdery mildew of cumin. Diseases of Fruit crops in Rajasthan - Citrus canker, powdery mildew of ber, guava wilt. Disease management method - Chemical, biological and mechanical. Section – II Zoology (15 Questions) Unit-A Animal Kingdom - salient features and classification of non-chordates animals up to phyla level and chordates up to class level. Taxonomy and classification of animals - Different steps of classification, system of bio-scientific classification. Peculiar characteristic of kingdom animalia. Body organization and animal tissue - Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, blood lymph, supporting tissues, bone, cartilage, muscular tissues, nervous. External and internal morphology and internal structure of animals - Amobea, earthworm, cockroach in brief. Unit-B Invertebrates (1) Animals and their economic importance with special reference to Agriculture; (i) Protozoa - Amoeba, (ii) Helminthes - Soil Nematode and disease caused by nematode (molya, ear cockle, tundu of wheat, root knot, (iii) Annelida - Earthworm, (iv) Mollusca - Snail & slug, (v) Arthropoda (various classes) - (a) Arachnida - Mites (b) Crustacea - Prawns, lobsters, (c) Diplopoda - Millipede (d) Chilopoda - Centipedes, (e) Insecta - Cockroach (2) Important insect-pests of crops and storage (general introduction, importance, host plants, losses, life cycle and their control) - (i) Red hairy caterpillar, (ii) White grub, (iii) Termites, (iv) Grass hopper, (v) Pod borers, (vi) Khapra beetle Honey bee: Bee Keeping and its importance in agriculture. (3) Methods of insect control (insect control: general introduction): (i) Physical and mechanical control (ii) Cultural control, (iii) Chemical control (pesticides, insecticide formulation, classification of insecticides, miticides, nematicides, rodenticides) and safe use of chemicals, (iv) Biocontrol - predators and parasitoids, pheromone traps, Trichoderma, NPV, botanical insecticides. (v) Integrated pest management (vi) Sprayers and dusters. Unit-C Vertebrates (i) Nutrition in animals – Nutritive elements of food, energy yielding chemicals, minerals and vitamins, balance diet. (ii) Respiration in animals – Gaseous exchange. (iii) Circulation in animals – Blood– Composition, blood groups, Rh-factor, blood coagulation. (iv) Reproductive system – Male and female reproductive system. (v) Reproduction & development: (a) Asexual & sexual reproduction in animals (b) Gametogenesis, spermatogenesis, structure of sperm, oogenesis and type of ovum, female reproductive cycle (c) Fertilization- external and internal fertilization. (d) Mechanism of fertilization. CHEMISTRY Unit–A (10 Questions) Basic concept of chemistry- Importance and scope of chemistry in daily life and agriculture. Measurements in chemistry- Significant figures and international units of measurement. Laws of chemical combination. Dalton’s atomic theory- initial concept of elements, atoms and molecules. Avogadro hypothesis and its uses. Mole concept and Avogadro number. Initial concept of atomic weight, equivalent weight and molecular weight. Percentage composition, P a g e 30 | empirical formula and molecular formula. Stoichiometry of chemical reaction and calculation, limiting reagent. Structure of atom- Development of classical model of an atom- (i) Bohr’s model of atom: Calculation of radius of Bohr’s orbit and energy of an electron, (ii) Dual nature of matter and radiation- quantization of electronic energy levels, spectral evidence for quantization, (iii) Sommerfield’s extension (no mathematical treatment), (iv) De-Broglie’s relationship, (v) Uncertainty principle, (vi) Orbitals and quantum numbers- shapes of orbitals, spatial distribution of atomic orbitals, (vii) Distribution of extra nuclear electrons, Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, Hund’s rule, n+l Rule, variation in relative energies of orbitals with increase in atomic number, electronic configuration of elements (S, P, D, F, block elements). Stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals. Periodic table and periodicity in properties- (i) Electronic configuration and periodic table- the log form of periodic table and S, P, D, F, block elements and advantages over Mendeleev’s periodic table, (ii) Electronic configuration and periodicity in properties, periodic perspectives, (iii) Detailed study of periodicity in physical and chemical properties with special reference to- density, melting and boiling points of elements. Atomic and ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinity. Electro negativity, variation of effective nuclear charge in a period, metallic character, diagonal relationship. Chemical bonding and molecular structure- (i) Lewis structure - Octet rule and its limitations, (ii) ionic bond - characteristics of ionic compounds, solubility of ionic compounds, (iii) Covalent bond, introductory concept of over-lapping of orbitals and bonds, valence bond theory - Characteristics of covalent compounds. Coordinate bond, partial covalent character in