Atatürk's Principles and History of Turkish Revolution PDF

ATATURK'S PRINCIPLES AND HISTORY OF TURKISH REVOLUTION–II Session 7: Atatürk’s Revolutions 1  1. Introduction  Education is defined as the process of bringing about the desired change in human behavior through one's...

ATATURK'S PRINCIPLES AND HISTORY OF TURKISH REVOLUTION–II Session 7: Atatürk’s Revolutions 1  1. Introduction  Education is defined as the process of bringing about the desired change in human behavior through one's own experiences. Typically, education is perceived in the form of formal education, referring to teaching and learning activities carried out in schools. In this sense, education is considered a primary duty of the state.  Culture, on the other hand, is the totality of material and spiritual values possessed by a nation. The richness in this area is widely accepted as an expression of the strength of the nation and the state. Education and culture ensure that a society is knowledgeable, dynamic, and capable of solving problems. Every state, desiring its people to possess these characteristics, formulates and implements an appropriate education and culture policy. In this context, the Republic of Turkey, at its establishment, embraced new education and culture policies and implemented revolutions in these fields. ue.aydin.edu.tr 2  Atatürk’s Revolutions 1. Introduction 2. Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Education a) Law of Union of Education b) Alphabet Reform c) University Reform 3. Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Culture a) Turkish Historical Society b) Turkish Language Society c) Developments in Fine Arts 4. Conclusion ue.aydin.edu.tr 3  Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Education Those who graduated from traditional madrasas and schools established in the European style often had significantly different, even completely contrasting worldviews. While two different types of individuals were emerging from state- affiliated schools, the increasing number of schools belonging to minorities, foreign states, and missionaries was further ???? complicating the situation. ue.aydin.edu.tr 4  Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Education "To put an end to the existing conflict between schools and ‫املدارس الدينيه‬ madrasas in the Ottoman State, both of these education systems should be abolished. It is necessary to educate all the children of the country together until higher education and for them to learn the same science and technology. Only in this way can the problem of madrasas and other foundation schools be solved." Text March 3, 1924 ???what is the date of unification of education ‫؟؟؟‬ Tevhid-i Tedrisat Vasıf Bey (Unification of Education) ue.aydin.edu.tr 5  Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Education Tevhidi Tedrisat Kanunu  The Law of Unification of Education (Tevhidi Tedrisat Kanunu) dated March 3, 1924:  - All educational institutions were affiliated with the Ministry of National Education.  - Traditional religious schools (medreses) were closed.  -The  Schools Law on providing Educationalcontemporary, Organization national, (Maarif and Teşkilâtı secularKanun) Hakkındaki Memurları Şapka Giyme education were established. dated March 2, 1926: Şapka Giyme Kanunu   -- AVarious secular education vocationalapproach was schools adopted. were opened.  - The principles of primary and secondary education were modernized within the framework of a secular understanding of education.  - It was established as a principle that no school could be opened without the knowledge and permission of the state. ue.aydin.edu.tr 6 Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Education  Before converting to Islam, the Turks used the Göktürk and Uyghur alphabets.  After converting to Islam, theyGiyme Şapka started using the Arabic alphabet.Kanunu ue.aydin.edu.tr 7 Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Education  In 1926, the Language Council (Dil Encümeni) was established.  Starting from 1927, it was deemed appropriate for doctor prescriptions to be written in Latin Memurları Şapkaletters. Giyme Şapka Giyme  In June Kanunu 1928, the "Alphabet Report" was prepared. ue.aydin.edu.tr 8 Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Education  On November 1, 1928, the new Turkish alphabet was adopted. The new alphabet was suitable for the Turkish language and was easy to read, write, and learn.  The number of published books rapidly increased. MemurlarıThe Turkish nation Şapka learned Giyme the newGiyme Şapka letters in a short period. On Kanunu January 1, 1929, People's Schools (Millet Mektepleri) were opened, providing the public with the opportunity to learn reading and writing. 9 ue.aydin.edu.tr  Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Education On May 31, 1933, Istanbul Darülfünun (University) was closed, and in its place, Istanbul University was established on April 1, 1934, initiating education and instruction. The university reform introduced several innovations in higher education, including: - Scientific and administrative autonomy was provided. - Teaching staff in every field were trained, and academic careers were Memurları regulated by law.Şapka Giyme Şapka -Giyme University budgetsKanunu were increased, and they were managed with additional budgets. - Teaching and research resources were expanded. ue.aydin.edu.tr 10  Atatürk’s Revolutions 1. Introduction 2. Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Education a) Law of Union of Education b) Alphabet Reform c) University Reform 3. Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Culture a) Turkish Historical Society b) Turkish Language Society c) Developments in Fine Arts 4. Conclusion 11  3. Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Culture Turkish Historical Society "History is the most accurate guide that shows what a nation is capable of and what it can achieve." Memurları Şapka Giyme Şapka Giyme Kanunu ue.aydin.edu.tr 12  3. Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Culture Because the Ottoman Empire adopted a religious understanding of history, historians tended to approach Turkish history as if it consisted only of Seljuk and Ottoman histories, without delving into the history of the Turks in Central Asia. ????? Memurları Şapka Giyme According to Atatürk, there was a need for a change in the historical understanding and perspective adopted in the Ottoman Empire. Having a national understanding of history was crucial to forming a national identity in Turkey. ue.aydin.edu.tr 13  3. Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Culture Turkish Historical Society 15 April 1931 ?????? 15 April 1931: ……………………… Turkish Historical Society. 15 April 1931 ue.aydin.edu.tr 14  3. Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Culture Describing the language of the Ottoman Empire as 'Turkish' is incorrect. The term 'Ottoman Turkish' should be used. This is because: - The spoken language in the Ottoman State was Turkish. - The alphabet was Arabic, while the grammar consisted of a mixture of Turkish, Arabic, and Persian. - The syntax, vocabulary, morphological Memurları Şapka units, and rules of sound usageGiyme of the language Şapka used were predominantly Giyme Kanunu Turkish. While this mixture was used in official life and correspondence, the public continued to use their own native language. ue.aydin.edu.tr 15  3. Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Culture Turkish Language Society "We desire that all our state organizations be attentive for the Turkish language to regain its essence, beauty, and richness." ‫ان تستعيد اللغه التركيه‬ "To ensure the development of Turkish by examining its grammar, sentence structure, vocabulary, terms, and etymology." Memurları Şapka Giyme Şapka Giyme Kanunu 12 July 1932 Turkish language re-formed: 12 July 1932 ue.aydin.edu.tr 16  3. Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Culture Türk Dil Kurumu Türk Tarih Kurumu Memurları Şapka Giyme Şapka Giyme Kanunu The efforts made in the fields of language and history facilitated the emergence of a contemporary and national culture in Anatolia. ue.aydin.edu.tr 17  3. Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Culture  Public Houses (Halk Evleri) were established to educate the public. Great importance was given to the fine arts, leading to significant advancements in various art forms such as music, painting, sculpture, and architecture. Substantial progress was made in the fields of theater and cinema as well. Every branch of art was supported and developed to educate, advance, and modernize society. Text "A nation that remains without art means one of its lifebloods has been severed." ue.aydin.edu.tr 18  Atatürk’s Revolutions 1. Introduction 2. Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Education a) Law of Union of Education b) Alphabet Reform c) University Reform 3. Revolutionary Changes in the Field of Culture a) Turkish Historical Society b) Turkish Language Society c) Developments in Fine Arts 4. Conclusion 19  4. Conclusion  Shortly after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, a national, democratic, and secular education program was defined to ensure educational unity. This included achieving uniformity in teaching, implementing university reforms, adopting the Latin alphabet instead of the Arabic alphabet, efforts to purge Turkish of foreign words, initiating scientific studies on Turkish historiography, highlighting the place of the Turkish nation in world civilization history, and fostering developments in the fine arts. These endeavors aimed to mold the society in the crucible of national education and culture, ultimately creating the Turkish Nation. ue.aydin.edu.tr 20 Question Examples ue.aydin.edu.tr 21 The Republic is the governance by individuals elected by the will of the people themselves. 1. According to this definition, which of the following is not a work carried out in line with the principle of republicanism? A) Opening of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) B) Conducting education and health services by the state C) Adoption of the Law on Fundamental Organization D) Abolition of the Monarchy E) Establishment of political parties 2. With the granting of political rights to women, which of the following cannot be said to be aimed at? A) Developing populism B) Developing democracy C) Involving women in governance D) Developing the Republic E) Empowering women economically 3. With the proclamation of the Republic, Turkey transitioned to a Cabinet System, and the roles of the Speaker of the Parliament and the Prime Minister were separated. Who were the first individuals to assume these roles? Speaker of the Parliament Prime Minister A) İsmet (İnönü) - İsmet (İnönü) B) M. Kemal (Atatürk) - Fevzi (Çakmak) C) Ali Fethi (Okyar) - Celal (Bayar) D) Ali Fethi (Okyar) - İsmet (İnönü) E) Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) - Kazım (Karabekir) Among the developments made to facilitate economic relations with the West, which of the following is not included? A) Establishment of the Turkish Language Institution B) Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar C) Acceptance of international numerals D) Changing the weekend E) Implementation of new measurement units Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the adoption of the Surname Law? A) Regulating inheritance rights B) Preventing social disorder C) Modernizing D) Implementing populism E) Ensuring social equality