ionic bond, partial ionic character in covalent bond. Fajan’s rule, polarities of covalent molecules, (iv) Bond length, bond angle and bond-energy general consideration, (v) Hybridization of orbitals illustrated with example of compounds of first and second row elements in periodic table- shapes of common molecules- VSEPR Theory, (vi) Hydrogen bond, (vii) Vander Waals forces of attraction. Redox reaction- (i) Concept of formal charge on ions, (ii) Oxidation number, (iii) Oxidation reduction electron transfer concept with examples, (iv) Redox reaction- examples, (v) Balancing of equations by ion-electron method. Equilibrium Chemical equilibrium- (i) Concept of reversibility equilibrium constant, (ii) Law of mass action generalized expression, (iii) Experimental method for verification of law of mass action. factors affecting equilibrium (concentration, pressure, temperature), (iv) Application to systems such as N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3, PCl5 ↔ PCl3 + Cl2, N2 + O2 ↔ 2NO (v) Le Chatelier’s principle-Application. Ionic equilibrium- (i) Electrolytes and non-electrolytes, (ii) Arrhenius theory- Evidence in favour of dissociation theory, (iii) Ionic product of water, (iv)Hydrolysis, degree of hydrolysis, hydrolysis constant, (v) Relation between hydrolysis constant, ionic product of water and dissociation constant, (vi) Common ion effect, (vii) Solubility product and its application to qualitative analysis. Unit–B (10 Questions) Chemical kinetics- (i) Rate of a reaction, (ii) Instantaneous rate of a reaction and order of reaction (Zero and I order), (iii) Factors affecting the rate of reaction, concentration of reactant molecule, effect of temperature on the reaction rate, concept of activation energy, catalysis, (iv) Effect of light on rate of reaction, (v) How fast are chemical reactions? Chemical thermodynamics Thermodynamics and chemical energy science- Basic concepts of thermodynamics, types process, first law of thermodynamics, complete heat, heat capacity, entropy heat of fusion, heat of vaporization, heat of sublimation. Exothermic and endothermic reactions. Adsorption- Definition, type (physical and chemical) and factors affecting adsorption. P a g e 31 | Acids and bases- (i) Hydrogen and hydroxyl ion in aqueous solution, (ii) Bronsted-Lowey concept of acids and bases, (iii) Lewis concept (iv) Dissociation of acids, (v) pH value, (vi) Buffer solutions, (vii) Theory of indicators of acid-alkali titrations, (viii) Choice of indicators Colloidal state of matter- (i) Crystalloid and colloids, (ii) Classification of colloids - Emulsion, preparation of colloids, lyophilic and lyophobic colloids, (iii) Properties- electrophoresis, dialysis, Tyndall phenomenon, Brownian movement, Coagulation-Hardy and Schulze’s law, peptization, absorption, applications. Metals- (i) Nature of metallic state- structural packing of atom in metals. Metallic bond- valence bond concept, (ii) Occurrence of metals in nature, (iii) General principles of metallurgy- activity series of metals, standard electrode potential, metallurgical processes, (iv) Extraction of metals- copper, silver, aluminum and iron. S-Block elements- (i) General characteristics, (ii) Trends in variation of properties in periodic table of alkali and alkaline earth metals, (iii) General principles of extraction of the elements, (iv) General chemistry of their compounds. D-Block elements- (i) General characteristics, (ii) Elementary idea about para magnetism and diamagnetism, (iii) Different oxidation states, (iv) Chemistry of transition elements as illustrated by different oxidation states of the following metals- Silver, gold, chromium, manganese and iron. Unit– C (10 Questions) Agricultural chemistry Soil-Soil, minerals, rocks and its weathering, definition, functions of foil and characteristics soil is a natural body; soil is a medium for plant growth, soil composition, soil profile, earth, rocks and type of minerals, weathering of rocks and soil formation, factors of soil formation. Soil organic matter and soil microorganism- Definition, source, composition, decomposition, factors affecting the decomposition of organic matter, humus, definition, properties and formation, effect of organic matter on soil properties and fertility, soil microorganism, C:N ratio and nitrogen cycle, symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Soil colloids- Definition, types and importance, properties and classification, major lay minerals present in soil, importance of lay in soil. Ion exchange- Importance, mechanism of cation exchange, kinds of exchange enable cations, cation exchange capacity- Definition, importance and factors effecting, percent base, saturation, cation and nutrition of plant. Soil reaction- (PH, PH- scale, changes in PH, relationship of soil PH with availability of nutrient, effect of soil PH soil microorganism, plant growth and disease, buffering capacity. Acidic and saline soil- Definition, characteristics, reason for formation of acidic soil, effect of acidic on plant and chemical amelioration, classification of salt affected soils, definition, reason for formation of saline and sodic soil and formation, effect of soil sodicity and salinity on plants, diagnosis of saline and sodic soil and its reclamation, properties of irrigation water and treatment of saline water and management. Essential nutrients of plants- Classification, sources of plant nutrients in soil, mechanism of absorption of nutrients by plant, factors affecting the availability of nutrients, specific function of nutrients and deficiency symptoms. Reaction of different fertilizers in soil & effects on crops- Definition of fertilizer and classification properties, composition and effect on soil and crop of urea, calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), ammonium sulphate, diammonium phosphate (DAP), single super phosphate, muriate of potash, potassium chloride and potassium sulphate. Agrochemicals and environmental pollution- Definition, types, importance, definition of environment and environmental pollution, types of environmental pollution its harmful effect and control measures, effect of uncontrol application of agrochemicals on environmental pollution (soil, water, air) and its control. Biochemistry- Preservatives- definition, types, uses and characteristics. Edible colour- Definition, types, characteristic and its effect on health, definition, importance and major sources for availability of carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamin and P a g e 32 | enzymes. Organic manures and bio fertilizers- Definition, classification of organic manures, effect of organic manures on physical, chemical and biological properties, formation method, importance and effect on soil for farm yard manure, vermicompost, Nadep compost, green manure cakes and its importance in soil, bio fertilizer- Definition, classification, importance and benefits, method of application, deference between organic manure and fertilizer. Dairy chemistry- Milk and colostrum- Definition, chemical composition, nutritive value, factors effecting composition. Nutritive value and chemical composition of milk products (dahi, butter, ghee, cream, chhana) applied material for milk adulteration and its test. Milk processing method, clean and preservative, milk production, market milk and its types Unit-D (10 Questions) Organic Chemistry Some basic principles and techniques- General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond- Free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions. Valency of carbon and hybridization- (i) Tetra-valency of carbon atom, Kekule, Vant-Hoff and Le-Bell theories, (ii) Orbital representation of covalent bond, multiple bonding (sigma bond: Pi bond), (iii) Hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3 hybridization), (iv) Orbital structure of acetylene, ethylene and methane, (v) Concept of bond length, bond strength and bond angle, (vi) Electronegativity inductive effect, polarity of covalent bond, formal charge, polarity of carbon, Halogen bond. Saturated hydrocarbons (up to 5 carbon atoms)- (i) Nomenclature and isomerism, (ii) General methods of preparation of alkanes, (iii) General properties and uses of alkanes, (iv) Individual members propane, butane, pentane, (v) Inter conversions of alkanes. Unsaturated hydrocarbons- (i) Nomenclature and isomerism, (ii) General methods of preparation of alkenes and alkynes, (iii) General properties and uses of alkenes and alkynes with reaction mechanism, (iv) Individual members, propene, butene, propyne and butyne. Organic chemistry based on functional groups a- (i) Halides, nomenclature and isomerism, general methods of preparation of mono alkyl halides- general properties of mono alkyl halides with reaction mechanism. Preparations and properties of dihalogen derivatives, synthetic uses of alkyl halides, (ii) Hydroxy compounds- nomenclature and isomerism, classification of monohydric alcohols, general methods of preparation of monohydric alcohols, general properties and uses of monohydric alcohols, hydrogen bonding in alcohol and its effect on boiling point and solubility, test for alcoholic groups, Inter conversion of methanol and ethanol. Organic chemistry based on functional groups b- (i) Carbonyl groups- nomenclature and isomerism of aldehydes and ketones, general preparations of aldehydes and ketones, general properties and uses of aldehydes and ketones with reaction mechanism, polarity of carbon- oxygen double bond; test for aldehydes and ketones, (ii) Carboxylic group- Nomenclature and isomerism. General preparations of monocarboxylic acids, general properties and uses of carboxylic acid, hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acids, resonance. Synthetic and natural polymers- (i) Classification of polymers, (ii) Some important natural and synthetic polymers with their general methods of preparation. Chemistry in action- (i) Dyes, (ii) Chemicals in medicines, (iii) Fertility contraceptives, material schemo- sterilints. P a g e 33 |